雅思（阅读）模拟试卷76

雅思（阅读）模拟试卷76

一、综合题（本题共40题，每题1.0分，共40分。）

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReading

Passageibelow.ThelifeandworkofMarieCurieMarieCurieisprobablythemost

famouswomanscientistwhohaseverlived.BornMariaSklodovvskainPolandin1867,

sheisfamousforherworkonradioactivity,andwastwiceawinneroftheNobelPrize.

Withherhusband,PierreCurie,andHenriBecquerel,shewasawardedthe1903Nobel

PrizeforPhysics,andwasthensolewinnerofthe1911Nobe：PrizeforChemistry.She

wasthefirstwomantowinaNobelPrize.—From

childhood,Mariewasremarkableforherprodigiousmemory,andattheageof16wona

goldmedaloncompletionofhersecondaryeducation.Becauseherfatherlosthissavings

throughbadinvestment,shethenhadtotakeworkasateacher.Fromherearningsshe

wasabletofinancehersisterBronia'smedicalstudiesinParis,ontheunderstandingthat

Broniawould,inturn,laterhelphertogetaneducation.In1891thispromisewas

fulfilledandMariewenttoParisandbegantostudyattheSorbonne(theUniversityof

Paris).Sheoftenworkedfarintothenightandlivedonlittlemorethanbreadandbutter

andtea.Shecamefirstin(heexaminationin(hephysicalsciencesin1893,andin1894

wasplacedsecondintheexaminationinmathematicalsciences.Itwasnotuntilthe

springof(hatyearthatshewasintroducedtoPierreCurie.Theirmarriagein1895

markedthestartofapartnershipthatwassoon(oachieveresultsofworldsignificance.

FollowingHenriBecquerel'sdiscoveryin1896ofanewphenomenon,whichMarielater

called'radioactivity',MarieCuriedecidedtofindoutiftheradioactivitydiscoveredin

uraniumwastobefoundino:herelements.Shediscoveredthatthiswastrueforthorium.

Turningherattentiontominerals,shefoundherinterestdrawntopitchblende,amineral

whoseradioactivity,superiortothatofpureuranium,couldbeexplainedonlybythe

presenceintheorcofsmallquantitiesofanunknownsubstanceofveryhighactivity.

