2025-2026年江苏省高中一年级英语上册第3单元语法知识巩固习题

2025-2026年江苏省高中一年级英语上册第3单元语法知识巩固习题一、单项选择题（总共10题，每题2分，共20分）1.ThenewEnglishtextbookforseniorhighschoolstudentsinJiangsuProvinceintheacademicyear2025-2026includesaunitfocusingongrammarconsolidation.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheprimarypurposeofthisunit?A.Tointroduceadvancedvocabularyandidiomaticexpressionscommonlyusedinacademicwriting.B.Toreinforcefundamentalgrammaticalstructures,suchasverbtenses,prepositions,andarticles,whichareessentialforeffectivecommunication.C.ToanalyzetheculturalandhistoricalinfluencesontheEnglishlanguageinthe21stcentury.D.TocompareandcontrastthedifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishintermsofpronunciationandspelling.Answer:BExplanation:Thetitleexplicitlymentions"grammarknowledgeconsolidation,"indicatingthattheunit'smainobjectiveistostrengthenstudents'understandingandapplicationofbasicgrammaticalrules.OptionsA,C,andD,whilerelevanttoEnglishstudies,donotalignwiththecorefocusofagrammarconsolidationunit.OptionBdirectlyaddressesthereinforcementofessentialgrammaticalstructures,makingitthemostaccuratechoice.2.Inthe2025-2026EnglishcurriculumforGrade10inJiangsuProvince,Unit3emphasizestheuseofpresentperfecttense.Whichsentencecorrectlydemonstratestheformationofthistense?A.Shehasgonetothelibraryyesterday.B.Theyhavebeeneatingdinnerfortwohours.C.Hewillhavefinishedhishomeworkbytomorrow.D.Wehadstudiedthelessonbeforetheteacherenteredtheclassroom.Answer:BExplanation:Thepresentperfecttenseisformedwith"have/has+pastparticiple."OptionB("Theyhavebeeneatingdinnerfortwohours")correctlyuses"havebeeneating"(presentperfectcontinuous)todescribeanactionthatstartedinthepastandcontinuestothepresent.OptionAincorrectlycombinesthepresentperfectwithaspecificpasttime("yesterday").OptionCusesthefutureperfecttense("willhavefinished"),andOptionDusesthepastperfecttense("hadstudied"),neitherofwhichmatchesthepresentperfectstructure.3.TheEnglishunitforGrade10inJiangsuProvince(2025-2026)includesasectionontheuseofarticles(a/an/the).Whichsentencecontainsanerrorinarticleusage?A.Theteachergavemeabookyesterday.B.Isawthedogintheparklastweek.C.Sheboughtanappleandabananafromthestore.D.Thestudentsarereadingthesamemagazine.Answer:DExplanation:InOptionD,"thesamemagazine"isincorrectbecause"magazine"isanuncountablenounanddoesnotrequireanarticlewhenreferringtoageneralconcept.Theothersentencescorrectlyusearticles:"abook"(countablenoun),"thedog"(specificnoun),and"anapple"(countablenoun).4.InthegrammarunitforGrade10inJiangsuProvince(2025-2026),studentslearnaboutthedifferencebetween"lie"and"lay."Whichsentencecorrectlyuses"lie"?A.Thecatlaidonthesofaallday.B.Helaythebookonthetable.C.Sheislyingonthebednow.D.Thefarmerlaidtheseedsinthegroundlastspring.Answer:CExplanation:"Lie"(intransitiveverb)meanstoreclineorrest,while"lay"(transitiveverb)meanstoputsomethingdown.OptionC("Sheislyingonthebednow")correctlyuses"lie"todescribeastateofreclining.OptionAandDincorrectlyuse"laid"(transitive)fortheintransitiveactionoflying.OptionBincorrectlyuses"lay"(transitive)withtheintransitiveverb"lie."5.TheEnglishunitforGrade10inJiangsuProvince(2025-2026)includesalessononprepositionsoftime.Whichsentencecorrectlyuses"since"?A.Hehaslivedinthiscityforthreeyearsago.B.ShestartedstudyingEnglishsincelastmonth.C.Theyhavebeenfriendssincetheywerechildren.D.Wewillmeetnextweeksincewehavenoclasses.Answer:CExplanation:"Since"isusedtoindicatethestartingpointofanactionthatcontinuestothepresent.OptionC("Theyhavebeenfriendssincetheywerechildren")correctlyuses"since"torefertothebeginningofafriendshipthatstillexists.OptionAisgrammaticallyincorrectbecause"forthreeyearsago"isillogical.OptionBuses"since"incorrectlywiththepresentperfecttense("hasstarted").OptionDuses"since"tomean"because,"whichisamisuseofthepreposition.6.InthegrammarunitforGrade10inJiangsuProvince(2025-2026),studentslearnabouttheuseofgerundsandinfinitives.Whichsentencecorrectlyusesagerundasthesubject?A.Swimmingismyfavoritehobby.B.Toplaythepianoisdifficultforher.C.Sheenjoysreadingbookseveryevening.D.Hedecidedtogototheconcert.Answer:AExplanation:Agerund(verbendingin"-ing")canfunctionasanoun,includingasthesubjectofasentence.OptionA("Swimmingismyfavoritehobby")correctlyuses"swimming"asthesubject.OptionBusesaninfinitive("toplay"),notagerund.OptionCusesagerund("reading")astheobjectofapreposition("enjoysreading").OptionDusesaninfinitive("togo")asthedirectobjectof"decided."7.TheEnglishunitforGrade10inJiangsuProvince(2025-2026)includesasectiononrelativeclauses.Whichsentencecorrectlyusesarelativepronoun?A.Thegirlwhoiswearingabluedressismysister.B.ThebookthatIboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.C.Theteacherwhotaughtuslastyearismovingtoanotherschool.D.Thestudentswhowereabsentyesterdaywillcatchup.Answer:AlloftheaboveExplanation:Allthreesentencescorrectlyuserelativepronouns("who,""that,""which")tomodifynouns.OptionAuses"who"torefertoaperson,OptionBuses"that"torefertoathing,andOptionCuses"who"againtorefertoaperson.OptionDisalsogrammaticallycorrect,using"who"tomodify"students."However,sincethequestionasksforasingleanswer,OptionAisthemoststraightforwardexample.8.InthegrammarunitforGrade10inJiangsuProvince(2025-2026),studentslearnabouttheuseofpassivevoice.Whichsentenceisinthepassivevoice?A.Thecommitteewillmeettomorrow.B.Thereportwaswrittenbythestudents.C.Shehasfinishedherhomework.D.Theyarepreparingfortheexam.Answer:BExplanation:Thepassivevoiceisformedwith"be+pastparticiple."OptionB("Thereportwaswrittenbythestudents")uses"waswritten"(passivevoice)toindicatethatthereportwascreatedbythestudents,notthesubjectofthesentence.OptionA,C,andDareintheactivevoice.9.TheEnglishunitforGrade10inJiangsuProvince(2025-2026)includesalessononconditionalsentences.Whichsentencecorrectlyusesthesecondconditional?A.Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillcancelthepicnic.B.IfIhadstudiedharder,Iwouldhavepassedthetest.C.Shewillcallyouifyouneedhelp.D.Iftheyhadarrivedontime,theywouldnotbelate.Answer:BExplanation:Thesecondconditionalisusedtodescribehypotheticalsituationsinthepresentorfuture.Itisformedwith"if+pasttense,would+baseverb."OptionB("IfIhadstudiedharder,Iwouldhavepassedthetest")correctlyusesthisstructuretoexpressahypotheticalsituation.OptionAusesthefirstconditional("If+presenttense,will+baseverb").OptionCusesafirstconditionalwith"if+presenttense,will+baseverb."OptionDusesthethirdconditional("If+pastperfect,wouldhave+pastparticiple"),whichreferstoahypotheticalsituationinthepast.10.InthegrammarunitforGrade10inJiangsuProvince(2025-2026),studentslearnabouttheuseofdirectandindirectspeech.Whichsentencecorrectlyconvertsdirectspeechtoindirectspeech?A.Hesaid,"Iamgoingtothelibrary."→Hesaidthathewasgoingtothelibrary.B.Shesaid,"Youmustfinishyourhomework."→Shesaidthatyoumustfinishyourhomework.C.Theysaid,"Wehaveseenthemovie."→Theysaidthattheyhaveseenthemovie.D.Theteachersaid,"Thestudentsarelate."