汽车的发展史外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文翻译AutomobilehistoryItisgenerallyclaimedthatthefirstautomobileswithgasolinepowered\o"Internalcombustionengine"internalcombustionengineswerecompletedalmostsimultaneouslyin\o"1886"1886by\o"Germany"Germaninventorsworkingindependently:\o"CarlBenz"CarlBenzon\o"July3"3July\o"1886"1886in\o"Mannheim"Mannheim,resp.\o"GottliebDaimler"GottliebDaimlerand\o"WilhelmMaybach"WilhelmMaybachin\o"Stuttgart"Stuttgart(alsoinventorsofthefirstmotorbike)and\o"Austrian"Austrianinventor\o"SiegfriedMarcus"SiegfriedMarcusin\o"Vienna"Vienna.Steam-poweredselfpropelledvehiclesweredevisedinthelate\o"18thcentury"18thcentury.\o"Nicolas-JosephCugnot"Nicolas-JosephCugnotsuccessfullydemonstratedsuchavehicleasearlyas\o"1769"1769.Thefirstvehicleswere\o"Steamengine"steamenginepowered;probablythemostnotableadvancesinsteampowerevolvedin\o"Birmingham"Birmingham,Englandbythe\o"LunarSociety"LunarSociety.Itwasherethattheterm\o"Horsepower"Horsepowerwasfirstused.ItwasinBirminghamalsothatthefirstfourwheel\o"Petrol"petrol-drivenautomobileswerebuiltinBritainin1895by\o"FrederickWilliamLanchester"FrederickWilliamLanchesterwhoalsopatentedthe\o"Discbrake"discbrakeinthecity.\o"Electricvehicle"Electricvehicleswereproducedbyasmallnumberofmanufacturers.Inthe\o"UnitedStates"UnitedStates,carsinthe\o"1890s"1890sused\o"Ethanol"ethanol,an\o"Alcoholfuel"alcoholfuel;petrol(calledgasolineintheU.S.and\o"Canada"Canada)and\o"Dieselengines"dieselengineswereimplementedlater.ManyU.S.farmerscontinuedtomaketheirownalcoholfuelincorn-alcohol\o"Still"stillsuntil\o"Prohibition"Prohibitioncriminalizedtheproductionofalcoholin\o"1919"1919.\o"Brazil"Brazilistheonlycountrywhichproducesethanol-runningcars,sincethelate\o"1970s"1970s.PopularityCugnot'sinventioninitiallysawlittleapplicationinhisnative\o"France"France,andthecenterofinnovationpassedto\o"UnitedKingdom"GreatBritain,where\o"RichardTrevithick"RichardTrevithickwasrunningasteam-carriagein\o"1801"1801.Suchvehicleswereinvogueforatime,andoverthenextdecadessuchinnovationsashandbrakes,multi-speedtransmissions,andimprovedspeedand\o"Steering"steeringweredeveloped.Somewerecommerciallysuccessfulinproviding\o"Masstransit"masstransit,untilabacklashagainsttheselargespeedyvehiclesresultedinpassinglawsthatself-propelledvehicleson\o"Publicroads"publicroadsinthe\o"UnitedKingdom"UnitedKingdommustbeprecededbyamanonfootwavingaredflagandblowingahorn.ThiseffectivelykilledroadautodevelopmentintheUKformostoftherestofthe\o"19thcentury"19thcentury,asinventorsandengineersshiftedtheireffortstoimprovementsin\o"Railway"railway\o"Locomotive"locomotives.Theredflaglawwasnotrepealeduntil\o"1896"1896.Themanyvarietiesof\o"Automobileracing"automobileracingcollectivelyconstituteoneofthemostpopularcategoriesofsportintheworld.Today,the\o"USA"USAhasmorecarsthananyothernation.Though\o"Japan"Japanisaleadingnationincarmanufacturing,theaverageJapanesecitizencannotaffordthehighcostsofrunningacarinacountrywhereparkingspaceisscarceandfuelisveryexpensive.Thereareofferstogetanewcarforfreeorgetpaidtodrivetheminreturnfordisplayingadvertisementonthecars,andhenceonlyavailabletoindividualsofcertainprofiles.Thefirstautomobile\o"Patent"patentinthe\o"UnitedStates"UnitedStateswasgrantedto\o"OliverEvans"OliverEvansin\o"1789"1789;in\o"1804"1804Evansdemonstratedhisfirstsuccessfulself-propelledvehicle,whichnotonlywasthefirstautomobileintheUSAbutwasalsothefirst\o"Amphibiousvehicle"amphibiousvehicle,ashissteam-poweredvehiclewasabletotravelon\o"Wheel"wheelsonlandandviaa\o"Paddlewheel"paddlewheelinthewater.About1870in\o"Vienna"Vienna,\o"SiegfriedMarcus"SiegfriedMarcusputagasolineengineonasimplehandcart.On\o"November5"November5,\o"1895"1895,\o"GeorgeB.Selden"GeorgeB.SeldenwasgrantedaUnitedStatespatentfora\o"Two-strokecycle"two-strokeautomobileengine.ThispatentdidmoretohinderthanencouragedevelopmentofautosintheUSA.Amajorbreakthroughcamewiththehistoricdriveof\o"BertaBenz"BertaBenzin1888.Steam,electric,andgasolinepoweredautoscompetedfordecades,withgasolineinternalcombustionenginesachievingdominanceinthe\o"1910s"1910s.Thelargescale,\o"Production-line"production-linemanufacturingofaffordableautomobileswasdebutedby\o"Oldsmobile"Oldsmobilein\o"1902"1902,thengreatlyexpandedby\o"HenryFord"HenryFordinthe1910s.Earlyautomobileswereoftenreferredtoas'horselesscarriages',anddidnotstrayfarfromthedesignoftheirpredecessor.Throughtheperiodfrom1900tothemid\o"1920s"1920s,developmentofautomotivetechnologywasrapid,dueinparttoahuge(hundreds)numberofsmallmanufacturersallcompetingtogaintheworld'sattention.Keydevelopmentsincludedelectric\o"Ignitionsystem"ignitionandtheelectricself-starter(bothby\o"CharlesKettering"CharlesKettering,forthe\o"Cadillac(automobile)"CadillacMotorCompanyin1910-1911),independentsuspension,andfour-wheelbrakes.Bythe\o"1930s"1930s,mostofthetechnologyusedinautomobileshadbeeninvented,althoughitwasoftenre-inventedagainatalaterdateandcreditedtosomeoneelse.Forexample,\o"Front-wheeldrive"front-wheeldrivewasre-introducedbyAndre\o"Citroën"Citroënwiththelaunchofthe\o"TractionAvant"TractionAvantin\o"1934"1934,thoughitappearedseveralyearsearlierinroadcarsmadebyAlvisand\o"CordAutomobile"Cord,andinracingcarsbyMiller(andmayhaveappearedasearlyas\o"1897"1897).After\o"1930"1930,thenumberofautomanufacturersdeclinedsharplyastheindustryconsolidatedandmatured.Since\o"1960"1960,thenumberofmanufacturershasremainedvirtuallyconstant,andinnovationslowed.Forthemostpart,"new"automotive\o"Technology"technologywasarefinementonearlierwork,thoughtheserefinementsweresometimessoextensiveastorendertheoriginalworknearlyunrecognizable.Thechiefexceptiontothiswaselectronic\o"Electroniccontrolunit"enginemanagement,whichenteredintowideuseinthe\o"1960s"1960s,whenelectronicpartsbecamecheapenoughtobe\o"Mass-produced"mass-producedandruggedenoughtohandletheharshenvironmentofanautomobile.Developedby\o"RobertBoschGmbH"Bosch,theseelectronicsystemshaveenabledautomobilestodrasticallyreduce\o"Exhaustgas"exhaustemissionswhileincreasingefficiencyandpower.ModelchangeoveranddesignchangeCarsarenotmerelycontinuallyperfectedmechanicalcontrivances;sincethe1920snearlyallhavebeenmass-producedtomeetamarket,somarketingplansandmanufacturetomeetthemhaveoftendominatedautomobiledesign.Itwas\o"AlfredP.Sloan"AlfredP.Sloanwhoestablishedtheideaofdifferentmakesofcarsproducedbyonefirm,sothatbuyerscould"moveup"astheirfortunesimproved.Themakessharedpartswithoneanothersothatthelargerproductionvolumeresultedinlowercostsforeachpricerange.Forexample,inthe1950s,Chevroletsharedhood,doors,roof,andwindowswithPontiac;theLaSalleofthe1930s,soldbyCadillac,usedthecheapermechanicalpartsmadebytheOldsmobiledivision.Healsoconceivedofthenotionofthe\o"Yearlymodelchange-over"yearlymodelchange-over,whichbecameathree-yearcycle.Inthesecondyearofthecycle,thesuperficialappearanceofthecarschangedincidentally;forthethird,majorchangestookplace,e.g.,thefenderdiesforthe\o"1957Chevrolet"1957Chevrolethadtobemodifiedtoproducethin,pointedfinsandsquarishheadlamphousings.Inthenextcycle,thedoors,roof,trunk,andoftenthesuspensionwouldhavetoberedesigned.Factoriesandtheyearlyworkschedulehadtobespecializedtoaccommodatethesechangeovers.Suchapatternsbecamedominantforthe\o"BigThree"BigThreeautomakersintheUS,thoughEuropeanfirmsneitheramalgamatednorcouldaffordthechangeover.Afterthe\o"1950s"1950s,whenAmericanfirmstackledthetechnicalproblemsofhigh-compressionV-8engines,automatictransmissions,andairconditioners,investmentshiftedtomeetingthemarketfornon-technicalmatters.Thiswascriticizedas"plannedobsolescence,"althoughbythisitwasmeantthatthecarwouldsimplybemadetogooutofstyleratherthanreallybeingtechnicallysurpassed.Forexample,onlythosefewAmericancarsofthe1960swithfront-wheeldriveorarearenginehadafullyindependentrearsuspensionbecausethe\o"Hotchkissdrive"Hotchkissdrivewascheaper,andpeoplewereusedtoit.SuchmalinvestmentleftAmericanfirmsunpreparedforthe\o"OilCrisis"OilCrisisofthe\o"1970s"1970sandtheriseofimportedluxurycarsinthe1980s.RegulationInalmosteverynation,lawshavebeenenactedgoverningtheoperationofmotorvehicles.Mostofthislegislation,includinglimitsonallowablespeedandother\o"Rulesoftheroad"rulesoftheroad,aredesignedtoensurethesmoothflowof\o"Traffic"trafficandsimultaneouslyprotectthesafetyofvehicleoccupants,cyclists,andpedestrians.In\o"1965