重型车主减速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

附录ATruckMainReductionGearTheimportedtechnologyinsteyr1970satinternationalleveloftheearly80s.Fortheimportedtechnology,steyrheavyCARDSindustryofChinawasupthevacancyofChineseheavyvehicles,steyrtechnologygroupbegantoabsorb,fusion,localization,independentresearchanddevelopmentandinnovation,etc.In1986,sinotruktechnologydevelopmentcenter,successivelyestablishedafterthreedrawings,organizationalculturethedigestionandabsorptionandunderstood.Thesedrawingsofculturalproductionplanandguaranteetherequirementsofvehicle,batchsteyrtechnologytoquicklyradiationof10provincesinlightoftherelevantscientificresearchunits,andwillplayindomesticadvancedsteyrheavy-dutyvehicleproductplatform.Sincethe1970s,however,sinceinalmostallotherautomotivesuppliertechnology,'sGKNfundamentallychangeditsway,inordertoadapttothecurrentconditions,theyinthe1980sand1990sproductionpurposeistoprovidecompleteinstallation,includingthewheelbrake,andallofthedesignandintegration,specificdesign,aswellasthecarmarket.

Foroff-roadoperation,thedutycyclesmaybeentirelydifferentinbothtorsionalandbeamloading-denpendingontheapplication.Forexample,sometypesofvehiclespendaconsiderableproportionoftheirrunningtimeathightorqueinlowgear.Inmostcircumstances,theterrainmaybesuchthatthetyrestendtoslipmorereadilythanontarmac;inothers,however,forexampleinfairlyfirmsandyscrees,itmayallowtyrestobiteintoit,andthusleadtotorsionalfatigueloadingsignificantlygreaterthanonsmoothroads.Verticalandlateralloading,too,maybemuchmoresevere,thoughthisdosedependtoamajorextentonspeeds.Shockloadingcanalsoaffectbrakingandaccelerationtorquesthough,again,sucheffectsarespeed-dependent.

Heavyandgeneralreducerindustryproductscategoriesincludeallkindsofgearreducer,planetarygearreducer,thewormandalizarinalsoincludesaspecialdevice,suchasthegrowthofdevices,includingmeatdevice,andflexibletransmissiondeviceofvariouscompositetransmissiondeviceetc.Productserviceinvolvedinmetallurgy,non-ferrous,coal,buildingmaterials,ship,waterconservancy,electricpower,engineeringmachineryandpetrochemicalindustries.Heavyandgeneralreducerindustrymanufacturersalsocoexistinvariousforms,suchasforeignenterprises,sino-foreignjointventures,state-ownedenterprises,share-holdingenterpriseandindividualenterprise,haslargescaletohundredsofmillionsofyuan,annualsmalltomillionsofdollars.Goodlivingconditions,andtheproductqualitycontrolsystem,perfecttheenterprisehasmorethan100,andthewholeindustry2005salesofapproximately200millionyuan,thesalesofforeign-fundedenterprisesaccountedforaboutonefourth.

