2025-2026学年上海中学东校高一（下）期末英语试卷(含详细答案解析)

第=page11页，共=sectionpages11页2025-2026学年上海中学东校高一（下）期末英语试卷一、选词填空-句子：本大题共2小题，共2分。1.

（absorb）inpainting,Johndidn'tnoticeeveningapproaching.2.Ifelected,hepromisedhewoulddoallhecould

（promote）publicwelfare.二、选词填空-短文：本大题共1小题，共10分。3.Directions：Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.additionB.consumedC.controllableD.presentE.quoteF.reported

G.respectedH.reviewI.stepJ.valueK.worthlessAnother

Amazing

Achievement？Manysciencestoriesyoureadonlineareprettyunreliable.Someofthemareputouttherejusttoattractyoureyeballs.Inordertobecomeawiserreader，herearesomesimplequestionsyoushouldaskyourself.

Where

is

the

proof？

Neveracceptanythingjustbecauseareportersaysso.Demandproof.Ifthestorydoesnot（1）

anyrealscientistfromreallabs，junk（丢弃）it.

Who

did

it？

Anyreliablesciencenewsstoryhastoanswersomebasicquestions.Ifitdoesnot，don'tbelieveit.Atthetopofthelist：Whodidtheoriginalresearch？Iftheworkwasdonebyscientistsworkingforafor-profitcompany，becareful.Itisnotthatindustry-motivatedresearchis（2）

butwhenitcomestoscience，youhadbetterlookforstudiesdonebyscientistsattopuniversitiesor（3）

researchgroups.Theyaremorelikelyto（4）

thetruthsofnature.

Where

was

the

original

study

published？

Whenaresearcherfindssomethingthatlookslikeavaluable（5）

tohisfield，hedoesnotgotothelocalnewspaper.Rather，hewritesaresearcharticleandsubmits（提交）ittoascientificjournal（学术期刊）.Thejournaleditorsthen（6）

itandsendittoafewotherresearchersinthefieldforcriticalfeedback.Thisprocessisanimportantqualitycontrol（7）

.Onlyafterthepaperpassesthispeerreview（同行评议）canitbepublished.

Ifthenewsstoryyouarereadingdoesnotmentionanyarticlepublishedinajournal，besuspicious（持怀疑态度的）.Maybethe"scientist"whoseworkisbeing（8）

isnotascientistatall，ortheworkisnotworthwhile.

What

kind

of

research

was

it？

Researchcanbedoneinmanydifferentways.Themorevariables（变量）thereare，thehardertheresearchistocometoareliableconclusion.Ingeneral，laboratoryexperimentsaremore（9）

thanobservationalstudiesandsurveys.

Thenexttimeyoureadaboutan"amazingachievement"online，askafewmorequestions.Onceyoustartlookingcriticallyatastudy，youarewellonyourwaytogettingabetterunderstandingofits（10）

.三、阅读理解：本大题共8小题，共16分。AMany

people

believe

that

working

to

the

maximum

is

the

secret

to

success，but

research

has

found

that

moderation

（适度）

also

gets

results

on

the

job.

In

a

study

led

by

Ellen

Langer

of

Harvard

University，researchers

asked

people

to

translate

sentences

into

a

new

made-up

language.Subjects

who

practiced

the

language

moderately

beforehand

made

fewer

errors

than

those

who

practiced

extensively

or

not

at

all.High

levels

of

knowledge

can

make

people

too

attached

to

traditional

ways

of

viewing

problems

across

fields

—

the

arts，sciences，and

politics.High

conscientiousness

is

related

to

lower

job

performance，especially

in

simple

jobs

where

it

doesn't

pay

to

be

a

perfectionist.

How

long

we

stay

on

the

clock

and

how

we

spend

that

time

are

under

careful

examination

in

many

workplaces.The

young

banker

who

eats

lunch

at

his

desk

is

probably

seen

as

a

go-getter，while

his

colleagues

who

chat

over

a

relaxed

conference-room

meal

get

dirty

looks

from

the

corner

office.

"People

from

cultures

that

value

relationships

more

than

ours

does

are

shocked

by

the

thought

of

eating

alone

in

front

of

a

computer"，says

Art

Markman，a

professor

of

psychology

at

the

University

of

Texas，Austin.Social

interaction

has

been

shown

to

lift

mood

（情绪）

and

get

people

thinking

in

new

directions

and

in

ways

that

could

help

improve

any

post-lunch

effort.