"1965,in\o"California"California,legislationwasintroducedtoregulateexhaustemissions,thefirstsuchlegislationintheworld.Answeringthisnewinterestinenvironmentalandpublicsafetyissues,the\o"DepartmentofTransportation"DepartmentofTransportation(DOT)andthe\o"EnvironmentalProtectionAgency"EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)bothintroducedlegislationin\o"1968"1968whichsubstantiallyalteredthecourseofautomotivedevelopment.SincetheUSmarketwasthelargestintheworld(andCaliforniathelargestmarketintheUS),manufacturersworldwidewereforcedtoadapt.Forthefirsttime,safetydevicesweremandatory,aswerecontrolsonharmfulemissions.Priortothislegislation,evenseatbeltswereconsideredextra-costoptionsbymanymanufacturers.Othercountriesfollowedbyintroducingtheirownsafetyandenvironmentallegislation.Intime,meetingregulationsbecamethemainchallengefortheengineersdesigningnewcars.Inthedecadefrom\o"1975"1975to\o"1985"1985,theworld'smanufacturersstruggledtomeetthenewregulations,someproducingsubstandardcarswithreducedreliabilityasaresult.However,bytheendofthisperiod,everyonehadlearnedhowtohandlethenewlyregulatedenvironment.Themanufacturersdiscoveredthatsafetyand\o"Environmentalism"environmentalismsoldcars,andsomebeganintroducingenvironmentalandsafetyadvancesontheirowninitiative.EnvironmentalimprovementsAmongthefirstenvironmentaladvancesaretheso-called\o"Alternativefuels"alternativefuelsfortheinternalcombustionengine,whichhavebeenaroundformanyyears.Earlyinautomotivehistory,beforegasolinewaswidelyavailableatcornerpumps,carsranonmanyfuels,including\o"Kerosene"kerosene(paraffin)and\o"Coalgas"coalgas.\o"Alcoholasafuel"Alcoholfuelswereusedin\o"Autoracing"racingcarsbeforeandjustafter\o"WorldWarII"WorldWarII.Today,\o"Methanol"methanoland\o"Ethanol"ethanolareusedaspetrolextendersinsomecountries,notablyin\o"Australia"Australiaandthe\o"UnitedStates"UnitedStates.Incountrieswithwarmerclimates,suchas\o"Brazil"Brazil,alcoholderivedfrom\o"Sugarcane"sugarcaneisoftenusedasasubstitutefuel.Inmanycountries,plentifulsuppliesof\o"Naturalgas"naturalgashaveseen\o"Methane"methanesoldas\o"Compressednaturalgas"compressednaturalgas(CNG)and\o"Propane"propanesoldas\o"Liquifiedpetroleumgas"liquifiedpetroleumgas(LPG)alongsidepetrolanddieselfuelssincethe\o"1970s"1970s.Whileastandardautomotiveenginewillrunonthesefuelswithverylowexhaustemissions,therearesomeperformancedifferences,notablyalossofpowerduetothelowerenergycontentofthealternativefuels.Theneedtoequipfillingstationsandvehicleswithpressurizedvesselstoholdthesegaseousfuelsandmorestringentsafetyinspections,meansthattheyareonlyeconomicalwhenusedforalongdistance,orifthereareinstallationincentives.Theyaremosteconomicalwherepetrolhashightaxesandthealternativefuelsdonot.AlternativefuelsandbatteriesWithheavy\o"Tax"taxesonfuel,particularlyin\o"Europe"Europeandtighteningenvironmental\o"Law"laws,particularlyin\o"California"California,andthepossibilityoffurtherrestrictionson\o"Greenhousegas"greenhousegasemissions,workonalternativepowersystemsforvehiclescontinues.