主题27　自然灾害与防范安全常识与自我保护

4/4主题27自然灾害与防范，安全常识与自我保护Ⅰ.阅读理解A（2026·湖北联考）AChinesestudentstudyingintheUKsharedaheartwarmingstoryonlineabouthertutorwhoquitherjobtopursueauniquemission：knittingsweatersforpenguinsinAntarctica.Thetutor’semailreplytothestudentread，“Thankyouforyouremail.IhavelefttopursuemydreamofmakingsweatersforpenguinsinAntarcticaandnolongerworkfortheSchoolofEconomics.Iwillbeoutofofficeonapermanent，indefinite，open-endedbasisuntilmypenguinfriendsarehappy.”ThisactofkindnessispartofalargercharityinitiativethatbeganafteramajoroilspillnearPhillipIsland，Australia，inthelate1990s.Thespillseverelyaffectedthelocalpenguinpopulation，leadingtoadeclineintheirnumbersandhealthoverthefollowingbreedingseasons.Whenlittlepenguinsbecomeoiled，theywilltrytocleanthepoisonousoilfromtheirfeatherswiththeirbeaks（喙），andingestingitcankillthem.Italsodamagestheirdelicatefeathers，whichexposestheirskintoextremetemperaturesandtheyareleftcold，heavyandunabletoswimorhuntforfood.Inresponsetosuchincidents，thePenguinFoundationandPhillipIslandNatureParkslaunchedacampaignurgingknittingenthusiastsworldwidetoknitsweatersfortheaffectedpenguins.Thesesweatersserveadualpurpose：Theyprovidetemporarywarmthandpreventthepenguinsfromreachingtheiroilyfeatherswiththeirbeaks.ThelastsignificantoilspillaroundPhillipIslandoccurredin2001，affecting438littlepenguins.Withthehelpofthesesweaters，96％ofthemweresuccessfullyrescuedandreleasedbackintothewild.Thepenguinjumperprogramhasbeenrunningforover20years，andduringthistime，morethan200，000sweatershavebeenknittedforpenguinsbygenerousknittersacrosstheglobe.Whilesomearguethatthesweaterscouldpotentiallyaddextrapressuretothepenguins’bodiesorcausethemtooverheat，thePenguinFoundationexplainsthatthesweatersareusedtemporarilytokeeppenguinswarmbeforetheirbodiesarewashedandfeathersrecover.Besides，penguinsneedsweatersmadeofallwool，onlythosesweatersthatmeetthestandardforwearcanbereceivedbythePenguinFoundation.1.Whydidthetutorquitherjob？（）A.Shewasmoreattractedtoknitting. B.ShedecidedtoprotectpenguinsinAntarctica.C.ShewasdissatisfiedwiththeSchoolofEconomics. D.ShewasofferedapositionatthePenguinFoundation.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ingesting”meaninparagraph2？（）A.Takingin. B.Feedingon.C.Breathingin. D.Sweepingaway.3.Whatharmwilltheoilspillcauseforthepenguins？（）A.Itwillmakethemoverheated. B.Itwillposeathreattotheirsurvival.C.Itwillmakethemmorevisibletothehunters. D.Itwillmakethemfatandunhealthy.4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthearticle？（）A.AntarcticPenguins：ACallforSweaters B.KnittingforConservation：AGlobalIssueC.AntarcticOilSpills：ADisasteronPenguins D.WarmthinEveryStitch：SweatersforOiledPenguinsBMorethan1，000metresbelowthesurfaceoftheoceans，darknessdominates.Marinecreaturesrelyonsoundfornavigation，communication，andsearchingforfood.However，thiswayoflifehascomeunderthreatfromshipping，contributingtoariseinunderwatervolumeofapproximately3.3decibels（分贝）perdecade.Thetrendshowslittlesignoflevellingoff.Withroughly90％oftraderelyingonshipping，quietingtheoceanthroughreductionsinshippingitselfisuntenable.Whileefficiencyimprovementsofshippingmaycutnoise，expertssaymoreisneeded.Thatiswhytechnologieslikemodifiedpropellers（螺旋桨）andnoise-reducingmaterialsarebeingdevelopedtohelphumansandmarinelifecoexist.Muchoftheunderwaternoiseashipproducescomesfromitspropeller.Spinningblades（桨叶）createlowpressure，causingthewatertoboilandproducebubbles，aprocessknownascavitation（空化现象）.Whenthosebubblescollapse，low-frequencynoiseisproduced，disruptingthemovementsofmarinelife.Onesolution，beingdevelopedbyresearchersattheUniversityofBritishColumbia，integratesflexiblepolymers（聚合物）intothemetalpropellerblades，allowingtheirtipstobendandtwist.Thismovementpreventsbubblesfromformingandtherebyreducesthenoisethebladesproduce.Basedonsimulations，thedesigncouldreducecavitationnoiseby20decibels.DrJaimansaysresearchersintendtostarttestingamodelnextyear.Cavitationcanalsobereducedbyincreasingthenumberofbubbles，ratherthanreducingthem.ResearchersatMARIN，aDutchresearchinstitute，haveblownbubblesontoapropeller’sblades，whichcandampentheresultingnoise.Model-scaletestsofthissystemshoweda12-decibeldecreaseinlow-frequencynoise.Butshippingnoisedoesnotcomeonlyfromthepropeller，withroughly20％comingfromenginesandgenerators.Toreducethis，MARINresearchershaveexperimentedwithabubblescreengeneratedfromtubespositionedinbeltsaroundtheoutsideoftheship.Thesebubblespreventnoisefromspreading.5.Whichbestexplainstheunderlinedword“untenable”inparagraph2？（）A.Impractical. B.Unavailable.C.Unstable. D.Immeasurable.6.Whatisthemainsourceofunderwaternoisefromships？（）A.Thespinningblades. B.Theprocessofcavitation.C.Theenginesandgenerators. D.Thebubblesgeneratedbyships.7.WhatsolutionisbeingdevelopedatMARIN？（）A.Boostingshipefficiency. B.Creatingflexiblebladetips.C.Generatingmorebubblesonblades. D.Usingquieterenginesandgenerators.8.What’sthepassagemainlyabout？（）A.Strategiestopreventshipsfrommakingnoise. B.Innovationstominimizeunderwatershipnoise.C.Adaptedpropellerdesignstorestoreunderseaquiet. D.Negativeimpactsofunderwaternoiseonmarinelife.Ⅱ.阅读七选五（2026·湖南二模）Floodscancomefrommultiplesources.Itcanbeahurricane，afaileddam，oranoverflowingriver.Thedisasterscanmovequickly.9.It’simportanttoknowhowtokeepyourfamilyandbelongingssafeduringsuchanevent.Fullpreparationcanputyouateaseforitscoming.Afloodissimplyaneventwherewateroverflowsanaturalareaandcoversnormallydryplaces.Ingeneral，therearetwotypes.10.Thesoilintheseareascan’tabsorbalotofmoisture.Thewaterthenrapidlyrunsoffthesurface，resultinginatorrent（激流）ofrapidlymovingwater.Riverfloodingiswhenariveroverflowsitsbanksduetoexcessive（过量的）waterandthesituationcangetworseifbarrierssuchasadamoralevee（防洪堤）breakaswell.Afloodcanbecausedbymanythings.11.Livingnexttoariver，dam，onthecoast，orinalow-lyingareaputsyouatriskforflooding.Thereisnospecificfloodseason.12.Anytimethereisalargeamountofraininashortperiod，floodingcanoccur.Man-madeandnaturaldisasterscanalsocausefloodingoutsideofthos