PierreCuriejoinedherintheworkthatshehadundertakentoresolvethisproblem,and

thatledtothediscoveryofthenewelements,poloniumandradium.WhilePierreCurie

devotedhimselfchieflytothephysicalstudyofthenewradiations,MarieCuriestruggled

toobtainpureradiuminthemetallicstate.1hiswasachievedwiththehelpotthechemist

Andre-LouisDebierne,oneofPierreCurie'spupils.Basedon(heresultsofthisresearch,

MarieCuriereceivedherDoctorateofScience,andin1903MarieandPierresharedwith

BecquereltheNobelPrizeforPhysicsforthediscoveryofradioactivity.Thebirthsof

Maric'stwodaughters,IreneandEve,in1897and1904failedtointerruptherscientific

work.ShewasappointedlecturerinphysicsattheEcoleNonnaleSuperieureforgirlsin

Sevres,France(1900),andintroducedamethodofteachingbasedonexperimental

demonstrations,inDecember1904shewasappointedchiefassistantinthelaboratory

directedbyPierreCurie.Thesuddendeathofherhusbandin1906wasabitterblowto

MarieCurie,butwasalsoaturningpointinhercareer:hencelbrthshewastodevoteall

herenergytocompletingalonethescientificworkthattheyhadundertaken.OnMay13,

1906,shewasappointed(o(heprofessorship(hathadbeenleftvacantonherhusband's

death,becomingthefirstwomantoteachattheSorbonne.In1911shewasawardedthe

NobelPrizeforChemistryfortheisolationofapureformofradium.DuringWorldWar

I,MarieCurie,withthehelpofherdaughterIrene,devotedherselftothedevelopmentof

theuseofX-radiography,includingthemobileunitswhichcametobeknownaslittle

Curies',usedforthetreatmentofwoundedsoldiers.In1918theRadiumInstitute,whose

staffIrenehadjoined,begantooperateinearnest,andbecameacentrefornuclear

physicsandchemistry.MarieCurie,nowatthehighestpointofherfameand,from1922,

amemberoftheAcademyofMedicine,researchedthechemistryofradioactive

substancesandtheirmedicalapplications.In1921,accompaniedbyhertwodaughters,

MarieCuriemadeatriumphantjourneytotheUnitedStatestoraisefundsforresearchon

radium.Womentherepresentedherwithagramofradiumforhercampaign.Mariealso

gavelecturesinBelgium,Brazil.SpainandCzechoslovakiaand,inaddition,hadthe

satisfactionofseeingthedevelopmentoftheCurieFoundationinParis,andthe

inaugurationin1932inWarsawof(heRadiumInstitute,wherehersisterBroniabecame

director.OneofMarieCurie'soutstandingachievementswastohaveunderstood(heneed

toaccumulateintenseradioactivesources,notonlytotreatillnessbutalsotomainlainan

abundantsupplyforresearch.TheexistenceinParisaltheRadiumInstituteofastockof

1.5gramsofradiummadeadecisivecontributiontothesuccessoftheexperiments

undertakenintheyearsaround1930.Thisworkpreparedthewayforthediscoveryofthe

neutronbySirJamesChadwickand,aboveall,forthediscoveryin1934byIreneand

FredericJoliot-Curieofartificialradioactivity.Afewmonthsafterthisdiscovery,Marie

Curiediedasaresultofleukaemiacausedbyexposuretoradiation.Shehadoftencarried

testtubescontainingradioactiveisotopesinherpocket,remarkingontheprettybluc-

grecnlighttheygaveoff.Hercontributiontophysicshadbeenimmense,notonlyinher

ownwork,theimportanceofwhichhadbeendemonstratedbyhertwoNobelPrizes,but

becauseofherinfluenceonsubsequentgenerationsofnuclearphysicistsandchemists.

Questions1-6DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReading

PassageI?Inboxes1-6onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswith

(heinformationFALSEif(hestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENif(here

isnoinformationonthis

1、MaricCurie'shusbandwasajointwinnerofbothMaric'sNobelPrizes.

A、TRUE

B、FALSE

C、NOTGIVEN

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、Mariebecameinterestedinsciencewhenshewasachild.

A、TRUE

B、FALSE

C、NOTGIVEN

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、MariewasabletoattendtheSorbonnebecauseofhersister'sfinancialcontribution.

A、TRIJF.

B、FALSE

C、NOTGIVEN

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、Mariestoppeddoingresearchforseveralyearswhenherchildrenwereborn.

A、TRUE

B、FALSE

C、NOTGIVEN

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、Marietookovertheteachingpositionherhusbandhadheld.

A、TRUE

B、FALSE

C、NOTGIVEN

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

6、Marie'ssisterBroniastudiedthemedicalusesofradioactivity.

A、TRUE

B、FALSE

C、NOTGIVEN

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

Completethenotesbelow.ChooseONEWORDfromthepassageforeachanswer.Write

youranswersinboxes7-13onyouranswersheet.MarieCuriesresearchonradioactivity

Whenuraniumwasdiscoveredtoberadioactive,MarieCuriefound(hattheelement

called[R7]hadthesameproperty.MarieandPierreCurie'sresearchintothe

radioactivityofthemineralknownas【R8】ledtothediscoveryoftwonew

elements.In1911,MarieCuriereceivedrecognitionforherworkontheelement[R9]

MarieandIreneCuriedevelopedX-radiographywhichwasusedasamedical

techniquefor[RIO]MarieCuriesaw(heimportanceofcollectingradioactive

materialbothforresearchandforcasesof[RI1]Theradioactivematerial

stockedinPariscontributedtothediscoveriesinthe1930softhe[R12]andof

whatwasknownasartificialradioactivity.Duringherresearch,MarieCuriewasexposed

(oradiationandasaresultshesufferedfrom[R13]

7、[R7]

标准答案：Ihorium

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、[R8]

标准答案：pitchblende

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、[R9]

标准答案：radium

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、[R10]

标准答案:soldiers

知识点解析：暂无解析

11、[RI1]

标准答案：illness

知识点解析：暂无解析

12、[R12]

标准答案：neutron

知识点解析：暂无解析

13、[RI3]