\o"Diesel"Diesel-poweredcarscanrunwithlittleornomodificationon100%pure\o"Biodiesel"biodiesel,afuelthatcanbemadefrom\o"Vegetableoil"vegetableoils.Manycarsthatcurrentlyusegasolinecanrunonethanol,afuelmadefromplantsugars.Mostcarsthataredesignedtorunongasolinearecapableofrunningwith15%ethanolmixedin,andwithasmallamoutofredesign,gasoline-poweredvehiclescanrunonethanolconcentrationsashighas85%.Allpetrolfueledcarscanrunon\o"Liquifiedpetroleumgas"LPG.Therehasbeensomeconcernthattheethanol-gasolinemixturesprematurelyweardownsealsandgaskets.Further,theuseofhigherlevelsofalcoholrequirethattheautomobilecarry/usetwiceasmuch.Therefore,ifyourvehicleiscapableof300milesona15-gallontank,theefficiencyisreducedtoapproximately150miles.Ofcourse,certainmeasuresareavailabletoincreasethisefficiency,suchasdifferentcamshaftconfigurations,alteringthetiming/sparkoutputoftheignition,orsimply,usingalargerfueltank.Attemptsatbuildingviable\o"Battery(electricity)"battery-poweredelectricvehiclescontinuedthroughoutthe\o"1990s"1990s(notably\o"GeneralMotors"GeneralMotorswiththe\o"EV1"EV1),butcost,speedandinadequatedrivingrangemadethemuneconomical.Batterypoweredcarshaveused\o"Lead-acidbatteries"lead-acidbatterieswhicharegreatlydamagedintheirrechargecapacityifdischargedbeyond75%onaregularbasisand\o"Nickelmetalhydride"NiMHbatteries.Currentresearchanddevelopmentiscenteredon"\o"Hybridelectricvehicle"hybrid"vehiclesthatusebothelectricpowerandinternalcombustion.Otheralternativesbeingexplored,involvemethaneand\o"Hydrogencar"hydrogen-burningvehiclesusing\o"Fuelcells"fuelcells,andeventhestoredenergyofcompressedair(see\o"AirEngine"AirEngine).Safety\o"Caraccident"Accidentsseemasoldasautomobilevehiclesthemselves.\o"JosephCugnot"JosephCugnotcrashedhissteam-powered"Fardier"againstawallin\o"1770"1770.Thefirstrecordedautomobilefatalitywas\o"BridgetDriscoll"BridgetDriscollon\o"August17"August17,\o"1896"1896in\o"London"Londonandthefirstinthe\o"UnitedStates"UnitedStateswas\o"HenryBliss"HenryBlisson\o"September13"September13,\o"1899"1899in\o"NewYorkCity"NewYorkCity.Everyyearmorethanamillionpeoplearekilledandabout50millionpeoplearewoundedintraffic(accordingto\o"WorldHealthOrganisation"WHOestimates),eitherbycrashingintosomething,orbybeingcrashedinto.Carsalsocauseinnumerableinjuriesanddeathsamongmillionsofanimals(see\o"Roadkill"roadkill).Majorfactorsinaccidentsincludedrivingundertheinfluenceof\o"Alcohol"alcoholorotherdrugs,inattentivedriving,overtireddriving,roadhazardssuchassnow,potholesandanimals,andrecklessdriving.Specialsafetyfeatureshavebeenbuiltintocarsforyears,someforthesafetyofcar'soccupantsonly,someforthesafetyofothers.Carshavetwobasicsafetyproblems:Theyhavehumandriverswhomakemistakes,andthewheelslosetractionnearahalfgravityofdeceleration.Automatedcontrolhasbeenseriouslyproposed,andsuccessfullyprototyped.Shoulder-beltedpassengerscouldtoleratea32Gemergencystop(reducingthesafeintervehiclegap64-fold)ifhigh-speedroadsincorporatedasteelrailforemergencybraking.Both"safety"modificationsoftheroadwayarethoughttobetooexpensivebymostfundingauthorities,althoughthesemodificationswoulddramaticallyincreasethenumberofvehiclesthatcouldsafelyuseahigh-speedhighway.Earlysafetyresearchfocusedonincreasingthereliabilityofbrakes,andreducingtheflammabilityoffuelsystems.Forexample,modernenginecompartmentsareopenatthebottomsothatfuelvapors,whichareheavierthanair,draintotheopenair.Brakesarehydraulicsothatfailuresareslowleaks,ratherthananabruptcable-parting.Systematicresearchoncrashsafetystartedin\o"1958"1958at\o"FordMotorCompany"FordMotorCompany.Sincethen,mostresearchhasfocusedonabsorbingexternalcrashenergywithcrushablepanels,andreducingthemotionofhumanbodiesinthepassengercompartment.Therearestandardtestsforsafetyinnewautomobiles,likethe\o"EuroNCAP"EuroNCAPandtheUSNCAPtestsTherearealsotestsrunbyorganizationsbackedbytheinsuranceindustry.Despitetechnologicaladvances,thedeathtollofcaraccidentsremainshigh:about40,000peopledieeveryyearintheUS,anumberwhichincreasesannuallyinlinewithrisingpopulationandincreasedtravel(althoughtheratepercapitaandpermiletravelleddecreasessteadily),withsimilartrendsin\o"Europe"Europe.Thedeathtollisexpectedtonearlydoubleworldwideby\o"2020"2020.Amuchhighernumberofaccidentsresultininjuryorpermanent\o"Disability"disability.AutomobilemanufactureTheautomobileusuallybytheengine,thechassis,theautomobilebody,theelectricalequipmentfourpartialhostsbecomesTheenginefunctioniscausesforintofuelburningtosendoutthepower.Themajorityautomobileallusesthereciprocationinternal-combustionreciprocatingengine,itgenerallyisbytheorganism,thecranklinkmotiongear,thecarburetorconstruction,thesuppliesis,Coolingsystem,Lubricationsystem,Ignitionsystem(gasolineengineuses),Startingsystemandsoonpartiallyiscomposed.Thechassisacceptstheenginethepower,causestheautomobiletohavethemovement,andguaranteeautomobileaccordingtopilot'soperationnormalspeed.Thechassisbyfollowingpartiallyiscomposed：Transmissionsystembequeathstheenginepoweractuatesthewheel.Transmissionsystemincludingpartandsooncoupling,transmissiongearbox,driveshaft,drivingaxleThetraveliseachalwaysbecomestheautomobileandthepartcompanybecomesanindividualandplaysthesupportingroletotheentirevehicle,guaranteestheautomobilenormalspeed.Thetravelisincludingtheframe,FrontAxis,thedrivingaxleshell,thewheel(changeswheelandactuationwheel),hangingFrame(fronthangingFrameandlatterhangingFrame)andsoonthepartRevolvesDirectionsystemguaranteedtheautomobilecandefertothedirectiontravelwhichthepilotchooses,iscomposedbythebeltsteeringwheeldiverterandthesteeringdrive.Appliesthebraketoequipcausestheautomobiletodecelerateortostop,afterandguaranteedthepilotdepartstheautomobiletobeablereliablystop.Eachautomobileappliesthebraketheequipmentalltoincludecertainmutuallyindependentbrakingsystem,eachbrakingsystemallbyenergizestheinstallment,thecontroldevice,thetransmissiondeviceandthebrakeiscomposed.Theautomobilebodyisaplacewhichthepilotworks,alsoisloadsthepassengerandthecargoplace.Theautomobilebodyshouldprovidetheconvenienceforthepilottheoperatingcondition,aswellasprovidesthecomfortablesafeandsecureenvironmentforthepassengerortheguaranteecargoisperfect.Typicalfreightvehicleautomobilebodyincludingvehicleinfrontofpartandsoonworkpiece,cab,compartment.Theelectricalequipmentbythepowerpack,theenginestartingsystemandIgnitionsystem,theautomobileilluminationandthesignallerandsooniscomposed.Inaddition,moreandmoreinstallsonthemodernautomobilewitheachkindofelectronicinstallation:Themicroprocessor,thecentralcomputersystemandeachkindofartificialintelligenceinstallmentandsoon,remarkablyenhancedtheautomobileperformanceInordertosatisfythedifferentoperationrequirements,theautomobileoverallstructureandthearrangementpatternmaybedifferent.Andeachalwaysbecomestherelativepositionaccordingtotheenginethedifference,themodernautomobilearrangementpatternusuallyhasthefollowingseveralkindsTheenginepostpositionedrearwheeldrive(RR)----isatpresentisbig,themediumpassengertrainisinvoguewiththearrangementpattern,hasreducestheroominternalnoise,isadvantageoustomeritandsoonautomobilebodyinteriorarrangement.TheminorityminiaturepopularizationpassengervehiclealsousesthiskindofpatternIntheenginesetsattherearwheeldrive(MR)----isthearrangementpatternwhichthepresentmajorityMovementPatternpassengervehicleandtheformulacaruses.Becausethesevehicletypesallusethepowerandthesizeverybigengine,enginearrangementinfrontofpilot'sseatandrearaxleofcarisadvantageoustoobtainsbestaxisHollandtoassignandtoenhancetheautomobiletheperformance.Inaddition,certainisbig,themediumpassengertrainalsousesthiskindofarrangementpattern,thehorizontalenginewhichprovidesinstallsintheunderfloor.Theentirewheelactuation(nWD)----isthecross-countryvehicleuniquepattern,usualenginepretage,hasthetransfercaseinthetransmissiongearboxbreechloadinginordertoseparatelytransportsthepowertothecompletewheelon.

