武汉理工大学材料概论期末试卷

1、一、Fillintheblanks(110=10)1.Thefourbasictypesofbondingarrangementswhichholdatomstogetherarethe_bond,_bond,ionicbondandthevanderWaalsforces.2.Oneofthemainfactorsonthebrittlenatureofglassisthe_.3.Thesmallmoleculesinpolymersaretermed_,thereactionsbywhichtheycombinearetermed_.4.Apropertyofamaterialisdete

2、rminedbyanalyzingthe_ofthematerialtosomeoutsideinfluence,generallybymeansofa_standardtest.5.Hardenedconcreteshouldbe_,strong,watertightandresistanttoabrasion.6.Itisthebehaviorandpropertiesofthe_thatgenerallycontrolthepropertiesofcomposites.7._isnotonlyoneofthemostabundantelementsintheearthscrust,but

3、itisalsothemostabundantmetalintheearthscrust.二、Trueorfalse(indicatewith“”or“”,110=10)1.Allamorphousmaterialsareglasses.2.Magnesiumisthelightestofallstructuralmetals.3.Al2O3纤维和Al基体组成颗粒增强复合材料。4.Theconstituentatomsofglassandceramicsarestackedtogetherinaregularrepeatingpattern.5.Theweightratioofwatertoc

4、ementinconcreteiscalledwater-cementratio.6.Thecopper-zincalloysarereferredtoasbrasses.7.ThebasicunitofthetraditionalceramicistheSiO4tetrahedron.8.纤维增强树脂是一种复合材料，而混凝土不是复合材料。9.Thealuminumoxideis(Al2O3)istypicaltypeofmetalandisagoodheatandelectricconductor.10.Thecrystallinestateofasolidismorestablethana

5、morphousstate.三、Choosetherightanswer(110=10)1.Morethan90%oftheglassinuseisbasedonoxidesandinparticular_.a.oxidesb.saltsc.calciumd.silica2.Amaterialthatwillnotdeformplasticallyunderloadissaidtobe_.Excessivecoldworkingcauseslossof_.a.toughb.brittlec.valued.ductility3.Mostmetalsoccurinnatureascompounds

6、whichmustbe_tofreethemetal.a.reducedb.oxidizedc.extractedd.excavated4.Polymersvaryintheirmechanicalbehaviordependingonthedegreeof_,degreeofcrosslinking,andthevaluesofTgandTm. 历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清a.structureb.crystallinityc.meltingpointd.Tg5.Oneofthemainfactorsonthebrittlenatureofglassisthepresenc

7、eof_.a.surfacedefectbionicbondsc.chemicalreactiond.physicalproperties6.Thetwomainrawmaterialsforproducingcementarelimestoneand_.a.ironb.aluminumc.coald.clay7.Theductilityofamaterialisinvestigatedwiththe_pressionb.shearc.tensiled.torsion8.用铝合金制作门窗是利用铝合金_的优点。a.不易腐蚀b.硬度较大c.熔点较低d.导热良好9.Thechai

8、npolymerizationstartswiththe_pagationd.termination四、Termsanddefinitions(45=20)1.Polymer2.Ductility3.Freeradical4.Physicalproperties5.Packingfactor五、Questionsandreplies(84=32)1.Howaretheporositydefinedinnormalceramicsbasedontheconnectivity?andhowisthe

9、strengthofceramicsaffectedbypores?2.Howmanykindsofcompositescanbeclassifiedbasedontheformofthematrix?Pleaselistthefactorsinfluencingthepropertiesofthepolymer-matrixcomposites.3.Pleaseexplainwhymetalsaregoodelectricalconductorsandmostceramicsaregoodelectricalinsulatorsinregardtotheiratomicbonding.4.简

10、述填料在复合材料中的作用。六、Readanddiscuss(92=18)1.Ceramicmaterialsaregenerallythingsliketile,bricks,plates,glass,andtoilets.Theycanbefoundinproductslikewatches(quartztuningforks-thetimekeepingdevicesinwatches),snowskies(piezoelectric-ceramicsthatstresswhenavoltageisappliedtothem),automobiles(sparkplugsandcerami

11、cenginepartsfoundinracecars),andphonelines.Theycanalsobefoundonspaceshuttles,appliances(enamelcoatings),andairplanes(nosecones).Dependingontheirmethodofformation,ceramicscanbedenseorlightweight.Typically,theywilldemonstrateexcellentstrengthandhardnessproperties;however,theyareoftenbrittleinnature.Ce

12、ramicscanalsobeformedtoserveaselectricallyconductivematerials,objectsallowingelectricitytopassthroughtheirmass,orinsulators,materialspreventingtheflowofelectricity.Someceramics,likesuperconductors,alsodisplaymagneticproperties.Question:Pleaseexplainthemajoradvantagesofceramicsthatweconsiderwhenchoos

