2026年人教版高二英语经济学概念练习题50题及答案

2026年人教版高二英语经济学概念练习题50题及答案一、单项选择（每题1分，共20分）1.Economicsisasocialsciencethatstudieshow______resourcesaredistributedtosatisfyunlimitedhumanwants.A.abundantB.scarceC.unlimitedD.useless2.Whichofthefollowingisthebestexampleofanopportunitycost?A.ThepricepaidforamovieticketB.ThetimeandmoneyspentonavacationC.ThevalueofthenextbestalternativethatyougiveupD.Thetotalcostofproducingaproduct3.Whenthepriceofaproductincreases,thequantitydemandedbyconsumersusually______.A.increasesB.decreasesC.remainsunchangedD.isnotaffected4.Thelawofsupplyindicatesthat,otherthingsbeingequal,producerswill______.A.supplylessathigherpricesB.supplymoreathigherpricesC.keepsupplyunchangedatanypriceD.supplymoreatlowerprices5.Ifthepriceofcoffeerises,thedemandforteaislikelyto______.A.increaseB.decreaseC.staythesameD.fallsharply6.Whatdowecallgoodsthatareusedtogether,suchascarsandgasoline?A.SubstitutegoodsB.ComplementarygoodsC.LuxurygoodsD.Inferiorgoods7.Marginalutilityrefersto______.A.thetotalsatisfactionfromconsumingallunitsB.theextrasatisfactionfromconsumingonemoreunitC.theaveragesatisfactionfromeachunitD.themaximumpriceaconsumerwillpay8.Thelawofdiminishingmarginalutilitystatesthat______.A.totalutilityalwaysincreasesB.marginalutilitydecreasesasmoreunitsareconsumedC.marginalutilityincreasesasmoreunitsareconsumedD.totalutilityneverreacheszero9.Whichofthefollowingisafactorofproduction?A.MoneyB.CapitalC.PriceD.Demand10.GDPiscommonlyusedtomeasure______.A.theinflationrateofacountryB.thetotalvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedinacountryC.theunemploymentrateofacountryD.thewealthofasingleindividual11.Whichofthefollowingislikelytohappenduringaperiodofrapidinflation?A.ThepurchasingpowerofmoneyincreasesB.ThepurchasingpowerofmoneydecreasesC.WagesautomaticallykeepupwithpricesforeveryoneD.Pricesremainstable12.Whichtypeofunemploymentiscausedbyamismatchbetweenworkers'skillsandjobrequirements?A.FrictionalunemploymentB.StructuralunemploymentC.CyclicalunemploymentD.Seasonalunemployment13.Thecentralbankofacountrycontrolsthemoneysupplythrough______.A.governmentspendingB.taxpolicyC.monetarypolicyD.tradepolicy14.Whatistheprimarytoolusedinfiscalpolicy?A.AdjustinginterestratesB.ChanginggovernmentspendingandtaxesC.PrintingmoremoneyD.Controllingforeignexchangerates15.Agoodthatisnon-rivalandnon-excludable,suchasnationaldefense,iscalled______.A.aprivategoodB.acommonresourceC.apublicgoodD.aluxurygood16.Whenafactory'sproductioncausesairpollutionthataffectsresidents,thisisknownas______.A.apositiveexternalityB.anegativeexternalityC.anopportunitycostD.afreegood17.Whichmarketstructurehasmanysellersofferingsimilarbutnotidenticalproducts?A.PerfectcompetitionB.MonopolyC.MonopolisticcompetitionD.Oligopoly18.Anoligopolyischaracterizedby______.A.onedominantfirminthemarketB.afewlargefirmsdominatingthemarketC.manysmallfirmsproducingidenticalgoodsD.asinglebuyerinthemarket19.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes"theinvisiblehand"?A.GovernmentplanningthatcontrolsmarketpricesB.ThetendencyofmarketstoguideresourcesthroughpricesC.TheprocessofinternationaltradeD.Amethodofcalculatingopportunitycost20.Accordingtotheprincipleofcomparativeadvantage,countriesshouldspecializeinproducinggoods______.A.ataloweropportunitycostB.thatareplentifulintheirhomemarketsC.whosedemandisgrowingfastestD.thattheycannotproducedomestically二、完形填空（每题2分，共30分）阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。