Domesticreducerofkeyenterprisesindustryproducts,specificationsandparametersarecoveredinrecentyears,theproductqualityhasreachedinternationaladvancedlevel,industrialcountriessimilarproductscanundertakefornationaleconomicsectorsprovidescompleteresponsibilityoftransmissiondevice,partofourproductsareexportedtoEuropeandsoutheastAsia.Thespeedreducerisusedtoreducethespeedincreasesfromtransmissiontorque,androtatingtorquechangesdirection,thedifferentialtransmissiontohalfaxle.Themainreducerismainlybasedonstructureform,reducergeartypesanddifferentforms.Themaingearreducerofspiralbevelgearsandhypoidgear,cylindricalgearsandwormandwormwheeletc.Pairoflevelhostreductiongeariscomparedwithsinglestage,thegapmaybe7~12transmissionratio,i0eachotheratthesametimeinsweartobeawayfromafield12.Butthedimension,massarewithoutexceptionbigger,costishigher.Itappliestomiddle,heavytypefreighttrain,go-anywherevehicleandmotorbusmainlygoahead.Dyadicoverallpairoflevelhostreductiongearhasthevariousstructurescheme:Firstorderisaconegearwheel,thesecondstageisacolumngearwheel;Firstorderisaconegearwheel,thesecondstageisepicyclicgear;Firstorderisepicyclicgear,thesecondstageisaconegearwheel;Firstorderisacolumngearwheel,thesecondstageisaconegearwheel.Horizontal,askew,faceanddroopovertothethreekindstofirstorderfortheconegearwheel,thesecondstagearethatpairofcolumngearwheellevelbetokensreductiongear,buthasdirectionarrangementscheme.Directionlevelarrangementcanusetheassemblydroopingovertooutlinedimensiondiminution,reducingtheautomobilequalityheartaltitudethereby,makesthedirectiondimensionincreasebybut,thattheuseonlongdistancebetweenshaftsautomobilebutappropriatediminutiontransmissionshaftlength,isharmfulforshortdistancebetweenshaftsautomobile'stoputarrangementtogetherbut,maymakeatransmissionshaftshort,leadstoauniversaltransmissionshaftintersectionangleenlarge.Droopovertoarrangingamessengertodrivethebridgedirectiondimensiondiminution,maydiminishauniversaltransmissionshaftintersectionangle,sincebuthostreductiongearshellfixessuperjacentinbridgeshell,makenotonlydroopoverenhancetooutlinedimension,andhavereducedbridgeshellstiffness,havebeenharmfulforgearwheeltowork.Thisarrangementbuteasytobeversedinstyledrivingabridgearrangement.Arrangingbridgeshellstiffnessandimprovingtothetransmissionshaftisslantingtoarrangementadvantageous.Whenassigningatransmissionratioinpairoflevelhostreductiongearhavingtheconegearwheelandthecolumngearwheel,thecolumngearwheelis1.4~liketheratioauxiliaryandboringsubsidiarygearwheeltransmissionratio2.0,andtheconegearwheelis1.7~likesubsidiarytransmissionratio3.3,suchaxialloadingmaydiminishaconewhenthegearwheelisengagedandeffectloadingonthedrivenconegearwheelandthecolumngearwheel,maymaketheactiveconegearwheeltoothnumberappropriateincreasingbyatthesametime,makewhosesupportingaxisneckdimensionappropriateenlarge,Toimprovewhosesupportingstiffness,improvefalling-instationarityandthejobreliability.

Formodernaxles,choiceofgearlubricantcanbecritical.Incarsoperatingathighspeedsonmotorways,axleoiltemperaturecanultimatelyriseevenhigherthan130℃,soventingofthecasingisimportant.Inprinciple,theoilinthebaseofthecastingissweptaroundoverthecrownwheelandthenforwardsthroughthetwobearingsthatcarrythepinion.Consequently,boththeshapesanddimensionsoftheclearancesbetweenthecrownwheelandcasingcanbecritical,andadequatedrainagehastobeprovidedfortheoiltoflow,throughchannelscoredinthepinionbearinghousings,backtothebaseofthecasing.

Withinthegearcarrierunit,taperrollerbearingsareemployedalmostuniversallyforcarryingtheinputpinion.Theyhavealargeloadcapacitywithinasmallenvelope,andcanbepreloadedforaccurateandstablepositioningofthegears.Forpinionflangesealswhereresistancetohightemperaturesatrelativelyhighspeedsisessential,polyarcylatemaybespecified,buttheabrasiveconditionsVitonisgenerallypreferred.Thattheconegearwheeltoothgoesoverwidthfacetofacecannotenhancegearwheelintensityandlife-span,isabletoleadtotoothditchunexpectedturnofeventssmallendbecauseofconegearwheelgearteethonthecontrarynarrowthecuttingknifethetopoftheheadfacewidtharousingistoonarrowandthepointofakniferoundangleistoosmall.Likethis,notonly,havediminishedthetoothradicalcircleradius,haveenlargedstrainalltogether,lifetimehavingreducedacutter.Besides,whenassembling,havelocationdeviationorwaitforcausesincefabrication,heattreatmentaredeformable,loadingconcentratesminoringearteethendwhenmakingagearwheelwork,isabletoarousegearteethholdinguntimelydamageandwearylossforashorttime.Thatbesides,thetoothgoesoverwidthfacetofacealsoisabletoarouseassemblingspacediminution.Theflankofatoothistoonarrowbut,thegearteethoutsideabrasionresistancemeetingreduces.Fortherunning-inimprovingthenewgearwheel,preventthepersonfromdyinginworkingtoModelTwearappearoninitialstage,bruising,gluingtogetherorbarking,conegearwheelbonderizingbeing0.005~0.020mminheattreatmentandfinishmachiningaftercrop,thicknesshandlesorthecopperfacing,thetinplatinghandle.Theballcarryingoutstrainontheflankofatoothgushingissoldatreducedprices,mayimprove25%'sgearwheellife-span.Tothehighspeedgearwheelsliding,maybeinprogressasulfuroozinghandlingtoimproveabrasionresistance.Rubafactorbutnotablesulfurqueenlesseningoozes,eveniflubricatingconditionisrelativelypoor,also,canpreventtheflankofatoothbruisefromfacing,barkstodieandgluetogether.附录B重型车主减速器我国引进的斯太尔技术在当时处于国际20世纪70年代末80年代初的水平。斯太尔技术的引进，为当时的中国重卡行业弥补了空缺，随后原中国重型汽车集团开始对斯太尔技术进行吸收、融合、国产化、自主研发和创新等各个阶段。1986年中国重汽技术发展中心成立后，先后组织了3次图纸、明细表的消化吸收和中文化工作。这些图纸的中文化保证了按计划组织生产和批量出车的要求，使斯太尔技术很快辐射到全国10多个省市的载重车生产厂和相关科研单位，并将斯太尔打造成国内先进的重型车产品平台。然而自二十世纪七十年代以来，在几乎所有其他汽车行业供应商的技术里，GKN从根本上改变了它的办法，以适应当前的条件，他们在二十世纪八十年代和九十年代的生产目的是提供完整的轮轴安装，其中包括，刹车、所有的设计和整合、具体的汽车设计，以及为专业市场特别设计的。斯太尔重型汽车主减速器，由于它的主传动比比较大，故选用双级主减速器，双级减速器具有降低转速,增大扭矩的特点,在保证离地间隙相同时可得到很大的传动比，并且还拥有结构紧凑，噪声小，使用寿命长等优点。双级主减速器与单级相比，在保证离地间隙相同时可得到大的传动比，但是尺寸、质量均较大，成本较高。重型及通用减速器行业涉及的产品类别包括了各类齿轮减速器、行星齿轮茜素其及蜗杆减速器，也包括了各种专用传动装置，如增速装置、条素装置、以及包括柔性传动装置在内的各类复合传动装置等。产品服务领域涉及冶金、有色、煤炭、建材、船舶、水利、电力、工程机械及石化等行业。重型及通用减速器行业的生产厂家也以多种形式并存，如外资企业、中外合资企业、国有企业、股份制企业和个体企业，规模有大到年产值数亿元以上，小到数百万元不等。具有良好生活条件、产品质量控制体系健全的企业有100余个，2005年全行业销售额约为200亿元，这其中外资企业的销售额约占四分之一左右。

国内减速器行业重点骨干企业的产品品种、规格及参数覆盖范围近几年都在不断扩展，产品质量已达到国外先进工业国家同类产品水平，完全可承担起为国民经济各行业提供传动装置配套的重任，部分产品还出口至欧美及东南亚地区。主减速器的作用是用来降低传动轴传来的转速而增大旋转扭矩，并将扭矩改变传动方向，经差速器传给半轴。主减速器的结构形式主要是根据齿轮类型、减速器形式不同而不同。主减速器的齿轮主要有螺旋锥齿轮、双曲面齿轮、圆柱齿轮和蜗轮蜗杆等形式。双级主减速器与单级相比，在