Markman

also

promotes

off-task

time.

"Part

of

being

a

good

thinker

is

experiencing

things

that

are

seemingly

unrelated

to

what

you

are

working

on

at

the

moment

but

give

you

fresh

ideas

about

your

work，"

he

says.

"Also，there

is

a

lot

of

research

showing

that

a

positive

mood

leads

to

higher

levels

of

productivity

and

creativity.So，when

people

do

things

to

increase

their

life

satisfaction，they

also

make

themselves

more

effective

at

work."4.What

does

Ellen

Langer's

study

show？

______A.It

is

worthwhile

to

be

a

perfectionist.

B.Translation

makes

people

knowledgeable.

C.Simpler

jobs

require

greater

caution.

D.Moderate

effort

produces

the

best

result.5.The

underlined

word

"go-getter"

in

paragraph

3

refers

to

someone

who

______

.A.is

good

at

handling

pressure B.works

hard

to

become

successful

C.has

a

natural

talent

for

his

job D.gets

on

well

with

his

co-workers6.What

can

be

inferred

from

the

last

paragraph？

______A.A

good

thinker

is

able

to

inspire

other

people.

B.Experience

unrelated

to

your

job

is

useless.

C.A

cheerful

mood

helps

make

a

creative

mind.

D.Focusing

on

what

you

do

raises

productivity.7.What

does

the

text

seem

to

advocate？

______A.Middle-of-the-road

work

habits.

B.Balance

between

work

and

family.

C.Long-standing

cultural

traditions.

D.Harmony

in

the

work

environment.B

Nearly2，000yearsago，astheRomansbegantopulloutofScotland，theyleftbehindacurioustreasure：10tonsofnails（钉子），nearlyamillionofthethings.Thenailhoard（贮藏）wasdiscoveredin1960inafour-metre-deeppit（深坑）coveredbytwometresofsmallstones.

WhyhadtheRomansburiedamillionnails？Thelikelyexplanationisthatthewithdrawalwasrushed，andtheydidn'twantthelocalCaledoniansgettingtheirhandson10tonsofweapon-gradeiron.TheRomansburiedthenailssodeepthattheywouldnotbediscoveredforalmosttwomillennia.

Latercivilisationswouldvaluetheskilledblacksmith'slabourinanailevenmorethantherawmaterial.AsRomaAgrawalexplainsinhernewdelightfulbookNutsandBolts，early17th-centuryVirginianswouldsometimesburndowntheirhomesiftheywereplanningtorelocate.Thiswasanattempttorecoverthevaluablenails，whichcouldbereusedaftersifting（筛选）theashes.Theideathatonemightburndownanentirehousejusttoreclaimthenailsunderlineshowscarce，costlyandvaluablethesimple-seemingtechnologywas.

Thepriceofnailsfellby90%betweenthelate1700sandmid-1900s，aseconomistDanielSichelpointsoutinaresearchpaper.AccordingtoSichel，althoughthefallingpriceofnailswasdrivenpartlybycheaperironandcheaperenergy，mostofthecreditgoestonailmanufacturerswhosimplyfoundmoreefficientwaystoturnsteelintonails.

Nailsthemselveshavechangedovertheyears，butSichelstudiedthembecausetheyhaven'tchangedmuch.RomanlampsandRomanchariots（马车）areverydifferentfromLEDstripsandsportscars，butRomannailsarestillclearlynails.Itwouldbeabsurdtotrytotrackthechangingpriceofsportscarssince1695，buttoaskthesamequestionofnailsmakesperfectsense.

Imakenoapologyforbeingobsessedbyaparticularfeatureofeverydayobjects：theirprice.Iamaneconomist，afterall.Afterwritingtwobooksaboutthehistoryofinventions，onethingI'velearntisthatwhileitistheenchantinglysophisticatedtechnologiesthatgetallthehype（宣传炒作），it'sthecheaptechnologiesthatchangetheworld.