→Theteachersaidthatthestudentswerelate.Answer:AExplanation:Whenconvertingdirectspeechtoindirectspeech,thesubjectandverboftenchangetense.OptionAcorrectlychanges"Iamgoing"(presenttense)to"hewasgoing"(pasttense)inindirectspeech.OptionBincorrectlykeepsthepresenttense("mustfinish").OptionCalsokeepsthepresenttense("haveseen").OptionDincorrectlychanges"arelate"(presenttense)to"werelate"(pasttense),whichisunnecessaryunlessthecontextimpliesapasttime.二、填空题（总共10题，每题2分，共20分）1.IntheEnglishunitforGrade10inJiangsuProvince(2025-2026),studentslearnthatthepresentperfectcontinuoustenseisformedwith_______+_______+_______.Answer:have/hasbeen+presentparticipleExplanation:Thepresentperfectcontinuoustenseisusedtodescribeanactionthatstartedinthepastandcontinuestothepresent.Thestructureis"have/hasbeen+verb-ing."Forexample,"Shehasbeenstudyingforthreehours."2.Thearticle"the"isusedtoreferto_______or_______thatarespecificorknowntothereader.Answer:particularthing(s);specificthing(s)Explanation:"The"isthedefinitearticleandisusedwhenreferringtonounsthatarespecificorhavebeenpreviouslymentioned.Forexample,"Thebookonthetableismine."3.Theverbs"lie"and"lay"areoftenconfused."Lie"meansto_______,while"lay"meansto_______.Answer:recline;putsomethingdownExplanation:"Lie"(intransitive)meanstoreclineorrest,e.g.,"Heliesonthecouch.""Lay"(transitive)meanstoputsomethingdown,e.g.,"Shelaidthebookonthetable."4.Thepreposition"since"isusedtoindicatethestartingpointofanactionthatcontinuestothepresent,while"for"isusedtoindicatethe_______oftheaction.Answer:durationExplanation:"Since"referstothetimewhenanactionbegan,e.g.,"Ihavelivedheresince2010.""For"referstohowlonganactionlasted,e.g.,"Ihavelivedhereforfiveyears."5.Agerundisaverbformendingin"-ing"thatfunctionsasa_______.Answer:nounExplanation:Gerundscanbesubjects,objects,orcomplementsinasentence.Forexample,"Swimmingisfun."(subject),"Heenjoysreading."(object).6.Relativeclausesareusedtoadd_______or_______toanounphrase.Answer:information;detailsExplanation:Relativeclausesmodifynounsbyprovidingadditionalinformation.Forexample,"Thegirlwhoiswearingabluedressismysister."Theclause"whoiswearingabluedress"addsdetailsaboutthegirl.7.Thepassivevoiceisusedwhenthe_______oftheactionismoreimportantthanthesubject.Answer:objectExplanation:Inthepassivevoice,thefocusisonthereceiveroftheaction,notthedoer.Forexample,"Thereportwaswrittenbythestudents."Thereport(object)isthefocus.8.Conditionalsentencesareusedtoexpress_______or_______situations.Answer:hypothetical;unrealExplanation:Conditionalsentencesdescribesituationsthatarehypotheticalorunlikelytohappen.Thesecondconditional,forexample,isusedforhypotheticalpresentorfuturesituations:"IfIhadmoremoney,Iwouldbuyacar."9.Directspeechistheexactwordsspokenbyaspeaker,whileindirectspeechisthe_______ofthosewords.Answer:reportExplanation:Inindirectspeech,thespeakerreportswhatwassaid,oftenchangingpronounsandtense.Forexample,"Hesaid,'Iamtired.'"→"Hesaidthathewastired."10.Thestructure"be+pastparticiple"isusedtoformthe_______voice.Answer:passiveExplanation:Thepassivevoiceisformedwith"be+pastparticiple"toindicatethatthesubjectofthesentenceisreceivingtheaction.Forexample,"TheletterwaswrittenbyJohn."三、判断题（总共10题，每题2分，共20分）1.Thepresentperfecttenseisusedtodescribeactionsthathappenedataspecifictimeinthepast.Answer:FalseExplanation:Thepresentperfecttenseisusedtodescribeactionsthatstartedinthepastandcontinuetothepresentorhaverelevancetothepresent.Forexample,"Shehaslivedherefortenyears."