13、ingtheceramicforcertainapplicationsandmaindisadvantage?2.Strengthtestofconcreteisundoubtedlythemostcommontypeoftesttoevaluatethepropertiesofhardenedconcrete.Thecompressivestrengthofconcreteat28daysisalmostuniversallyadoptedasthebasisforstructuralcalculations.Itisalsousedtodesignateconcrete.Whenconcr

14、eteisplacedonsite,samplesofconcretearetakentomakecubes(orcylinders)thatarecuredinaspecifiedconditionandtestedatdifferentages.Question:Pleaseexplainwhythestrengthofconcreteisgenerallyusedtoevaluatethequalityofhardenedconcrete.标准答案（A卷）一、Fillintheblanks(110=10)1.metallic,covalent2.surfacedefect.3.monom

15、ers,polimerization.4.reaction,erface7.Aluminum二、Trueorfalse(110=10)()()()()()()()()()()三、Choosetherightanswer(110=10)1.(d)2.(b,d)3.(a)4.(b)5.(a)6.(d)7.(c)8.(a)9.(a)四、Termsanddefinitions(45=20)1.Polymer:macromoleculesbuiltupbythelinkingtogetheroflargenumbersofmuchsmallermolecu

16、les.2.Ductility:Thepropertythatallowsametaltodeformpermanentlywhenloadedintension.3.Freeradical:itissimplyamoleculewithanunpairedelectron.4.Physicalproperties:Thebehaviorofmaterialssubjectedtotheactionoftemperature,electricormagneticfieldsorlight.5.Packingfactor:Theratioofthevolumeofallelementarypar

17、ticlesperelementarycelltothetotalvolumeoftheelementarycell.五、Questionsandreplies(84=32)1.Manyapplicationsthatuseadvancedceramicsarelimitedbypores,whichscatterlightandmakethemopaqueortranslucent.Porescanalsomaketheceramictoobrittleandruintheflowofelectronsand/orheatthroughthematerial.Questions:a.Howa

18、retheporositydefinedinnormalceramicsbasedontheconnectivity?b.Howisthestrengthofceramicsaffectedbypores?Answer:a:Therearetwotypesofporosity.Openporosityreferstothenetworkofporesinamaterialthatisopentothesurface.2Closedporosityreferstothoseporesthathavebecomesealedwithinthegrainstructure2.b:Poresaffec

19、tthestrengthofceramicsintwoways.First,theyproducestressconcentrations2.Second,poresreducethestrengthofceramicsbecausetheyreducethecross-sectionalareasoverwhichaloadcanbeapplied2.2.Compositematerials(orcompositesforshort)areengineeredmaterialsmadefromtwoormoreconstituentmaterialswithsignificantlydiff

20、erentphysicalorchemicalpropertieswhichremainseparateanddistinctonamacroscopiclevelwithinthefinishedstructure.a.Howmanykindsofcompositescanbeclassifiedbasedontheformofthematrix?b.Pleaselistthefactorsinfluencingthepropertiesofthepolymer-matrixcomposites.Answers:Threemaingroups:PolymerMatrixComposites(

21、PMCs),MetalMatrixComposites(MMCs),CeramicMatrixComposites(CMCs)3Factorsdeterminingthepropertiesofthecompositeare:(1)thepropertiesofthefibre1;(2)thepropertiesoftheresin1;(3)theratiooffibretoresininthecomposite(FibreVolumeFraction(FVF)2;(4)thegeometryandorientationofthefibresinthecomposite13.Pleaseexp

22、lainwhymetalsaregoodelectricalconductorsandmostceramicsaregoodelectricalinsulatorsinregardtotheiratomicbonding.Answer:Metals:metallicbonding,therearefreeelectrons3.Thefreemovementofelectronsaccountsforthehighelectricalandheatconductivityofmetals2.Ceramics:ionicbondingandcovalentbonding2,therearenofr

23、eeelectrons1.4.简述填料在复合材料中的作用。答：填料可以提高复合材料的强度和刚度2，提高复合材料的耐热性和冲击韧性2，降低基体树脂的固化放热和固化收缩，以及提高制品的尺寸稳定性2。但填料的加入也会增加树脂体系的黏度，其适用的成型工艺受到一定程度的限制，且会对树脂的固化和储存期产生一定的影响2。六、Readanddiscuss(92=18)3.Ceramicsareallaroundus.Thiscategoryofmaterialsincludesthingsliketile,bricks,plates,glass,andtoilets.Ceramicscanbefoundinp