标准答案：leukaemia/leukemia

知识点解析：暂无解析

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReading

Passage2hclow.Youngchildren'ssenseofidentityAAsenseofselfdevelopsinyoung

childrenbydegrees.Theprocesscanusefullybethoughtofintermsofthegradual

emergenceoftwosomewhatseparatefeatures:theselfasasubject,andtheselfasan

object.WilliamJamesintroducedthedistinctionin1892,andcontemporariesofhis,such

asCharlesCooley,addedtothedevelopingdebate.Eversincethenpsychologistshave

continuedbuildingonthetheory.BAccordingtoJames,achild'sfirststepontheroadto

self-understandingcanbeseenas(herecognitionthatheorsheexists.Thisisanaspect

oftheselfthathelabelled'self-as-subject',andhegaveitvariouselements.These

includedanawarenessofonesownagency(i.e.one'spowertoact),andanawarenessof

one'sdisiinctivenessfromotherpeople.Thesefeaturesgraduallyemergeasinfants

exploretheirworldandinteractwithcaregivers.Cooley(1902)suggestedthatasenseof

theself-as-subjectwasprimarilyconcernedwithbeingabletoexercisepower.He

proposedthattheearliestexamplesofthisarcaninfant'sattemptstocontrolphysical

objects,suchastoysorhisorherownlimbs.Thisisfollowedbyattemptstoaffectthe

behaviourofotherpeople.Forexample,infantslearnthatwhentheycryorsmile

someonerespondstothem.CAnotherpowerfulsourceofinformationforinfantsabout

(heeffectstheycanhaveontheworldaroundthemisprovidedwhenothersmimicthem.

Manyparentsspendalotoftime,particularlyintheearlymonths,copyingtheirinfant's

vocalizationsandexpressions.Inaddition,youngchildrenenjoylookinginmirrors,

where(hemovementstheycanseearedependentupon(heirownmovements.Thisisnot

tosaythatinfantsrecognizethereflectionastheirownimage(alaterdevelopment).

However,LewisandBrooks-Gunn(1979)suggestthatinfants'developingunderstanding

thatthemovementstheyseeinthemirrorarecontingentontheirown,leadstoagrowing

awarenessthattheyaredistinctfromotherpeople.Thisisbecausethey,andonlythey,

canchangethereflectioninthemirror.DThisunderstandingthatchildrengainof

themselvesasactiveagentscontinuestodevelopintheirattemptstoco-operatewith

othersinplay.Dunn(1988)pointsoutthatitisinsuchday-to-dayrelationshipsand

interactionsthatthechild'sunderstandingofhis-orherselfemerges.Empirical

investigationsoftheself-as-suhjcctinyoungchildrenare,however,ratherscarcebecause

ofdifficultiesofcommunication:evenifyounginfantscanreflectontheirexperience,

theycertainlycannotexpressthisaspectoftheselfdirectly.EOncechildrenhave

acquiredacertainlevelofself-awareness,theybegintoplacethemselvesinawhole

seriesofcategories,whichtogetherplaysuchanimportantpartindefiningthemuniquely

as'themselves'.Thissecondstepin(hedevelopmentofafullsenseofselfiswhatJames

calledthe'self-as-objecl'.Thishasbeenseenbymanytobe(heaspectoftheselfwhichis

mostinfluencedbysocialelements,sinceitismadeupofsocialroles(suchasstudent,

brother,colleague)andcharacteristicswhichderivetheirmeaningfromcomparisonor

interactionwithotherpeople(suchastrustworthiness,shyness,sportingability).F

Cooleyandotherresearcherssuggestedacloseconnectionbetweenaperson'sown

understandingoftheiridentityandotherpeople'sunderstandingofit.Cooleybelieved

thatpeoplebuilduptheirsenseofidentityfromthereactionsofotherstothem,andfrom

theviewtheybelieveothershaveofthem.Hecalledtheself-as-objectthe'looking-glass

self,sincepeoplecometoseethemselvesastheyarcrcflcctccinothers.Mead(1934)

wentevenfurther,andsawtheselfandthesocialworldasinextricablyhoundtogether:

"Theselfisessentiallyasocialstructure,anditarisesinsocialexperience...itis

impossibletoconceiveofaselfarisingoutsideofsocialexperience.'GLewisand

Brooks-Gunnarguedthatanimportantdevelopmentalmilestoneisreachedwhenchildren

becomeable(orecognizethemselvesvisuallywithoutthesupportofseeingcontingent

movement.Thisrecognitionoccursaroundtheirsecondbirthday.Inoneexperiment,

LewisandBrooks-Gunn(1979)dabbedsomeredpowderon(henosesofchildrenwho

wereplayinginfrontofamirror,andthenobservedhowoftentheytouchedtheirnoses.

Thepsychologistsreasonedthatifthechildrenknewwhattheyusuallylookedlike,they

wouldbesurprisedbytheunusualredmarkandwouldstarttouchingit.Ontheother

hand,theyfoundthatchildrenof15to18monthsaregenerallynotabletorecognize

themselvesunlessothercuessuchasmovementarepresent.HFinally,perhapsthemost

graphicexpressionsofself-awarenessingeneralcanbeseenin(hedisplaysofragewhich

aremostcommonfrom18monthsto3yearsofage.Inalongitudinalstudyofgroupsof

threeorfourchildren,Bronson(1975)foundthattheintensityofthefrustrationandanger

intheirdisagreementsincreasedsharplybetweentheagesof1and2years.Often,the

children'sdisagreementsinvolvedastruggleoveratoythatnoneofthemhadplayedwith

beforeorafterthetug-of-war：thechildrenseemedtobedisputingownershipratherthan

wantingtoplaywithit.Althoughitmaybelessmarkedinothersocieties,thelink

betweenthesenseof'selfandof'ownership'isanotablefeatureofchildhoodinWestern

societies.Questions14-19ReadingPassage2haseightparagraphs,A-H,Which

paragraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Wrice(hecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes14-

19onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

14、anaccountofthemethodusedbyresearchersinaparticularstudy

标准答案：G

知识点解析：暂无解析

15、theroleofimitationindevelopingasenseofidentity

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

16、theageatwhichchildrencanusuallyidentifyastaticimageofthemselves

标准答案：G

知识点解析：暂无解析

17^areasonforthelimitationsofscientificresearchinto'sclf^as-subjcct'

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

18、referencetoapossiblelinkbetweencultureandaparticularformofbehaviour

标准答案：H

知识点解析：暂无解析

19、examplesofthewiderangeoffeaturesthatcontributetothesenseof,self-as-object,

标准答案：E

知识点解析：暂无解析

Lookatthefollowingfindings(Questions20-23)andthelistofresearchersbelow.Match

eachfindingwiththecorrectresearcherorresearchers,A-E.Writethecorrectletter,A-E,

inboxes20-23onyouranswersheetListofResearchersAJaniesBCooleyCLewisand

Brooks-GunnDMeadEBronson

20Asenseofidentitycanneverbeformedwithoutrelationshipswithotherpeople.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

21、Achild'sawarenessofselfisrelatedtoasenseofmasteryoverthingsandpeople.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

22Atacertainage,children'ssenseofidentityleadstoaggressivebehaviour.

标准答案：E

知识点解析：暂无解析

23、Observingtheirownreflectioncontributestochildren'sselfawareness.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeach

answer.Writeyouranswersinboxes24-26onyouranswersheet.Howchildrenacquirea

senseofidentityFirst,childrencometorealisethattheycanhaveaneffectontheworld

aroundthem,forexamplebyhandlingobjects,orcausingtheimage(omovewhenthey

facea[R24]Thisaspectofself-awarenessisdifficulttoresearchdirectly,

becauseof[R25]problems.Secondly,childrenstarttobecomeawareofhow

theyareviewedbyothers.Oneimportantstageinthisprocessisthevisualrecognitionof

themselveswhichusuallyoccurswhentheyreachtheageoftwo.InWesternsocietiesat

least,thedevelopmentofselfawarenessisoftenlinkedtoasenseof[R26],and

canleadtodisputes.

24、[R24]

标准答案：mirror

知识点解析：暂无解析

25、[R25]

标准答窠：communication

知识点解析：暂无解析

26、[R26]

标准答案：ownership

知识点解析：暂无解析

TheDevelopmentofMuseumsATheconvictionthathistoricalrelicsprovideinfallible

testimonyaboutthepastisrootedinthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,when

sciencewasregardedasobjectiveandvaluefree.Asonewriterobserves:'Althoughitis

nowevidentthatartefactsareaseasilyalteredaschronicles,publicfaithintheirveracity

endures:atangiblerelicseemsipsofactoreal/Suchconvictionwas,untilrecently,

reflectedinmuseumdisplays.Museumsusedtolook-andsomestilldo-muchlike

storageroomsofobjectspackedtogetherinshowcases:goodforscholarswhowantedto

studythesubtledifferencesindesign,butnotfortheordinaryvisitor,towhomitall

lookedalike.Similarly,theinformationaccompanyingtheobjectsoftenmadelittlesense

tothelayvisitor.Thecontentandformatofexplanationsdatedbacktoatimewhenthe

museumwas(heexclusivedomainofthescientificresearchei.BRecently,however,

attitudestowardshistoryandihewayitshouldbepresentedhavealtered.Thekeyword

inheritagedisplayisnow'experience',(hemoreexcitingthebelterand,ifpossible,

involvingallthesenses.GoodexamplesofthisapproachintheUKaretheJorvikCentre

inYork;theNationalMuseumofPhotography,FilmandTelevisioninBradford;andthe

ImperialWarMuseuminLondon.IntheUSthetrendemergedmuchearlier:

Williamsburghasbeenaprototypeformanyheritagedevelopmentsinotherpartsofthe

world.Noonecanpredictwheretheprocesswillend.Onso-calledheritagesitesthere­

enactmentofhistoricaleventsisincreasinglypopular,andcomputerswillsoonprovide

virtualrealityexperiences,whichwillpresentvisitorswithavividimageoftheperiodof

(heirchoice,inwhichthey(hemselvescanactasifpartofthehistoricalenvironment.