TheGutenbergprintingpresstransformedcivilisationnotbychangingthenatureofwritingbutbychangingitscost—anditwouldhaveachievedlittlewithoutaparallelcollapseinthepriceofsurfacestowriteon，thankstoanoften-overlookedtechnologycalledpaper.Solarpanelshadafewniche（小众的）usesuntiltheybecamecheap；nowtheyaretransformingtheglobalenergysystem.8.TheRomansburiedthenailsprobablyforthepurposeof______.A.savingthemforfutureuse B.keepingthemfromrusting

C.lettingthemgrowinvalue D.hidingthemfromthelocals9.Theexampleofearly17th-centuryVirginiansisusedto______.A.highlightthethriftiness（节俭）ofearlyAmericancolonists

B.illustratethehighstatusofblacksmithsinthatperiod

C.contrasttheattitudesofdifferentcivilisationstowardsnails

D.showthepreciousnessofnail-makingtechnologyatthattime10.Whatplayedthemajorroleinloweringthepriceofnailsafterthelate1700s？______A.Increasedproductivity. B.Wideruseofnewenergies.

C.Strongermarketcompetition. D.Reducedcostofrawmaterials.11.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarisesthelasttwoparagraphs？______A.Cheaptechnologiesbringaboutrevolutionarychange.

B.Technologicalinnovationisvitaltoeconomicsuccess.

C.Technologydefinespeople'sunderstandingoftheworld.

D.Complicatedtechnologiesdevelopfromsmallinventions.四、阅读六选四：本大题共4小题，共8分。Directions：Readthefollowingpassages.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.

What

happened

to

the

noble

art

of

the

manly

cry？Oneofourmostfirmlyestablishedideasofmasculinity（男子汉气概）isthatmendon'tcry.Althoughhemightshedbittertearsatafuneral，arealmanisexpectedtoquicklyregaincontrol.Cryingopenlyisforgirls.

(12)

Onestudyfoundwomenreportcryingfivetimesmoreoftenthanmendo.Soit'sperhapssurprisingtolearnthatthegendergapincryingseemstobearecentdevelopment.Historically，menroutinelywept.IndocumentsoftheMiddleAges，wefindambassadorsburstingintotearswhenaddressingtheking；inmedievalromances，knightscriedbecausetheymissedtheirgirlfriends.There'snomentionofmentryingtoholdbacktheirtears.

Sowheredidallthemaletearsgo？Therewasnoanti-cryingmovement.Noleadersofchurchorstateintroducedmeasurestodiscouragethem.

(13)

Fromthere，itwasashortleaptothepoker-facedheroesofErnestHemingway，whocouldn'texpresstheirgriefbyanymeansbutdrinkingandshootingbuffalo（野牛）.

Themostobviouspossibilityisthatthisshiftistheresultofchangesthattookplaceaswemovedfromanagriculturalsocietytoonethatwasurbanandindustrial.IntheMiddleAges，atypicalvillagehadonlyasmallnumberofinhabitantsrelatedbybloodormarriage.

(14)

Butfromthe18thcentury，thepopulationbecameincreasinglyurbanized，andpeoplewerelivingamidthousandsofstrangers.Furthermore，changesintheeconomyrequiredmentoworktogetherinfactoriesandofficeswhereemotionalexpressionwasdiscouragedastime-wasting.

(15)

There'sreasontobelievethatholdingbacktearscanbeharmfultoyourwell-being.Researchhassuggestedalinkbetweenstress-relatedillnessandinadequate（不充足的）crying.Soitmightbebettertoreturntothefree-flowingtearsofthepast.Whenmisfortunestrikes，feelfreetocryuntiloursleevesaresoaked.AstheOldTestamenthasit："Theythatsowintearsshallreapinjoy."

A.Nevertheless，bytheRomanticperiod，masculinetearswerereservedforpoets.

B.Soit'stimeformentogiveupbeingstone-facedandopenthefloodgates.

C.Ifmencried，theydidsowithpeoplewhowouldempathize（共情）.

D.Nordidtheircompanionsmakefunofthispubliccrying.

E.Yethumanbeingsweren'tdesignedtoswallowtheiremotions.

F.Thisisn'tjustasocialexpectation；it'sascientificfact.12.A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F13.A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F14.A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F15.A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F五、完形填空：本大题共15小题，共15分。Directions：ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA，B，CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

Why

Your

Online

Privacy

MattersPrivacyisclosingyourbedroomcurtainswhengettingreadyforbed.Privacyisvisitingwithyourdoctorbehindcloseddoors.Whileinreallifethistypeofprivacycomes

(16)

，withlittlethought，inthedigitalspacetheideaofprivacyisskewed.Mostlybecausepeopledon'treallyunderstandwhatdigitalprivacyentails.

Peoplemay

(17)

itisallaboutwhattheyaredoing，whichisasmallpieceofthepicture.However，

(18)

privacyhaslesstodowithwhatyouaredoing，andmoretodowithwhoyouareANDwhatyouaredoing.OntheInternet，datahashigh

(19)

It'sstolen，sold，collectedand

(20)

.

