英语专业四级TEM-4综合练习（考前必背）

英语专业四级TEM-4综合练习（考前必背）一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1.Inthepassage,theauthorprimarilyemployswhichrhetoricaldevicetoemphasizethesignificanceofculturalexchange?Thetextmentionshowglobalizationhasfacilitatedcross-culturalinteractions,leadingtomutualenrichmentamongcivilizations.Basedonthecontext,theauthor'schoiceofvividimageryandhistoricalanecdotesservesto______.A.presentapurelyfactualaccountwithoutemotionalappealB.persuadereadersthroughemotionalengagementandstorytellingC.critiquethenegativeimpactsofculturalhomogenizationD.provideapurelytheoreticalanalysiswithoutpracticalexamplesAnswer:BExplanation:Thequestionrequiresidentifyingtheauthor'srhetoricalstrategyinpromotingculturalexchange.OptionBiscorrectbecausevividimageryandhistoricalanecdotesaretypicallyusedtoevokeemotionalresponsesandcreatepersuasivenarratives,aligningwiththepassage'spurposeofhighlightingmutualbenefits.OptionAisincorrectasfactualaccountslackemotionalappeal.OptionCcontradictsthepassage'spositivetone.OptionDmisrepresentstheuseofrhetoricaldevicesastheyoftenenhanceratherthanhinderpracticalanalysis.Thecontextsuggeststheauthoraimstoinspirereadersthroughengagingstorytelling,makingBthemostfittingchoice.2.Thesentence"Thenovel'sprotagonistundergoesametamorphosisfromcynicismtoredemption"demonstrateswhichgrammaticalstructure?Thephrase"fromcynicismtoredemption"clarifiesthetransformationprocess,whiletheverb"undergoes"indicatesastateofchange.Thisconstructionexemplifies______.A.apassivevoiceconstructionwithaprepositionalphraseB.anactivevoiceconstructionwitharelativeclauseC.anintransitiveverbwithacompounddirectobjectD.atransitiveverbwithanadverbialmodifierAnswer:AExplanation:Thesentenceusesthepassivevoice("undergoes")andaprepositionalphrase("fromcynicismtoredemption")todescribetheprotagonist'sinternalchange.OptionAiscorrectastheverbispassive,andthephrasefunctionsasanadverbialmodifier.OptionBisincorrectbecausethereisnorelativeclause.OptionCisincorrectas"undergoes"isintransitiveandlacksadirectobject.OptionDisincorrectbecausethephraseisnotanadverbialmodifierbutanadverbialphraseofdirection.Thegrammaticalfocusisonthepassiveconstructionandtheroleoftheprepositionalphrase.3.Inthepoem"TheRoadNotTaken,"Frostemployswhichliterarytechniquetoconveythethemeofchoice?Thepoemcontraststwodivergingpathsinayellowwood,withthespeakerultimatelychoosingonebutreflectingontheother.Thisdualityunderscores______.A.thedeterministicnatureofhumandecisionsB.thesubjectiveinterpretationoflifeexperiencesC.theabsolutemoralsuperiorityofonechoiceoveranotherD.thescientificpredictabilityoffutureoutcomesAnswer:BExplanation:Thepoem'sstructure—comparingtwoequallyappealingoptions—emphasizesthatchoicesareoftensubjectiveandopentointerpretation.OptionBiscorrectbecausethespeaker'sreflection("Itooktheonelesstraveledby")suggestspersonalpreferenceratherthanobjectivesuperiority.OptionAcontradictsthepoem'sambiguity.OptionCisincorrectasFrostavoidsmoraljudgment.OptionDisirrelevanttothepoem'sphilosophicalfocus.Thecentralthemeisthecomplexityofdecision-makinginlife.4.Theidiom"bitethebullet"ismostcloselyassociatedwithwhichculturalcontext?Thephraseappearsinapassagediscussinghistoricalsoldieringpractices,whereendurancewasvaluedovercomplainingaboutpain.Thisexpressionoriginatedfrom______.A.modernbusinessnegotiationsemphasizingresilienceB.medievalEuropeanwarfareinvolvingliteralbulletconsumptionC.19th-centurynavaltraditionsrequiringstoicenduranceD.contemporarypsychologicaltherapyforstressmanagementAnswer:CExplanation:Theidiom'soriginistiedtonavalguncrewsinthe19thcentury,whowouldliterallybiteleadbulletstobracethemselvesduringtraumaticfiringoperations.OptionCiscorrectasitalignswithhistoricalnavalpractices.OptionAisincorrectastheidiompredatesmodernbusiness.OptionBisamisconception—thephraseismetaphorical,notliteral.OptionDisunrelatedtotheidiom'shistoricalroots.Thecontextofsoldieringandstoicismiskeytounderstandingitsorigin.5.Thearticlediscussestheuseofsemioticsinadvertising,explaininghowbrandsleveragesymbolstoconveymessages.Forexample,Apple'sbittenapplelogorepresentsinnovation,whileNike'sswooshsymbolizesspeed.Thisanalysisdemonstrates______.A.theredundancyofvisualsymbolsinmodernbrandingB.theuniversalnatureofsignifier-signifiedrelationshipsC.thedeliberatecreationofculturalassociationswithbrandsD.theobjectivetruthfulnessofadvertisingclaimsAnswer:CExplanation:Thepassagehighlightshowbrandsintentionallydesignsymbolstoevokespecificemotionsorideas,suchasApple'sinnovationorNike'sathleticism.OptionCiscorrectbecausethearticlefocusesonthestrategicuseofsemioticstobuildbrandidentity.OptionAisincorrectassymbolsareoftenessential,notredundant.OptionBistoobroad—therelationshipsareculturallyspecific.OptionDisirrelevanttothediscussionofsemioticmanipulationinadvertising.Thekeyistheintentionalandsymbolicnatureofbranding.6.Theessay"TheLottery"byShirleyJacksonemployswhichnarrativetechniquetobuildsuspense?Thestorybeginswithaseeminglyordinaryvillagegatheringbutgraduallyrevealsunsettlingdetailsabouttheannualritual.Thisgradualrevelationexemplifies______.A.alinearchronologicalstructurewithnoplottwistsB.anon-linearfragmentednarrativewithabruptshiftsC.anescalatingtensionthroughforeshadowingandsubtextD.adeceptivelycheerfultonemaskingunderlyinghorrorAnswer:CExplanation:Jacksonusesforeshadowing(e.g.,theblackbox'sworncondition)andsubtext(e.g.,villagers'nervousness)tocreatesuspense.Thestory'stensionbuildsasthetruenatureofthelotteryisdisclosed.OptionCiscorrectasthesetechniquesgraduallyheightenreaderanxiety.OptionAisincorrectbecausetheplotisnotstraightforward.OptionBmisrepresentsthestory'scoherence.OptionDispartiallycorrectbutlackstheemphasisongradualescalation.Thefocusisonhowforeshadowingandsubtextcontributetosuspense.7.Thegrammarrulestatingthatasentencemusthaveatleastoneindependentclauseisknownaswhichprinciple?Thepassageexplainssubject-verbagreementandmentionsthisfundamentalruletoensuregrammaticalcompleteness.Thisprincipleiscalled______.A.theprincipleofsyntacticambiguityB.theruleofsubordinationincomplexsentencesC.theprincipleofgrammaticalcohesionD.theruleofsentencecompletenessAnswer:DExplanation:Therulethateverysentencemustcontainanindependentclauseensuresthesentenceisstructurallycomplete.OptionDiscorrectasitdirectlyaddressesthisrequirement.OptionAisincorrectasambiguityrelatestounclearmeanings,notsentencestructure.OptionBreferstodependentclauses,nottheminimumrequirement.OptionCisirrelevanttothisspecificrule.Thecontextemphasizesthebasicrequirementforavalidsentence.8.Intheplay"Hamlet,"Hamlet'ssoliloquy"Tobeornottobe"primarilyexploreswhichphilosophicalquestion?Thesoliloquycontraststhesufferingofexistencewiththefearoftheunknownafterdeath,promptingHamlettoquestionlife'smeaning.Thisdilemmacenterson______.A.thepoliticallegitimacyofClaudius'sreignB.themoralconsequencesofrevengeC.theexistentialconflictbetweenlifeanddeathD.thesocialnormsofElizabethancourtlyloveAnswer:CExplanation:Thesoliloquyisaquintessentialexistentialmeditationonwhethertoendurelife'shardshipsorendthem.OptionCiscorrectasitcapturesthecoretensionbetweenexistenceandnon-existence.OptionAisunrelatedtothesoliloquy'sfocus.OptionBisaddressedelsewhereintheplaybutnothere.OptionDisirrelevanttoHamlet'sphilosophicalmusings.Thepassage'scentralthemeisHamlet'scontemplationofsuicide.9.Thephrase"euphemism"isbestdefinedaswhichlinguisticdevice?Thepassagedefineseuphemismasamildorindirectexpressionusedtoavoidharshness,suchassaying"passaway"insteadof"die."Thisdeviceservesto______.A.clarifyambiguoustermsthroughexplicitdefinitionsB.softensensitivetopicstoreduceemotionalimpactC.increasetheformalityofwrittenlanguageD.introducehumorthroughwordplayAnswer:BExplanation:Euphemismsareusedtomakeunpleasantrealitiesmorepalatable.OptionBiscorrectastheexample("passaway"for"die")demonstratesthissofteningeffect.OptionAreferstodefinition,noteuphemism.OptionCisunrelatedtoeuphemism'spurpose.OptionDisirrelevantaseuphemismsareserious,nothumorous.Thecontexthighlightstheavoidanceofharshness.10.Theuseofthesubjunctivemoodinthesentence"IfIwereyou,Iwouldapologize"indicateswhichgrammaticalfunction?Thephraseexpressesahypotheticalsituationcontrarytofact,illustratingthesubjunctive'sroleinsuchconstructions.Thismoodisusedto______.A.describepasteventswithimperfectverbsB.conveycertaintyinfuturepredictionsC.expresshypotheticalorcontrary-to-factconditionsD.indicatecommandsorrequestsinimperativesentencesAnswer:CExplanation:Thesubjunctive("were")intheconditionalclausesignalsahypotheticalscenariothatisnotreal.OptionCiscorrectasitalignswiththesubjunctive'sfunctioninexpressingunrealconditions.OptionAisincorrectbecausethesubjunctiveisnotusedforpastdescriptions.OptionBisincorrectascertaintyisexpressedwithindicativemood.OptionDisincorrectbecauseimperativesentencesusethebaseform(e.g.,"Apologize").Thecontextfocusesonthesubjunctive'sroleinconditionals.二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）1.Thenovel"PrideandPrejudice"byJaneAustenissetinearly19th-centuryEnglandandprimarilyexploresthemesof______,______,and______,asseenintheinteractionsbetweentheBennetfamilyandthearistocraticBingleyandDarcy.Answer:socialclass,marriage,wealthExplanation:Thenovel'scentralthemesincludetheeconomicpressuresofmarriageforwomen(e.g.,theBennetsisters'prospects),therigidclasssystem,andthetensionbetweenprideandprejudiceinrelationships.Thecontexthighlightsthesethemesthroughthecharacters'strugglesandsocietalexpectations.2.Intheplay"Othello,"Iago'smanipulationofOthelloreliesheavilyon______,______,and______,whichheusestoplantseedsofjealousyintheMoor'smind.Answer:deception,racialstereotypes,manipulationofevidenceExplanation:IagoexploitsOthello'sinsecuritiesbyfeigningloyalty,usingracistremarkstoundermineDesdemona,andmisrepresentingDesdemona'sallegedinfidelity.ThepassageemphasizesthesetoolsinIago'svillainy.3.Thepoem"DoNotGoGentleintoThatGoodNight"byDylanThomasemploysanaphoraand______tourgereaderstoresistdeath'sembracewithpassionanddefiance.Answer:imperativevoiceExplanation:Therepetitionof"Donotgo"(anaphora)andthedirectcommandsto"burnandblow"life's"fiercefire"demonstratethepoem'surgent,passionatetone.Thecontexthighlightstheuseofrepetitionanddirectaddress.4.Thearticleondiscourseanalysisdiscusseshow______and______areusedtoconstructmeaninginconversations,asseeninthewaypolitenessmarkers(e.g.,"Couldyou...?")influenceinteraction.Answer:pragmatics,sociolinguisticsExplanation:Discourseanalysisexamineshowcontextualfactors(pragmatics)andsocialvariables(sociolinguistics)shapecommunication.Theexampleofpolitenessstrategiesillustratestheseconcepts.5.Theidiom"breaktheice"iscommonlyusedinsocialcontextstodescribetheactof______,oftenthroughhumororsmalltalk,toinitiaterelaxedinteractions.Answer:initiatingconversationExplanation:Thephrasereferstoovercomingawkwardnessinsocialsettings,asinabusinessmeetingwheresomeonetellsajoketoeasetension.Thecontextemphasizesthepurposeoficebreakers.6.Thegrammaticalconceptof"subject-verbagreement"requiresthattheverbmust______tothesubjectinnumber(singularorplural)andperson(first,second,orthird),asin"Thestudentsarestudying"(not"Thestudentarestudying").Answer:agreeExplanation:Therulemandatesconsistencybetweensubjectandverb,asshownintheexample.Thepassageexplainsthisfundamentalgrammaticalprinciple.7.Intheessay"CivilDisobedience"byHenryDavidThoreau,theauthorarguesthatindividualshaveamoraldutyto______whenthegovernmentactsunjustly,asexemplifiedbyhisrefusaltopaytaxessupportingslavery.Answer:resistunjustlawsExplanation:Thoreau'sphilosophycentersontherighttodisobeylawsthatviolateethicalprinciples.Thecontexthighlightshisjustificationforcivildisobedience.8.Theuseofhyperboleinthesentence"I'vetoldyouamilliontimes"exaggeratesthefrequencyofanactionto______,oftenforhumorousoremphaticeffect.Answer:emphasizethespeaker'sfrustrationExplanation:Hyperboleisanintentionalexaggeration,asinthisexamplewherethespeaker'sfrustrationisamplifiedforcomedicordramaticimpact.Thecontextexplainstherhetoricaldevice'spurpose.9.Theterm"metaphor"referstoafigureofspeechthatimplicitlycomparestwounlikethingsbystatingoneistheother,asin"Theclassroomwasazoo,"where______iscomparedto______.Answer:theclassroom;azooExplanation:Thecomparisonhighlightschaosanddisorderintheclassroomthroughthenon-literaluseof"zoo."Thepassagedefinesmetaphorandprovidesanexample.10.Thenovel"1984"byGeorgeOrwellexploresthemesof______,______,and______throughthedystopiansocietyofOceania,wherethePartycontrolsthoughtandreality.Answer:totalitarianism,surveillance,manipulationoftruthExplanation:Thenovelcritiquesabsolutegovernmentpower,theuseoftechnologyforcontrol(telescreens),andthealterationofhistoricalrecordstoshapeideology.Thecontextemphasizesthesecorethemes.三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1.Thepoem"TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock"byT.S.Eliotusesstreamofconsciousnesstodepicttheprotagonist'sfragmentedinnermonologue,reflectingthemodernistsenseofalienation.TrueorFalse?Answer:TrueExplanation:Thepoem'sdisjointedstructureandrepetitivequestioningmirrorPrufrock'sindecisiveandanxiousmind,ahallmarkofmodernisttechniques.Thecontextsupportsthisanalysis.2.Theidiom"letthecatoutofthebag"originatedfromaliteralincidentwhereasellerreplacedapigforacatinabag,misleadingabuyer.TrueorFalse?Answer:FalseExplanation:Thephrase'soriginisuncertain,butitisnottiedtoadocumentedhistoricaleventofswappinganimals.Thepassagedebunksthemyth.3.Thegrammaticalrulethat"asentencemusthaveasubjectandaverb"isauniversalrequirementforalllanguages.TrueorFalse?Answer:FalseExplanation:Whilemostlanguagesfollowthispattern,some(e.g.,Japanese)maylackexplicitsubjectsorverbsincertainconstructions.Thecontextchallengestheuniversalityoftherule.4.Thenovel"ToKillaMockingbird"byHarperLeeprimarilycritiquesracialsegregationthroughtheperspectiveofachildnarrator,ScoutFinch.TrueorFalse?Answer:TrueExplanation:Scout'sinnocentobservationshighlighttheinjusticeoftheSouthernUnitedStates'racialsystem.Thepassageemphasizesthenovel'snarrativeperspective.5.Theuseofalliteration(e.g.,"shesellsseashellsbytheseashore")primarilyservestocreaterhythmratherthanmeaning.TrueorFalse?Answer:FalseExplanation:Alliterationcanenhancemeaningbylinkingwordsandthemes(e.g.,emphasizingtheseasidesetting).Thecontextclarifiesitsdualfunction.6.ThesubjunctivemoodisstillcommonlyusedinmodernEnglish,asseeninphraseslike"IfIwererich."TrueorFalse?Answer:TrueExplanation:Thesubjunctivepersistsinconditionalsandhypotheticals,asintheexample.Thepassageconfirmsitscontinuedrelevance.7.Theessay"TheSecondComing"byW.B.YeatsusesreligiousimagerytocritiquethedeclineofWesterncivilization.TrueorFalse?Answer:TrueExplanation:Thepoem'sreferencestothebiblicalfigureoftheBeastandapocalypticthemesreflectYeats'sanxietiesaboutsocietalcollapse.Thecontextsupportsthisinterpretation.8.Theidiom"bitethebullet"isequivalentto"faceadifficultsituationwithcourage."TrueorFalse?Answer:TrueExplanation:Thephraseconveysstoicenduranceinthefaceofpainoradversity.Thepassageequatesittocourage.9.Thenovel"Frankenstein"byMaryShelleyexploresthedangersofuncheckedscientificambitionthroughthecreationofthetitularmonster.TrueorFalse?Answer:TrueExplanation:ThestorycritiquestheethicalboundariesofscienceasembodiedbyVictorFrankenstein.Thecontexthighlightsthistheme.10.Theuseofironyin"TheLottery"byShirleyJacksonisprimarilyforhumorouseffect.TrueorFalse?Answer:FalseExplanation:Theironyunderscoresthehorroroftheritualratherthanprovidinghumor.Thepassageclarifiesthedarktone.四、简答题（每题2分，共16分）1.Explainthedifferencebetweenametaphorandasimileinliteraryterms.Provideanexampleofeachfromawell-knownpoemorplay.Answer:Ametaphordirectlycomparestwounlikethingswithoutusing"like"or"as"(e.g.,"Theclassroomwasazoo"in"1984"),whileasimileusestheseconjunctions(e.g.,"Myloveislikeared,redrose"from"ARed,RedRose").Theformercreatesamoredirectcomparison,whilethelatterreliesonexplicitcomparison.2.Describetheroleofforeshadowingintheplay"Hamlet."Howdoesitbuildtension?Answer:Foreshadowingin"Hamlet"includesOphelia'sdrowning(hintedatinAct1)andtheghost'swarningaboutClaudius(Act1).Theseelementscreatedreadbysuggestingmisfortuneandbetrayal,heighteningtheplay'ssuspense.3.Whatisthesignificanceoftheopeningline"Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes"fromCharlesDickens's"ATaleofTwoCities"?Howdoesitsetthetone?Answer:Theparadoxicallineintroducesthenovel'scentralconflictbetweenrevolutionandreactionin18th-centuryFrance.Itestablishesatoneofdualityandtension,reflectingtheera'scontradictions.4.Explainhowthesubjunctivemoodisusedinconditionalsentences.Provideanexample.Answer:Thesubjunctiveexpresseshypotheticalorcontrary-to-factconditions,asin"IfIwerepresident,Iwouldendpoverty."Theunrealnatureofthecondition("werepresident")issignaledbythesubjunctive.5.Whatisthepurposeofeuphemismsincommunication?Giveanexampleinaprofessionalsetting.Answer:Euphemismssoftenharshrealitiestoavoidoffense,asinsaying"passedaway"insteadof"died."Inaworkplace,"downsizing"mayreplace"firing"tosoundlessabrupt.6.Describethefunctionofanaphorainspeechesorpoems.Provideanexample.Answer:Anaphora(repetitionofwords/phrasesatthestartofclauses)emphasizesapoint,asinMartinLutherKingJr.'s"IHaveaDream"speech:"Ihaveadream...Ihaveadream...Ihaveadream."Itcreatesrhythmicintensity.7.Howdoesdiscourseanalysisstudylanguageuseincontext?Whatisonetoolitemploys?Answer:Discourseanalysisexamineshowlanguagefunctionsinreal-worldinteractions,consideringfactorslikesocialnormsandpowerdynamics.Onetoolisanalyzingpolitenessmarkers(e.g.,"Couldyou...?")tounderstandconversationalstrategies.8.Whatisthesignificanceofthetitle"TheLottery"byShirleyJackson?Howdoesitcontributetothestory'stheme?Answer:Thetitleimpliesapositiveeventbutrevealsadarktwist,highlightingthestory'sthemeofblindadherencetotradition.Thecontrastbetweenexpectationandrealityenhancestheshock.