(continuestothepresent).Aspecificpasttimewouldrequirethesimplepasttense.2.Thearticle"a"isusedbeforesingularcountablenouns,while"an"isusedbeforesingularcountablenounsthatbeginwithavowelsound.Answer:TrueExplanation:Thisisabasicruleofarticleusage.Forexample,"acat"(beginningwithaconsonantsound),"anapple"(beginningwithavowelsound).3.Theverbs"sit"and"set"areoftenconfused,but"sit"meanstorestonasurface,while"set"meanstoplacesomethinginaparticularposition.Answer:TrueExplanation:"Sit"(intransitive)meanstorestonasurface,e.g.,"Hesitsonthechair.""Set"(transitive)meanstoplacesomething,e.g.,"Shesetthebookonthetable."4.Thepreposition"for"isusedtoindicatethedurationofanaction,while"since"isusedtoindicatethestartingpointofanaction.Answer:TrueExplanation:"For"referstohowlongsomethinglasts,e.g.,"Hewaitedforanhour.""Since"referstowhensomethingstarted,e.g.,"Hehaswaitedsincenoon."5.Agerundcanfunctionasthesubject,object,orcomplementofasentence.Answer:TrueExplanation:Gerundsareverbformsendingin"-ing"thatfunctionasnouns.Forexample,"Readingisfun."(subject),"Heenjoysreading."(object),"Hishobbyisreading."(complement).6.Relativeclausescanberestrictiveornon-restrictive.Restrictiveclausesareessentialtothemeaningofthesentenceandarenotseparatedbycommas.Answer:TrueExplanation:Restrictiveclausesprovideessentialinformationandarenotsetoffbycommas.Forexample,"Thegirlwhoiswearingabluedressismysister."Non-restrictiveclausesprovideadditional,non-essentialinformationandaresetoffbycommas.7.Thepassivevoiceisalwaysmoreformalthantheactivevoice.Answer:FalseExplanation:Thepassivevoiceisnotinherentlymoreformalthantheactivevoice.Theformalitydependsonthecontextandthespecificlanguageused.Insomecases,thepassivevoicemaybemoreappropriateinformalwriting,butthisisnotauniversalrule.8.Conditionalsentencesareonlyusedtodescribefutureevents.Answer:FalseExplanation:Conditionalsentencescandescribepresentorpasthypotheticalsituations,notjustfutureevents.Forexample,thesecondconditional("IfIhadstudiedharder,Iwouldhavepassedthetest")describesapasthypotheticalsituation.9.Directspeechisalwaysenclosedinquotationmarks,whileindirectspeechisnot.Answer:TrueExplanation:Directspeechistheexactwordsspokenbyaspeakerandisenclosedinquotationmarks.Indirectspeechisareportofwhatwassaidandisnotenclosedinquotationmarks.Forexample,"Hesaid,'Iamtired.'"→"Hesaidthathewastired."10.Thepastperfecttenseisusedtodescribeactionsthathappenedbeforeanotherpastaction.Answer:TrueExplanation:Thepastperfecttense("had+pastparticiple")isusedtodescribeactionsthathappenedbeforeanotherpastaction.Forexample,"Shehadfinishedherhomeworkbeforeshewenttobed."四、简答题（总共8题，每题2分，共16分）1.Explainthedifferencebetweenthepresentperfecttenseandthesimplepasttense.Answer:Thepresentperfecttense("have/has+pastparticiple")isusedtodescribeactionsthatstartedinthepastandcontinuetothepresentorhaverelevancetothepresent.Thesimplepasttenseisusedtodescribeactionsthathappenedataspecifictimeinthepastandarecompleted.Forexample,"Shehaslivedhereforfiveyears."(continuestothepresent),"Shelivedherefiveyearsago."(specificpasttime).2.Whatisthefunctionofarticles(a/an/the)inEnglish?Answer:Articlesareusedtospecifywhetheranounisgeneral(a/an)orspecific(the)."A/an"isusedbeforesingularcountablenounsthataregeneral,while"the"isusedbeforesingularorpluralcountablenounsthatarespecificorknowntothereader.Forexample,"acat"(general),"thecatonthemat"(specific).3.Howdoyouformthepassivevoice?Answer:Thepassivevoiceisformedwith"be+pastparticiple."Forexample,"ThebookwaswrittenbyJohn."(active:Johnwrotethebook;passive:ThebookwaswrittenbyJohn).Thesubjectofthepassivesentenceisthereceiveroftheaction.4.Whatisthedifferencebetweenagerundandaninfinitive?Answer:Agerundisaverbformendingin"-ing"thatfunctionsasanoun.Forexample,"Readingisfun."(subject).Aninfinitiveis"to+baseverb"andcanfunctionasanoun,adjective,oradverb.Forexample,"Iwanttoread."(object),"Thebookisinterestingtoread."(adjective).5.Howdoyouconvertdirectspeechtoindirectspeech?Answer:Toconvertdirectspeechtoindirectspeech,changethesubjectandverbtense(ifnecessary),andoftenchangepronounsandreportedspeech.Forexample,"Hesaid,'Iamtired.'"→"Hesaidthathewastired."(change"I"to"he"and"am"to"was").6.Whatisarelativeclause?Answer:Arelativeclauseisatypeofadverbialclausethatmodifiesanounornounphrase.Itisintroducedbyrelativepronouns(who,which,that,whose)orrelativeadverbs(when,where,why).Forexample,"Thegirlwhoiswearingabluedressismysister."Theclause"whoiswearingabluedress"modifies"thegirl."7.Whatisthepurposeofconditionalsentences?Answer:Conditionalsentencesareusedtoexpresshypotheticalorunrealsituations.Theydescribeconditionsandtheirpossibleresults.Forexample,thesecondconditional("IfIhadstudiedharder,Iwouldhavepassedthetest")describesapasthypotheticalsituation.8.Howdoyouusetheprepositionsoftime(since,for,before,after)?Answer:"Since"indicatesthestartingpointofanactionthatcontinuestothepresent,e.g.,"Ihavelivedheresince2010.""For"indicatesthedurationofanaction,e.g.,"Ihavelivedhereforfiveyears.""Before"indicatesanactionthathappensearlier,e.g.,"IfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwenttobed.""After"indicatesanactionthathappenslater,e.g.,"IwenttobedafterIfinishedmyhomework."五、应用题（总共8题，每题4分，共24分）1.Rewritethefollowingsentenceinthepassivevoice:"Theteachergavethestudentsaworksheet."Answer:Theworksheetwasgiventothestudentsbytheteacher.Explanation:Thepassivevoiceisformedwith"be+pastparticiple."Theobjectoftheactivesentence("worksheet")becomesthesubjectofthepassivesentence,andthesubject("teacher")ismovedtotheendwith"by."2.Convertthefollowingdirectspeechtoindirectspeech:"Shesaid,'Iwillgotothelibrarytomorrow.'"Answer:Shesaidthatshewouldgotothelibrarythenextday.Explanation:Toconvertdirectspeechtoindirectspeech,changetheverbtense("will"to"would")andpronouns("I"to"she").Thetimemarker("tomorrow")ischangedto"thenextday"toindicateafuturetimeinreportedspeech.3.Completethefollowingsentencewiththecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses:"IfI_______(have)moremoney,I_______(buy)acar."Answer:IfIhadmoremoney,Iwouldbuyacar.Explanation:Thisisasecondconditional,whichisusedtodescribehypotheticalpresentorfuturesituations.Thestructureis"if+pasttense,would+baseverb."4.Usethecorrectformoftheverbinparenthesestocompletethesentence:"She_______(lie)onthesofaalldayyesterday."Answer:Shelayonthesofaalldayyesterday.Explanation:"Lie"(intransitive)meanstoreclineorrest.Thepasttenseis"lay.""Lay"(transitive)meanstoputsomethingdown.Thepasttenseis"laid."Sincetheactionisintransitive("onthesofa"),"lay"isthecorrectform.5.Completethefollowingsentencewiththecorrectarticle:"_______bookonthetableismine."Answer:Thebookonthetableismine.Explanation:"The"isusedtorefertoaspecificbookthatisknownoridentifiablefromthecontext.6.Usethecorrectformofthegerundtocompletethesentence:"Reading_______fun,butwritingismorechallenging."Answer:Readingisfun,butwritingismorechallenging.Explanation:Thegerund"reading"functionsasthesubjectofthesentence.7.Completethefollowingsentencewiththecorrectpreposition:"Hehaslivedinthiscity_______fiveyears."Answer:Hehaslivedinthiscityforfiveyears.Explanation:"For"isusedtoindicatethedurationofanactionthatstartedinthepastandcontinuestothepresent.8.Rewritethefollowingsentenceusingarelativeclause:"Themanisadoctor.Heworksinthehospital."Answer:Themanwhoworksinthehospitalisadoctor.Explanation:Arelativeclausecancombinetwosentencesbymakingoneclausedependentontheother.Therelativepronoun"who"refersto"theman"andintroducestheclause"whoworksinthehospital."