Wheneveryoudownloadanapp，visitawebsiteoruseasocialmediaplatform，chancesarethatcompanyiscollectingdataonyou.Peoplearedoingsomuchmoreonlinethroughtheircomputersandmobiledevicestoday.Wemakepurchases，

(21)

medicalconditions，arrangevacations，

(22)

friendsandrelatives，justaboutanythingimaginable.Withtheseactions，peopleareinadvertently（无意地）creatingahugedigitalpaper

(23)

ofdataaboutthemselves.

Weallhavethingstohide.Itcouldbehowmuchmoneyyoumake，yourmedical

(24)

oryourbankaccountnumber.Hidingthingsisnotbad.Idon'tthinkthesearethetypesofthingsyou'dlike

(25)

onyoursocialnetworkfortheentireworldtosee.Thisiswhywemust

(26)

toprotectourrighttoprivacy.

Mostappsofferprivacy

(27)

forusers.Thisgivesyouthefreedomtoknowhowmuchandwhatkindofinformationisshared.Alwayschoosetheleastamountofdatasharing.Alwaysbecautiouswhensharingyournameandlocation.

(28)

locationservicesanddenyaccesstoyourcamera.

Bluetoothtechnologyoffers

(29)

convenience.Italsoopensdoorsforsecurityweaknesses.MakesureyouturnoffyourBluetoothwhenyouarenotusingit.WhilethereareoptionstoplaceyourBluetoothactivityinaninvisibleorundetectablemode，therearesomemaliciousappsthatcanchangethatmodeand

(30)

yourdevicetothreats.That'sonemorereasontohaveasecuritysysteminplace.16.A.typically B.naturally C.permanently D.reluctantly17.A.acquire B.attach C.assume D.attack18.A.online B.normal C.secure D.critical19.A.possession B.cost C.amount D.value20.A.argued B.analyzed C.searched D.observed21.A.lookup B.lookout C.lookover D.lookat22.A.focuson B.glanceat C.disposeof D.interactwith23.A.path B.trail C.extent D.loss24.A.programs B.doubts C.records D.controls25.A.broadcast B.exchanged C.informed D.convinced26.A.compete B.strive C.complete D.rely27.A.stacks B.friction C.working D.settings28.A.Turnon B.Turndown C.Turnoff D.Turnout29.A.incredible B.decisive C.rapid D.temporary30.A.employ B.explore C.expose D.exhibit六、单句语法填空：本大题共3小题，共3分。31.Theyoungcouple,whoreturnedmylostwallet,left

I

couldaskfortheirnames.32.Morethan20peoplewerereported

（kill）intheaccident.（所给词的适当形式填空）33.YoumayimaginewhatgreatdifficultyIhad

（express）complicatedideasinsimpleEnglish.（所给词的适当形式填空）七、语法填空：本大题共1小题，共10分。34.Directions：Afterreadingthepassagebelow，fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword，fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword；fortheotherblanks，useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

The

Champion

SnorerItwastheCedarRapidssleeper（卧铺车厢）.Outside，itwasasdarkastheinsideofanink-bottle.Inthesleepingcarpeopleslept—ortriedit.

Someofthemsleptlikeangels，peacefully，sweetlyandquietly，whileotherssleptlikedemons（恶魔），ill-intentionally，disgustingly，cruelly，（1）

itwastheirmission（任务）tokeepeverybodyelseawake.

Ofthesethemaninlowernumberthreewastheworst.

Wehadneverheardanythingsnorelikehim.Itwas（2）

（systematic）snoringthatwaseverdone，evenononeofthesetournamentsofsnoring，asleepingcar.Hedidn'tbegin（3）

thelampswereturneddownandeverybodywasinbed.Oh，no!Therewasmorecold-bloodedmagicinhissystemthanthat.Hewaiteduntileverybodyhadatasteofsleep，justtosee（4）

niceandpleasantitwas.Thenhebrokeinontheirsoundsleeplikeawinged，breathingdemon，andtheyneverknewwhatpeacewasagainthatnight.