五、应用题（每题4分，共24分）1.Analyzetheuseofsymbolisminthenovel"TheGreatGatsby"byF.ScottFitzgerald.Howdosymbolslikethegreenlight,thevalleyofashes,andtheeyesofDoctorT.J.Eckleburgcontributetothestory'sthemes?Answer:-ThegreenlightsymbolizesGatsby'sunattainabledreams(Daisy)andtheAmericanDream'sillusion.-Thevalleyofashesrepresentsthemoralwastelandcreatedbyindustrialismandwealthdisparity.-TheeyesofDoctorT.J.EckleburgsymbolizeGod'sabsenceandthelossofspiritualvaluesinamaterialisticsociety.Thesesymbolscollectivelycritiquethehollowpursuitofwealthandtheerosionofmorality.2.Theplay"ARaisinintheSun"byLorraineHansberryexploresthemesofracialinjusticeandfamilyconflict.HowdoesthecharacterWalterLee'sreactiontotheinsurancemoneyhighlightthesethemes?Answer:WalterLee'sdesperatedesiretoinvestinaliquorstorereflectstheeconomicfrustrationsofBlackAmericansinthe1950s.HisangeratBeneatha'seducationandMama'splanrevealsgenerationaltensionsandtheclashbetweenmaterialaspirationsandfamilialvalues.Theplayuseshisstrugglestoexposesystemicracismandfamilydynamics.3.Thepoem"DoNotGoGentleintoThatGoodNight"byDylanThomasiswritteninavillanelleform.Howdoestherepetitionoftheopeningandclosingstanzascontributetothepoem'semotionalimpact?Answer:Thevillanelle'srepetitivestructure("Donotgogentleintothatgoodnight")createsarelentless,urgentrhythm,mirroringthepoem'spleatoresistdeath.Therepetitionemphasizesthespeaker'spassionandthecyclicalnatureoflifeanddeath,intensifyingtheemotionalcalltofightforexistence.4.Inthearticle"TheImportanceofBeingEarnest,"OscarWildeusessatiretocritiqueVictoriansocialnorms.HowdoesthecharacterofLadyBracknell'srigidclassismexemplifythiscritique?Answer:LadyBracknell'sobsessionwithlineageandwealth(e.g.,questioningJack'sparentage)satirizestheabsurdityofaristocraticvalues.Hercharacterexposesthehypocrisyofasocietythatprioritizesstatusovermorality,asseeninherdisdainforJack'slower-classorigins.Wildeusesherdialoguetomocktheclasssystem'srigidity.5.Theessay"CivilDisobedience"byHenryDavidThoreauarguesthatindividualsshouldresistunjustlaws.Howdoeshisexampleofrefusingtopaytaxessupporthisphilosophy?Answer:Thoreaurefusestopaytaxesbecausethegovernmentusestherevenuetosupportslavery,anunjustinstitution.Hisactofcivildisobediencedemonstratesthatindividualsbearthemoralresponsibilitytorejectlawsthatviolateethicalprinciples.Theexampleillustratestheprinciplethatobediencetotyrannicallawsisnotobligatory.6.Thenovel"1984"byGeorgeOrwellexploresthedangersoftotalitarianismthroughthecharacterofWinstonSmith.Howdoeshisdiaryentry"DownwithBigBrother"reflectthestory'sthemes?Answer:Winston'sdiaryentrysymbolizeshisrebellionagainsttheParty'scontrolandhisdesireforpersonalfreedom.Itreflectsthestory'sthemesofoppression,surveillance,andtheerosionofindividuality.Theactofwriting,aforbiddenact,underscoresthestrugglefordissentinatotalitarianregime.【标准答案及解析】一、单项选择题1.B2.A3.B4.C5.C6.C7.D8.C9.B10.C二、填空题1.socialclass,marriage,wealth2.deception,racialstereotypes,manipulationofevidence3.imperativevoice4.pragmatics,sociolinguistics5.initiatingconversation6.agree7.resistunjustlaws8.emphasizethespeaker'sfrustration9.theclassroom;azoo10.totalitarianism,surveillance,manipul