【标准答案及解析】一、单项选择题1.BExplanation:Theunitfocusesongrammarconsolidation,reinforcingfundamentalstructures.2.BExplanation:Thepresentperfectcontinuoustenseisusedtodescribeanongoingaction.3.DExplanation:"Themagazine"isincorrectforanuncountablenoun.4.CExplanation:"Lie"(intransitive)meanstorecline,while"lay"(transitive)meanstoputsomethingdown.5.CExplanation:"Since"indicatesthestartingpointofanaction.6.AExplanation:"Swimming"functionsasanoun(subject).7.AExplanation:"Who"correctlymodifies"thegirl."8.BExplanation:Thepassivevoiceis"be+pastparticiple."9.BExplanation:Thesecondconditionaldescribeshypotheticalpresent/futuresituations.10.AExplanation:Directspeechtoindirectspeechrequirestensechanges.二、填空题1.have/has,been,presentparticipleExplanation:Presentperfectcontinuous:have/has+been+verb-ing.2.particularthing(s),specificthing(s)Explanation:"The"referstospecificorknownnouns.3.recline,putsomethingdownExplanation:"Lie"(intransitive)vs."Lay"(transitive).4.durationExplanation:"Since"forstartingpoint,"for"forduration.5.nounExplanation:Gerundsfunctionasnouns.6.information,detailsExplanation:Relativeclausesadddetailstonounphrases.7.objectExplanation:Passivevoicefocusesonthereceiveroftheaction.8.hypothetical,unrealExplanation:Conditionalsdescribeunlikelyorhypotheticalsituations.9.reportExplanation:Indirectspeechisareportofdirectspeech.10.passiveExplanation:Passivevoice:be+pastparticiple.三、判断题1.FalseExplanation:Presentperfectforpastactionswithpresentrelevance.2.TrueExplanation:Basicarticlerules.3.TrueExplanation:"Sit"(intransitive)vs."Set"(transitive).4.TrueExplanation:"For"forduration,"since"forstartingpoint.5.TrueExplanation:Gerundsfunctionasnouns.6.TrueExplanation:Relativeclausesmodifynouns.7.FalseExplanation:Formalitydependsoncontext,notvoice.8.FalseExplanation:Conditionalscandescribepresent/pasthypotheticalsituations.9.TrueExplanation:Directspeechinquotes,indirectspeechnot.10.TrueExplanation:Pastperfectforactionsbeforeanotherpastaction.四、简答题1.Answer:Thepresentperfecttense("have/has+pastparticiple")isusedforactionsthatstartedinthepastandcontinuetothepresentorhaverelevancetothepresent.Thesimplepasttenseisusedforactionsthathappenedataspecifictimeinthepastandarecompleted.Forexample,"Shehaslivedhereforfiveyears."(continuestothepresent),"Shelivedherefiveyearsago."(specificpasttime).Explanation:Thepresentperfectemphasizestheconnectiontothepresent,whilethesimplepastfocusesonacompletedpastaction.2.Answer:Articles(a/an/the)specifywhetheranounisgeneral(a/an)orspecific(the)."A/an"isusedbeforesingularcountablenounsthataregeneral,while"the"isusedbeforesingularorpluralcountablenounsthatarespecificorknowntothereader.Forexample,"acat"(general),"thecatonthemat"(specific).Explanation:Articleshelpclarifywhetheranounisbeingintroducedforthefirsttime(a/an)orisalreadyknownoridentifiable(the).3.Answer:Thepassivevoiceisformedwith"be+pastparticiple."Forexample,"ThebookwaswrittenbyJohn."(active:Johnwrotethebook;passive:ThebookwaswrittenbyJohn).Thesubjectofthepassivesentenceisthereceiveroftheaction.Explanation:Thepassivevoiceshiftsfocusfromthedoeroftheactiontothereceiver,makingtheobjectoftheactivesentencethesubjectofthepassivesentence.4.Answer:Agerundisaverbformendingin"-ing"thatfunctionsasanoun.Forexample,"Readingisfun."(subject).Aninfinitiveis"to+baseverb"andcanfunctionasanoun,adjective,oradverb.Forexample,"Iwanttoread."(object),"Thebookisinterestingtoread."(adjective).Explanation:Gerundsactlikenouns,whil