Hestartedoutwithterrific"Gu-r-r-rt!"thatopenedeveryeyeinthecar.However，weallhopeditwasanaccident.（5）

（trust）thathewouldnotdoitagain，weallforgavehim.Thenheruinedourhopesandspoiledthesweetsincerityofourforgivenessbyalong-drawn"Gw-a-h-h-hah!"thatsoundedtoomuchlikebusiness（6）

（be）accidental.Theneveryheadinthatsleeplesssleeperwasheldoffthepillowforaminute，waitinginbreathlesssuspense（7）

（hear）aloudersnorebeforeit—hopefully—stopped.Butthesleeperin"lowerthree"wentoninregularrhythms（8）

indicatedgoodstayingqualities，"Gwa-a-a-h!Gwa-a-a-h!Gahwayway!Gahway-wah!Gahwa-a-ah!"

Evidentlyitwasgoingtolastallnight；andthe（9）

（exhaust）headsdroopedbackonthesleeplesspillows，andthescoldingbegan.Prettysoon"lowerthree"gaveusalittlevariation.Heshotoffaspiteful"Gwook!"whichleftus（10）

（wonder）whetherhisnosehadgotmadathimandwasgoingtostrike.八、单词拼写-单句：本大题共5小题，共5分。35.

doesn'tmatterwhatyouwear，aslongasyoulookneatandtidy.（用适当的词填空）36.We

choose

this

hotel

because

the

price

for

a

night

is

down

to＄20，half

of

it

used

to

charge.37.Located

theBeltmeetstheRoad，JiangsuwillcontributemoretotheBeltandRoadInitiative.38.Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmosphere

hisemployeesenjoytheirwork.39.

isoftenthecasewiththeelderly，theyliketotalkabouttheolddays.（用适当的词填空）九、句子翻译：本大题共4小题，共6分。40.当今，我们被各种该吃什么的建议狂轰滥炸。（bombard）（汉译英）

41.这部新上映的电影是否会受到好评，让我们拭目以待。（remain）（汉译英）

42.人工智能在未来的许多年里会继续吸引我们，变得越来越流行。（appeal）（汉译英）

43.让我觉得奇怪的是，一个如此有远见的人，居然没能意识到事态的严重性。（strike）（汉译英）

十、书面表达：本大题共1小题，共15分。44.Directions：WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowinChinese.

假设你是明启中学高三学生李明。你校英文报正举行主题为"Tochangeornottochange？"的征文比赛，你决定参赛。请你撰写一篇参赛稿，内容包括：

（1）你的观点；

（2）你的理由。

答案和解析1.【答案】Absorbed【解析】答案：Absorbed.考查单词填空．根据句意及句子结构，要填入Absorbed,短语beabsorbedin全神贯注于，在句中作状语．

全神贯注于绘画中，约翰没有注意到晚上到了．

考查单词填空，准确地理解句子、翻译句子，然后根据句意及提示确定所填单词词性，对于动词要注意时态，名词要注意单复数，正确写出单词完成句子，使句意更通顺．2.【答案】topromote【解析】句意：如果当选，他承诺将尽一切努力促进公益事业．本句中hecould是定语从句，修饰all,动词不定式在句中做目的状语，所以填：topromote

如果当选，他承诺将尽一切努力促进公益事业．

单词填空在解题前应快速浏览句子掌握大意，在读懂意思的基础上，结合句子提供的特定的语言环境去分析．要解决好语法问题，有了坚实的语法知识才能对语言进行正确的分析和判断，掌握词性的用法和词汇的固定结构，从而答对题目．3.【答案】EKGDAHIFCJ【解析】（1）考查动词。句意：如果这篇报道没有引用任何来自正规实验室的真正科学家，就舍弃它。分析句子可知，空处在助动词doesnot后用动词原形作谓语，根据上文"Demandproof"可知需要文中有科学家相关引述，quote意为"引用"。故选E。

（2）考查形容词。句意：并非由企业出资驱动的研究毫无价值，但一谈及科学，你最好去查阅顶尖高校或权威研究机构的科学家所开展的研究。分析句子可知，空处在系动词is后作表语，根据后文转折含义可知并非完全没用，worthless意为"无价值的"。故选K。

（3）考查形容词。句意：并非由企业出资驱动的研究毫无价值，但一谈及科学，你最好去查阅顶尖高校或权威研究机构的科学家所开展的研究。分析句子可知，空处修饰名词researchgroups作定语，与topuniversities并列体现靠谱科研主体，respected意为"受人尊敬的"。故选G。

（4）考查动词。句意：他们更有可能呈现自然的客观真相。分析句子可知，空处在belikelyto后用动词原形，根据正规科研团队会客观展示研究事实可知，present意为"呈现，展示"。故选D。