译文汽车的发展史它一般被要求1886年,第一汽车与汽油供给动力的内燃机几乎同时被完成了由German发明者独立地服务:卡尔苯在1886年7月3日在曼海姆,resp。GottliebDaimler和WilhelmMaybach在斯图加特(还发明者第一马达自行车)并且奥地利发明者SiegfriedMarcus在维也纳。供给蒸汽动力的自走车构想了在18世纪晚期。Nicolas约瑟夫・Cugnot成功地展示了这样一辆车早在1769年。第一车是蒸汽引擎供给动力;最著名的前进在蒸汽生产额大概演变了在伯明翰,英国由月球社会。这里是,期限马力第一次被使用了。并且是在伯明翰1895年,第一四辆轮子汽油被驾驶的汽车被制造了在不列颠由并且给予专利盘式制动器在城市的Frederick威廉Lanchester。电车由很小数量的制造商生产了。在美国,汽车在19世纪90年代使用了对氨基苯甲酸二,酒精燃料;汽油(叫做汽油在美国和加拿大)并且柴油引擎以后被实施了。许多美国农夫继续做他们自己的酒精燃料在玉米酒精平静1919年直到禁止criminalized酒精的生产。巴西是生产对氨基苯甲酸二跑的汽车的唯一的国家,从70年代晚期。大众化Cugnot的发明最初地看了少许应用在他的当地法国,并且创新的中心通过了对英国,1801年理查・Trevithick跑一个蒸汽支架。这样车象手闸、多速度传输、和改善的速度和指点被开发了是正在流行一度,和下十年如此创新。一些是商业成功的在提供大规模运输,直到后退反对这些大迅速车导致通过法律自走车在公开路在英国必须被人类在之前徒步挥动一面红旗和吹垫铁。这有效地杀害了路自动发展在英国为大多数19世纪的剩余,因为发明者和工程师转移了他们的努力到改善在铁路机车里。红旗法律未被撤销直到1896年。汽车许多品种集体赛跑构成体育的当中一个最普遍的类别在世界上。今天,美国有更多汽车比其他国家。虽然日本是一个主导的国家在汽车制造业,一般的日本公民无法买得起跑一辆汽车的高费用在停车位是缺乏的国家并且燃料是非常昂贵的。有提议上一辆新汽车为自由或得到报酬驾驶他们以换取显示广告在汽车,和因此只可利用到某些外形个体。创新1789年第一汽车专利在美国被授予了OliverEvans;1804年Evans被展示他的第一辆成功的自走车,不仅是第一汽车在美国但和他的供给蒸汽动力的车能旅行在轮子在土地并且是第一两栖车,并且通过桨转动水。大约1870年在维也纳,SiegfriedMarcus把汽油发动机放在一简单的handcart上。在1895年11月5日,乔治・B.Selden被授予了美国专利为专利做更多妨害比鼓励汽车发展在美国的二冲程汽车引擎。1888年主要突破来了以Berta苯历史的驱动。蒸,电,并且汽油供给动力的汽车争夺数十年,用汽油内燃机达到优势在1910s大规模,1902年生产线制造业付得起的汽车由Oldsmobiledebuted,由HenryFord很大地然后扩展在1910s.早期的汽车'horseless支架的经常指,和没有迷路离他们的前辈很远的地方设计。通过期间从1900年对中间20年代,汽车技术的发展是迅速,适当一部分对小制造商的一个巨大的(上百)数字所有竞争获取世界的注意。关键发展包括电燃烧和电自动起动装置(两个由查尔斯・Kettering,1910-1911为CadillacMotorCompany),独立悬浮,和四轮闸。在30年代以前,大多数技术被使用在汽车里发明了,虽然它再经常被重创了在以后的日子和相信了对别人。例如,1934年前轮驱动由AndreCitro5en再介绍以牵引Avant的发射,虽然看起来几年及早在路汽车里由Alvis和绳子做,并且在赛车里由米勒(和可以出现早在1897)。在1930年以后,汽车制造厂的数量尖锐下降了作为产业巩固和成熟。自1960年以来,制造商的数量依然是实际上恒定,和创新减慢。很大程度上,"新"汽车技术是提炼在更加早期的工作,虽然这些提炼是有时很广泛的至于使原始的工作几乎无法认出。这的首要例外是电子引擎管理,加入宽用途在60年代,当电子零件变得足够便宜被大量生产和足够坚固性处理汽车的苛刻的环境。由Bosch显现出,这些电子系统使汽车猛烈地减少尾气放射当增加效率和力量。式样转换和设计变动汽车不是仅仅连续地被完善的机械设计;从20年代几乎所有被大量生产遇见市场,因此营销计划和制造遇见他们经常控制了汽车设计。这是建立汽车不同的牌子想法由你生产牢固的AlfredP.Sloan,以便买家能"搬走"当他们的时运改善了。牌子互相分享了零件以便更大的生产容量导致低成本为各价格范围。例如,在50年代,薛佛列汽车与Pontiac分享了敞篷、门、屋顶,和窗口;30年代的LaSalle,乘卡迪拉克卖,使用了更加便宜的机械零件由Oldsmobile分裂做。他并且设想了逐年式样转换的概念,成为3年的周期。在周期的第二该年,汽车的表面出现改变了附带;为三,主要变动发生了,即,防御者模子为1957年薛佛列汽车必须被修改引起稀薄,针对性的飞翅和似方形的前灯住房。在下个周期,门、屋顶、树干,和悬浮经常会必须被再设计。工厂和逐年工作计划必须被专门研究容纳这些转换。样式变得统治为大三个汽车制造者在美国,虽然欧洲人变牢固不混合亦不能买得起转换。在50年代以后,当美国企业应付了高压缩V-8引擎、自动传输,和空调的技术问题,投资转移了到遇见市场为非技术性的事态。这作为"计划的废弃被批评了,"虽然由这它意味汽车简单地会被制作出去样式而不是技术上真正地被超过了。例如,唯一60年代的那些少量美国汽车与前轮驱动或一个后方引擎有充分地独立后方悬浮因为Hotchkiss驱动更加便宜,并且人们被用于它。这样的malinvestment把美国企业留在无准备为70年代和进口的豪华汽车的上升的石油危机在80年代。章程在几乎每个国家,法律被颁布了治理机动车的操作。大多数这立法,包括极限在允许的速度和路的其它规则,被设计保证交通流畅流程和同时保护车居住者、骑自行车者,和步行者安全。1965年,在加利福尼亚,立法被介绍调控尾气放射,一这样的立法在世界上。回答这新兴趣在环境和公共安全问题上,运输部(小点)并且环境保护代办处(EPA)两个介绍了立法在1968极大地修改汽车发展路线。因为美国市场是最大的在世界(和加利福尼亚最大的市场在美国),制造商全世界被迫适应。第一次,保险装置象控制在有害的放射是必须的,。在这立法之前,甚而安全带由许多制造者认为额外费用选择。其它国家被介绍随后了而来他们自己的安全和环境立法。及时,遇见章程成为了主要挑战为工程师设计新汽车。在十年从1975年到1985年,世界的制造者奋斗遇见新章程,一些生产的不标准的汽车以被减少的可靠性结果。但是,在这个期间以前,大家学会了怎么处理最近被调控的环境。制造商发现,安全和环境决定一切论卖了汽车,并且一些开始了介绍环境和安全前进在他们自己的主动性。环境改善在第一环境前进之中是所谓的供选择的燃料为内燃机,是许多年。及早在汽车历史上,在汽油广泛是可利用的