24、roductslikewatches(quartztuningforks-thetimekeepingdevicesinwatches),snowskies(piezoelectric-ceramicsthatstresswhenavoltageisappliedtothem),automobiles(sparkplugsandceramicenginepartsfoundinracecars),andphonelines.Theycanalsobefoundonspaceshuttles,appliances(enamelcoatings),andairplanes(nosecones).D

25、ependingontheirmethodofformation,ceramicscanbedenseorlightweight.Typically,theywilldemonstrateexcellentstrengthandhardnessproperties;however,theyareoftenbrittleinnature.Ceramicscanalsobeformedtoserveaselectricallyconductivematerials,objectsallowingelectricitytopassthroughtheirmass,orinsulators,mater

26、ialspreventingtheflowofelectricity.Someceramics,likesuperconductors,alsodisplaymagneticproperties.Question:pleaseexplainthemajorpropertiesofceramicsthatweconsiderwhenchoosingtheceramicforcertainapplications?Answers:Advantage:(1)extremehardness2;(2)heatresistance2;(3)corrosionresistance2;(4)lowelectr

27、icalandthermalconductivity2Disavantage:lowductilityorbrittleness14.Strengthtestofconcreteisundoubtedlythemostcommontypeoftesttoevaluatethepropertiesofhardenedconcrete.Thecompressivestrengthofconcreteat28daysisalmostuniversallyadoptedasthebasisforstructuralcalculations.Itisalsousedtodesignateconcrete

28、.Whenconcreteisplacedonsite,samplesofconcretearetakentomakecubes(orcylinders)thatarecuredinaspecifiedconditionandtestedatdifferentages.Question:pleaseexplainwhythestrengthofconcreteisgenerallyusedtoevaluatethequalityofhardenedconcrete.Answers:(1)thestrengthofconcreteincompression,tension,shearoracom

29、binationofthesehasadirectinfluenceontheloadcarryingcapacityofbothplainandthereinforcedstructures3.(2)ofallthepropertiesofhardenedconcrete,thoseconcerningstrengthcanusuallybedeterminedmosteasily3.(3)bymeansofcorrelationswithothermorecomplicatedtests,theresultsofstrengthtestscanbeusedasqualitativeindi

30、cationsofotherpropertiesofhardenedconcrete一、Fillintheblanks(110=10)1.Theadvantageofmicrowaveheatingisthatitisextremely_.2.Themechanicalpropertiesofceramicsaregoodin_,The greatestweaknessis_3.FerrousAlloysnormallycontainsmajorphases,calledaustenite_,_,_,martensitic.4.Thecomponentsaswellastheinterface

31、betweenthemcanusuallybe_identified.5.Surfacetreatmentofreinforcingmaterialsisdoneto_the adhesionoffillersandfiberstomatrixresinby_thesurfaceofthesolid.6.Thepropertiesofmaterialsaredefinedbythenatureoftheirchemicalbonds,their_orderingandtheir_.二、Trueorfalse(indicatewith“”or“”,110=10)1.Allamorphousmat

32、erialsareglasses.2.Aluminumalloysoffersuperiorspecificstrengthinhightemperatures.3.Thepropertiesofcrystalsaredifferentinvariouscrystallographicdirections.4.Titaniumalloyshavelowerdensityandhighstrength.5.Mostoflifeandindustrialglassaremadefromsilicaandsilicateglasses.6.Magnesiumisthelightestofallstr

33、ucturalmetals.7.Glassesismadefromelements,simplechemicalcompounds,complexorganicmolecules,saltmixturesandalloys.8.Glasswhennewlyformed,withaperfectsurface,isverystrongaboutfivetimesasstrongassteel.9.MMC、PMC、CMCareallcomposite,andmatrixaremetal,ceramicandorganicpolymer.10.玻璃化温度和熔点是表征聚合物热性能的重要指标。.三、Ch

34、oosetherightanswer(110=10)1.Whichofthefollowingdescriptionswouldnotbeapplicabletoceramics?a.Mixedionicandcovalentbondingb.Brittlec.Hardd.Ductile2.组成铸铁的基本元素是_.a.O;b.C;c.S;d.Si;e.Fe;f.Al;g.P3.低合金钢合金元素含量_，而高合金钢_。a.2%;b.10%;d.13%4.Hardenedconcreteshouldbedurable,strong,watertightandresistanttoabrasion.A

35、llofthesepropertiesareinfluencedbythe_ofthePortlandcementpaste.a.quantityb.weightpercentc.qualityd.density5.ThemajorphasesinPortlandcementare：_，_，_andferrite.a.aliteb.limestonec.aluminated.belitee.silicaf.calciumsulfateg.ferrite 历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清四、Termsanddefinitions(45=20)1.Composite2.Fatigue