Suchdevelopmentshavebeencriticisedasanintolerablevulgarisation,butthesuccessof

manyhistoricalthemeparksandsimilarlocationssuggeststhatthemajorityofthepublic

doesnotsharethisopin沁n.CInarelateddevelopment,thesharpdistinctionbetween

museumandheritagesitesontheonehand,andthemeparksontheother,isgradually

evaporating.Theyalreadyborrowideasandconceptsfromoneanother.Forexample,

museumshaveadoptedstorylinesforexhibitions,siteshaveaccepted'theming'asa

relevanttool,andthemeparksaremovingtowardsmoreauthenticityandresearch-based

presentations.Inzoos,animalsarenolongerkeptincages,butingreatspaces,eitherin

theopenairorinenormousgreenhouses,suchasthejungleanddesertenvironmentsin

Burgcrs'ZooinHolland.Thisparticulartrendisregardedasoneofthemajor

developmentsinthepresentationofnaturalhistoryinthetwentiethcentury.DTheme

parksareundergoingotherchanges,too,astheytrytopresentmoreserioussocialand

culturalissues,andmoveawayfromfantasy.Thisdevelopmentisaresponsetomarket

forcesand.althoughmuseumsandheritagesiteshaveaspecial,ratherdistinct,roleto

fulfil,theyarealsooperatinginaverycompetitiveenvironment,wherevisitorsmake

choicesonhowandwheretospendtheirfreelime.Heritageandmuseumexpertsdonot

havetoinventstoriesandrecreatehistoricalenvironmentstoattracttheirvisitors:their

assetsarealreadyinplace.However,exhibitsmustbebothbasedonartefactsandfactsas

weknowthem,andattractivelypresented.Thosewhoareprofessionallyengagedinthe

artofinterpretinghistoryarethusinadifficultposition,astheymuststeeranarrow

coursebetweenthedemandsof'evidence'and'attractiveness',especiallygiventhe

increasingneedintheheritageindustiyforincome-generatingactivities.EItcouldbe

claimedthatinordertomakeeverythinginheritagemore'real',historicalaccuracymust

beincreasinglyaltered.Forexample,Pithecanthropuserectusisdepictedinan

IndonesianmuseumwithMalayfacialfeatures,becausethiscorrespondstopublic

perceptions.Similarly,intheMuseumofNaturalHistoryinWashington,Neanderthal

manisshownmakingadominantgesturetohiswife.Suchpresentationstellusmore

aboutcontemporaryperceptionsof(heworldthanaboutourancestors.Thereisone

compensation,however,fortheprofessionalswhomaketheseinterpretations:iftheydid

notprovide(heinterpretation,visitorswoulddoitforthemselves,basedontheirown

ideas,misconceptionsandprejudices.Andnomatterhowexcitingtheresult,itwould

containalotmorebiasIhanthepresentationsprovidedbyexperts.FHumanbiasis

inevitable,butanothersourceofbiasintherepresentationofhistoryhastodowiththe

transitorynatureofthematerialsthemselves.Thesimplefactisthatnoteverythingfrom

historysurvivesthehistoricalprocess.Castles,palacesandcathedralshavealonger

lifespanthanthedwellingsofordinarypeople.Thesameappliestothefurnishingsand

othercontentsofthepremises.InatownlikeLeydeninHolland,whichinthe

sevemeeinhcenturywasoccupiedbyapproximatelythesamenumberofinhabitantsas

today,peoplelivedwithinthewalledtown,anareamorethanfivetimessmallerthan

modernLeyden.Inmostofthehousesseveralfamilieslivedtogetherincircumstances

beyondourimagination.Yetinmuseums,fineperiodroomsgiveonlyanimageofthe

lifestyleoftheupperclassofthatera.Nowonderthatpeoplewhostrollaround

exhibitionsarefilledwithnostalgia;theevidenceinmuseumsindicatesthatlifewasso

muchbetterinthepast.Thisnotionisinducedbythebiasinitsrepresentationin

museumsandheritagecentres.ReadingPassage3hassixparagraphs,A-F.Choosethe

correctheadingforparagraphsB-Efromthelistofheadingsbelow.Write(hecorrect

number,i-vii,inboxes27-30onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiCommercial

pressuresonpeopleinchargeiiMixedviewsoncurrentchangestomuseumsiii

InterpretingthefactstomeetvisitorexpectationsivTheinternationaldimensionv

CollectionsoffactualevidenceviFewerdifferencesbetweenpublica