（5）考查名词。句意：当研究者发现对所属领域有价值的新补充发现时，不会直接联系地方报社。分析句子可知，空处在形容词valuable后作宾语，指领域内新增研究成果，addition意为"新增事物，补充"。故选A。

（6）考查动词。句意：期刊编辑会审核稿件，并发给同领域研究者征集批判性意见。分析句子可知，空处在主语后用动词原形作谓语，根据期刊审核稿件流程可知，review意为"审核，评审"。故选H。

（7）考查名词。句意：这个流程是一道重要的质量把控环节。分析句子可知，空处在形容词control后作中心名词，指代同行评议这一步骤，step意为"步骤，环节"。故选I。

（8）考查动词过去分词。句意：或许这篇新闻所报道的"科学家"根本算不上真正科研人员，或是研究本身毫无意义。分析句子可知，空处与is构成被动语态，根据新闻报道相关研究内容可知，reported意为"报道"。故选F。

（9）考查形容词。句意：总体来说，实验室实验比观察类研究、问卷调查更易把控变量。分析句子可知，空处在系动词are后作表语，根据变量多少影响结论可靠性可知实验室变量更好管控，controllable意为"可控制的"。故选C。

（10）考查名词。句意：一旦带着批判眼光看待研究，你就能更好理解它的价值。分析句子可知，空处在形容词性物主代词its后作宾语，通读全文核心是分辨科研成果含金量，value意为"价值"。故选J。

这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了辨别网络不实科学新闻的方法，从证据、研究者、发表渠道等角度给出判断思路。

如何做选词填空

（1）根据语法，判断词性

一般的空缺都可以通过其所在的句式结构和句法成分来判断其词性，从而正确的选词，进一步缩小词的选择范围。

（2）利用语境，确定词形

当确定了一个单词的词性后，可通过上下文来帮助判断其形式。4~7.【答案】D、B、C、A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。

考查说明文。做题时要通读全文，把握大意，然后结合题干及选项做出正确的选择。

1.

（1）推理判断题。根据第一段Many

people

believe

that

working

to

the

maximum

is

the

secret

to

success，but

research

has

found

that

moderation（适度）

also

gets

results

on

the

job.（许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。）以及第二段中的In

a

study

led

by

Ellen

Langer

of

Harvard

University，researchers

asked

people

to

translate

sentences

into

a

new

a

made-up

language.Subjects

who

practiced

the

language

moderately

beforehand

made

fewer

errors

than

those

who

practiced

extensively

or

not

at

all.（在哈佛大学Ellen

Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。）可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen

Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen

Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。

2.

（2）词义猜测题。根据划线部分的下文while

his

colleagues

who

chat

over

a

relaxed

conference-room

meal

get

dirty

looks

from

the

corner

office.（而他那些在会议室用餐时闲聊的同事会遭到来自角落办公室(高管)的不屑目光。）可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。

3.

（3）推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Also，there

is

a

lot

of

research

showing

that

a

positive

mood

leads

to

higher

levels

of

productivity

and

creativity.（此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。）可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。

4.

（4）推理判断题。根据第一段中的but

research

has

found

that

moderation（适度）

also

gets

results

on

the

job.（但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果）以及第二段中High

conscientiousness

is

related

to

lower

job

performance，especially

in

simple

jobs

where

it

doesn't

pay

to

be

a

perfectionist.（高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。）可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。8~11.【答案】D、D、A、A【解析】（1）细节理解题。根据第二段Thelikelyexplanationisthatthewithdrawalwasrushed，andtheydidn'twantthelocalCaledoniansgettingtheirhandson10tonsofweapon-gradeiron.（最可能的解释是撤离行动很仓促，并且他们不想让当地喀里多尼亚人拿到十吨军工级铁料。）可知，罗马人埋藏钉子是为了不让当地人获取这批铁器。故选D。

（2）细节理解题。根据第三段Theideathatonemightburndownanentirehousejusttoreclaimthenailsunderlineshowscarce，costlyandvaluablethesimple-seemingtechnologywas.（有人会烧毁一整栋房子仅仅为了收回钉子，这一想法凸显出这项看似简单的工艺在当时是多么稀缺、昂贵且珍贵。）可知，作者举该例子是为了体现当时制钉工艺的珍贵。故选D。