ThePowerofOpportunityCostInourdailylives,weconstantlyfacechoices.Mostofthetime,wedonotrealizethateverydecisionwemakehasahiddenprice.Thispriceiscalledopportunitycost,oneofthemostfundamental_1_ineconomics.Opportunitycostisdefinedasthevalueofthenextbest_2_thatwegiveupwhenmakingachoice.Forexample,supposeahighschoolstudentnamedMarkhassaved$500.Hecanspendthemoneyonanewsmartphoneorenrollinaweekendphotographycourse.Ifhechoosesthesmartphone,he_3_thechancetolearnphotographyskills,whichmighthaveledtoapart-timejobinthefuture.Thelostbenefitofthephotographycourseistheopportunitycostofbuyingthephone._4,opportunitycostisnotalwaysaboutmoney.Timeisalsoapreciousresource.IfMarkspendssixhoursplayingvideogameseveryweek,theopportunitycostcouldbetheknowledgehewouldhavegainedfromreadingbooksorthehealthhewouldhaveimprovedthroughexercise.Inthissense,economistsbelievethattimehasa(n)5_valuethatisoftenoverlooked.Understandingopportunitycosthelpsusmake_6_decisions.Governments,companies,andfamiliesallusethisideato_7_resources.Forinstance,whenacitygovernmentdecidesto_8_moneytobuildanewpark,itmustconsidertheotherprojects,suchasanewhospital,thatwillhavetobe_9_up.Inamarketeconomy,individualsmakechoicesbasedontheirpersonalvalues,_10_societyasawholeisbetteroffthroughtheefficientuseofresources.However,eventhebestdecisioninvolvesatrade-off.Thisiswhyeconomistsstressthatthereisnosuchthingasafreelunch._11,theconceptofopportunitycostcanalsobeappliedtogovernmentspending.Acountrymaychoosetospendheavilyonmilitarydefense,buttheopportunitycostmightbeunderfundededucationorhealthcare.Suchchoicesareoftendifficultand12_.Inconclusion,opportunitycostisapowerfultoolthatmakesusthinkmorecarefullyabouthowwespendourmoney,time,andenergy.Byevaluatingwhatwe_13_whenwesay"yes"tosomething,wecanbecomesmarterconsumersandmorerational_14.Thenexttimeyouareabouttomakeadecision,askyourself:whatamI15_bychoosingthisoption?1.A.theoriesB.conceptsC.methodsD.policies2.A.alternativeB.advantageC.benefitD.opportunity3.A.gainsB.enjoysC.givesupD.takesup4.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise5.A.fixedB.forgottenC.hiddenD.limited6.A.quickB.randomC.rationalD.risky7.A.createB.wasteC.allocateD.avoid8.A.borrowB.donateC.saveD.spend9.A.putB.givenC.takenD.picked10.A.sothatB.evenifC.asifD.nowthat11.A.HoweverB.FurthermoreC.ThereforeD.Otherwise12.A.controversialB.effectiveC.reasonableD.practical13.A.gainB.loseC.wasteD.invest14.A.sellersB.managersC.decision-makersD.employees15.A.gainingB.costingC.choosingD.givingup三、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。PassageATheDanceofSupplyandDemandEverymarketintheworldisshapedbytheinteractionoftwoforces:supplyanddemand.Supplyreferstothequantityofaproductorservicethatsellersarewillingtoofferatdifferentprices.Demand,ontheotherhand,isthequantitythatbuyerswishtopurchaseatdifferentprices.Therelationshipbetweenthetwodeterminesthemarketpriceofagood.Generally,whenthepriceofanitemrises,thequantitydemandedbyconsumersfalls,whilethequantitysuppliedbyproducersrises.Thisisknownasthelawofdemandandthelawofsupply.Whensupplyanddemandarebalanced,themarketreacheswhateconomistscallanequilibriumprice.Atthispoint,theamountthatbuyerswanttobuyexactlymatchestheamountthatsellerswanttosell.However,marketsdonotalwaysstayinequilibrium.Forexample,whenanewsmartphonemodelisreleased,demandmaybehighwhilesupplyisstilllimited.Thiscreatesashortage,causingthepricetogoup.Afterafewmonths,productionincreasesandthepricegraduallyfallsbacktoamorestablelevel.Thisongoingadjustmentishowmarketsnaturallysortouttheallocationofresourceswithouttheneedforcentralplanning.Inthissense,thepricesystemactsasaninvisiblehandguidingproducersandconsumers.1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?A.ThecausesofinflationB.TheinteractionbetweensupplyanddemandC.ThefeaturesofamarketeconomyD.Thedevelopmentofthepricesystem2.Accordingtothepassage,whenthepriceofanitemrises,whatusuallyhappens?A.DemandincreasesandsupplydecreasesB.DemanddecreasesandsupplyincreasesC.BothdemandandsupplyincreaseD.Bothdemandandsupplydecrease3.Whatdoes"equilibriumprice"meaninthepassage?A.ThelowestpriceinamarketB.ThehighestpriceabuyerwillacceptC.ThepriceatwhichquantitydemandedequalsquantitysuppliedD.Thepricesetbythegovernment4.Theword"shortage"inparagraph3mostprobablymeansasituationwhere______.A.demandisgreaterthansupplyB.supplyisgreaterthandemandC.priceistoohighforconsumersD.producersrefusetosellgoods5.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Governmentsshouldcontrolpricestokeepmarketsbalanced.B.Marketsareabletoadjustthemselvesthroughprices.C.Smartphonesarealwaysinshortagewhenfirstreleased.D.Aninvisiblehandactuallycannotguidethemarket.6.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.ThedefinitionofopportunitycostB.ThebenefitsofinternationaltradeC.TheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageD.Thedifferencebetweenwheatandcloth7.Intheexample,whatistheopportunitycostofproducingonetonofclothinCountryB?A.OnetonofwheatB.TwotonsofwheatC.40tonsofwheatD.100tonsofwheat8.WhydoesCountryAhaveacomparativeadvantageinwheatproduction?A.ItcanproducemorecloththanCountryBcan.B.Ithasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingallgoods.C.ItsopportunitycostofproducingwheatislowerthanCountryB's.D.WheatistheonlygoodthatCountryAcanproduceefficiently.9.Whatistheresultofspecializationaccordingtothepassage?A.Bothcountriesbecomelessself-sufficientB.TotalproductionincreasesandlivingstandardsriseC.CountriesstoptradingwitheachotherD.Governmentsmusttakecontroloftrade10.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobethewriter'sattitude?A.CriticalB.DoubtfulC.AppreciativeD.Indifferent四、术语配对（每题4分，共20分）从A-E选项中为下列每个经济学概念选择最匹配的定义。A.Thevalueofthenextbestalternativegivenupwhenmakingadecision.B.Amarketconditioninwhichonlyonesellerprovidesaproduct.C.Ageneralandsustainedriseintheaveragepricelevel.D.Thefundamentaleconomicproblemthatresourcesarelimitedrelativetounlimitedwants.E.Goodsthatarenon-rivalandnon-excludable,oftenprovidedbythegovernment.1.Scarcity2.OpportunityCost3.Inflation4.Monopoly5.PublicGoods参考答案与解析一、单项选择1.答案：B解析：经济学产生的前提是资源稀缺（scarcity），故选B。2.答案：C3.答案：B4.答案：B5.答案：A解析：咖啡和茶是替代品（substitutegoods），咖啡涨价会使一部分消费者转向茶，导致茶的需求上升。6.答案：B7.答案：B8.答案：B解析：注意区分“边际效用递减”与“总效用变动”。边际效用（marginalutility）随消费量增加而递减，但总效用仍可能在增加。9.答案：B10.答案：B11.答案：B解析：通货膨胀意味着物价总水平持续上涨，同样数量的货币能买到的东西减少，即购买力下降。12.答案：B13.答案：C14.答案：B解析：财政政策（fiscalpolicy）由政府部门通过支出和税收调控经济；调整利率属于货币政策工具。15.答案：C16.答案：B解析：外部性指经济活动对第三方造成的影响。污染损害他人福利，且未通过价格体现，是典型的负外部性。17.答案：C18.答案：B解析：寡头市场由少数几家大企业主导，彼此相互依存，如汽车业、航空业。19.答案：B20.答案：A解析：比较优势的核心是机会成本。各国应专业化生产机会成本较低的产品，再通过贸易获利。二、完形填空1.答案：B解析：opportunitycost是经济学中最基本的概念（concept）之一，故选B。2.答案：A解析：thenextbestalternative意为“次优选择”，是机会成本定义中的固定表达。3.答案：C4.答案：B解析：上文说机会成本涉及金钱，下文进一步指出时间也有机会成本，属递进关系，故选Moreover。5.答案：C6.答案：C7.答案：C8.答案：D9.答案：B10.答案：A11.答案：B12.答案：A解析：在国防与教育医疗之间取舍，往往是困难和有争议的选择，故选controversial。13.答案：B14.答案：C15.答案：D三、阅读理解1.答案：B2.答案：B3.答案：C4.答案：A5.答案：BPassageBWhyNationsTradewithEachOtherHaveyoueverwonderedwhycountriesdon'tjustmakeeverythingthemselves?Theanswerliesinakeyeconomicprinciplecalledcomparativeadvantage.Comparativeadvantageistheabilityofanationtoproduceagoodorserviceata