（3）细节理解题。根据第四段AccordingtoSichel，althoughthefallingpriceofnailswasdrivenpartlybycheaperironandcheaperenergy，mostofthecreditgoestonailmanufacturerswhosimplyfoundmoreefficientwaystoturnsteelintonails.（据西谢尔所说，尽管钉子价格下跌一部分是由更廉价的铁与能源促成，但主要功劳归于钉子制造商，他们只是找到了将钢材制成钉子的更高效率方法。）可知，生产效率提升是钉子降价的主要原因。故选A。

（4）主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段Afterwritingtwobooksaboutthehistoryofinventions，onethingI'velearntisthatwhileitistheenchantinglysophisticatedtechnologiesthatgetallthehype（宣传炒作），it'sthecheaptechnologiesthatchangetheworld.（写完两本关于发明史的书籍后，我悟出一件事：虽然那些精妙复杂的技术收获所有追捧，但真正改变世界的是平价技术。）以及最后一段TheGutenbergprintingpresstransformedcivilisationnotbychangingthenatureofwritingbutbychangingitscost—anditwouldhaveachievedlittlewithoutaparallelcollapseinthepriceofsurfacestowriteon，thankstoanoften-overlookedtechnologycalledpaper.Solarpanelshadafewniche（小众的）usesuntiltheybecamecheap；nowtheyaretransformingtheglobalenergysystem.（古腾堡印刷术重塑了人类文明，并非因为它改变了书写本身，而是改变了书写的成本。倘若另一项常常被忽视的技术——纸张，没有同步让书写载体的价格大幅下降，印刷术也难以发挥巨大作用。太阳能电池板问世之后长期只有小众用途，直到成本大幅降低，如今才正在改变全球经济格局。）列举印刷术、纸张、太阳能板的例子可知，后两段核心是廉价技术能够带来颠覆性的变革。故选A。

这是一篇说明文，主要以钉子的历史价格与价值变化为切入点，阐释廉价基础技术虽不起眼，却能深刻推动人类社会变革与文明发展。

做这类题材阅读理解时要求考生对文章通读一遍，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案。12~15.【答案】F、A、C、E【解析】（1）语境衔接题。文章第一段讲到男性很少哭泣。根据下文Onestudyfoundwomenreportcryingfivetimesmoreoftenthanmendo.（一项研究发现，女性哭泣的频率是男性的五倍。）可知，男性很少哭泣是有科学根据的，F项"这不仅仅是一种社会期待，更是一个科学事实。"和下文是顺接关系，F项中的scientificfact和下文的onestudyfound对应。故选F。

（2）联系下文题。根据下文Fromthere，itwasashortleaptothepoker-facedheroesofErnestHemingway，whocouldn'texpresstheirgriefbyanymeansbutdrinkingandshootingbuffalo（野牛）.（从那里，只需一小步，便到了欧内斯特•海明威笔下那些一脸扑克牌般严肃的英雄们身上——他们无法用任何方式表达悲伤，只能靠喝酒和射杀野牛来发泄。）可知，空格处的句子应该提到某一时期或地点，从那里开始发生了变化。所以，A项"然而到了浪漫主义时期，男性的眼泪已被保留给诗人。"符合语境，下文的fromthere指的是A项中的theRomanticperiod。故选A。

（3）语境衔接题。根据上文IntheMiddleAges，atypicalvillagehadonlyasmallnumberofinhabitantsrelatedbybloodormarriage.（中世纪，一个典型的村庄仅有少量通过血缘或婚姻关系联系的居民。）可知，空格处的句子应该提到在中世纪环境下，男人表达情感是什么情况，且与下文的变化"Furthermore，changesintheeconomyrequiredmentoworktogetherinfactoriesandofficeswhereemotionalexpressionwasdiscouragedastime-wasting.（此外，经济领域的变革要求男性在工厂和办公室中协同工作，而在这类场所里，情绪表达会被视作浪费时间的行为而遭到抑制。）形成对比，所以，C项"如果男性哭泣，他们总是与能够感同身受的人一起流泪。"符合语境。故选C。

（4）段落主旨题。空格处是该段的主题句。根据下文内容There'sreasontobelievethatholdingbacktearscanbeharmfultoyourwell-being.Researchhassuggestedalinkbetweenstress-relatedillnessandinadequate（不充足的）crying.Soitmightbebettertoreturntothefree-flowingtearsofthepast.Whenmisfortunestrikes，feelfreetocryuntiloursleevesaresoaked.AstheOldTestamenthasit："Theythatsowintearsshallreapinjoy."（有理由相信，强忍泪水会损害你的身心健康。研究表明，和压力相关的疾病与哭泣不足之间存在关联。所以，或许我们应当重拾过去那种肆意流泪的状态。当不幸降临时，尽管放声大哭，直到衣袖被泪水浸透。正如《旧约全书》所言："流泪撒种的，必欢呼收割。"）可知，人们在该哭泣的时候，就应该哭泣，哭泣是人类天生的。所以，E项"但人类天生并不适合压抑自己的情绪。"可以作为主题句，引起下文。故选E。

这是一篇说明文，主要讲的是男人不哭泣的原因。

关于选句填空的做题步骤：

步骤一：快速浏览一遍备选答案，先确定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置。通常在以下位置：标题，句首，句中，句尾。不同位置的句子有不同的特征。

步骤二：快速浏览文章，确定文章体裁，抓住文章结构。

步骤三：分析篇章结构，找出各段的主题句或主旨大意。

步骤四：注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段，寻找句中衔接标志词。

步骤五：区分相似项。16~30.【答案】B、C、A、D、B、A、D、B、C、A、B、D、C、A、C【解析】（1）考查副词及语境理解。A.typically一般，通常；B.naturally自然地；C.permanently永久地；D.reluctantly不情愿地。句意：虽然在现实生活中，这种类型的隐私是很自然的，很少考虑，但在数字空间中，隐私的概念是扭曲的。根据上文"Privacyisclosingyourbedroomcurtainswhengettingreadyforbed.Privacyisvisitingwithyourdoctorbehindcloseddoors"可知，现实生活中像睡觉时关门这种类型的隐私是很自然的。故选B。

（2）考查动词及语境理解。A.acquire获得；B.attach贴上；C.assume认为；D.attack攻击。句意：人们可能会认为这一切都与他们正在做的事情有关，这只是一小部分。根据下文"itisallaboutwhattheyaredoing"可知，空后的内容是人们的想法，人们认为数字隐私与他们正在做的事情有关。故选C。

（3）考查形容词及语境理解。A.online网上的；B.normal正常的；C.secure安全的；D.critical关键的。句意：然而，网络隐私与你在做什么关系不大，更多的是与你是谁以及你在做什么有关。根据下文"OntheInternet"可知，网络隐私与你在做什么关系不大，空格处意为"网上的"。故选A。

（4）考查名词及语境理解。A.possession拥有；B.cost费用；C.amount数量；D.value价值。句意：在互联网上，数据具有很高的价值。根据下文"It'sstolen，sold，collected"可知，在互联网上，数据具有很高的价值。故选D。

（5）考查动词及语境理解。A.argued争论；B.analyzed分析；C.searched搜索；D.observed观察。句意：它被盗，被出售，被收集和被分析。根据上文"It'sstolen，sold，collected"及常识可知，在网上，数据被盗，被出售，被收集和被分析。故选B。

（6）考查动词短语及语境理解。A.lookup查询；B.lookout当心；C.lookover检查；D.lookat看。句意：我们购物，查询医疗条件，安排假期，与朋友和亲戚互动，几乎任何可以想象的事情。根据下文"medicalconditions"可知，我们在网上查询医疗条件。故选A。

（7）考查动词短语及语境理解。A.focuson集中于；B.glanceat看一下；C.disposeof处理；D.interactwith和……互动。句意：我们购物，查询医疗条件，安排假期，与朋友和亲戚互动，几乎任何可以想象的事情。根据下文"friendsandrelatives"可知，我们在网上和朋友，亲戚互动。故选D。

（8）考查名词及语境理解。A.path道路；B.trail痕迹，踪迹；C.extent程度；D.loss损失。句意：通过这些行为，人们无意中创造了大量关于自己的数字数据记录。根据上文"Withtheseactions"和"ofdataaboutthemselves"可知，我们在网上购物，查询医疗条件，安排假期，与朋友和亲戚互动，这些行为都会在网上留下痕迹。故选B。

（9）考查名词及语境理解。A.programs程序；B.doubts怀疑；C.records记录；D.controls控制。句意：它可能是你赚了多少钱，你的医疗记录或你的银行账号。根据上文"Weallhavethingstohide"和"yourmedical"可知，我们要把我们的医疗记录隐藏起来。故选C。

（10）考查动词及语境理解。A.broadcast广播；B.exchanged交换；C.informed告知；D.convinced使相信。句意：我不认为这些是你想在你的社交网络上传播给全世界看的事情。根据下文"onyo