36、limit3.Brass4.Physicalproperties5.Workability五、Questionsandreplies(84=32)1.指出原子键的四种类型；简述各性能特点；为各键型举例一种材料。2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenceramicsandglassinstructure,propertiesandmanufacturingmethods?Answer:3.Whatarethemainmechanicalpropertiesofamaterialinvestigatedwiththetensiletest?4.Pleaselistthethr

37、eereactionsduringtheadditionpolymerizationprocessandexplainhowtheprocessisterminated.六、Readanddiscuss(92=18)1.Concretehasseveralunusualcharacteristicsthatmakeitthemostversatileandwidelyusedofallconstructionmaterials.Freshlymixedconcreteisacombinationofaggregates(inertmaterials)andapastecomposedofPor

38、tlandcementandwater.Theaggregatesgenerallyusedaresandandgravelorcrushedstone.Theseaggregateshavenocementingvalueoftheirown;theirfunctioninconcreteistoserveasafiller.Thecement-waterpastechangesfromasemifluidsubstanceintoasolidbinderasaresultofchemicalreactionsbetweenthewaterandthevariouscompoundsinth

39、ecement.Thefinalqualityoftheconcretedependsupontheeffectivenessofthehardenedpasteinbindingtheaggregateparticlestogetherandinfillingthevoidsbetweentheparticles.Questions:(1)Howmanytypesofrawmaterialsinvolvinginconcreteproduction?Andwhataretheirfunctions,respectively?(2)Analyzethemajorfactorsaffecting

40、concretequality.2.SeveralstressstrainplotsareshowninFigure1.Oneofthelinesshowsthecharacteroffiber.Questions:Pointoutthepolymericmaterialsoftheotherthreelines.Howtoclassifyplastics?Pleasegivesomeexamplesfordifferentpropertiesofplastics.Fig.1:Stress-strainplotsStrain,L/LStress,(Ncm-2)Fiber(1)(2)(3)标准答

41、案（B卷）一、Fillintheblanks(110=10)1.Theadvantageofmicrowaveheatingisthatitisextremelyrapid.2.Themechanicalpropertiesofceramicsaregoodincompression,Thegreatestweaknessisbrittleness.3.FerrousAlloysnormallycontainsmajorphases,calledaustenite,cementite,graphite,martensitic.4.Thecomponentsaswellastheinterfac

42、ebetweenthemcanusuallybephysicallyidentified.5.Surfacetreatmentofreinforcingmaterialsisdonetoimprovetheadhesionoffillersandfiberstomatrixresinbymodifyingthesurfaceofthesolid.6.Thepropertiesofmaterialsaredefinedbythenatureoftheirchemicalbonds,theiratomicorderingandtheirmicrostructure.二、Trueorfalse(in

43、dicatewith“”or“”,110=10)1.()Allamorphousmaterialsareglasses.2.()Aluminumalloysoffersuperiorspecificstrengthinhightemperatures.3.()Thepropertiesofcrystalsaredifferentinvariouscrystallographicdirections.4.()Titaniumalloyshavelowerdensityandhighstrength.5.()Mostoflifeandindustrialglassaremadefromsilica

44、andsilicateglasses.6.()Magnesiumisthelightestofallstructuralmetals.7.()Glassesismadefromelements,simplechemicalcompounds,complexorganicmolecules,saltmixturesandalloys.8.()Glasswhennewlyformed,withaperfectsurface,isverystrongaboutfivetimesasstrongassteel.9.()MMC、PMC、CMCareallcomposite,andmatrixaremet

45、al,ceramicandorganicpolymer.10.()玻璃化温度和熔点是表征聚合物热性能的重要指标。.三、Choosetherightanswer(110=10)1.Whichofthefollowingdescriptionswouldnotbeapplicabletoceramics?(d)a.Mixedionicandcovalentbondingb.Brittlec.Hardd.Ductile2.组成铸铁的基本元素是_(b,d,e)a.O;b.C;c.S;d.Si;e.Fe;f.Al;g.P3.低合金钢合金元素含量_，而高合金钢_。（b,c)a.2%;b.10%;d.13%

46、4.Hardenedconcreteshouldbedurable,strong,watertightandresistanttoabrasion.Allofthesepropertiesareinfluencedbythe_ofthePortlandcementpaste.(c)a.quantityb.weightpercentc.qualityd.density5.ThemajorphasesinPortlandcementare：_，_，_andferrite.(a,c,d)a.aliteb.limestonec.aluminated.belitee.silicaf.calciumsul

47、fateg.ferrite四、Termsanddefinitions(45=20)1.Composite：Acompositeisacombinedmaterialscreatedbythesyntheticassemblyoftwoormorecomponentsaselectedfillerorreinforcingagentandacompatiblematrixbinderinordertoobtainspecificcharacteristicsandproperties.2.Fatiguelimit：Themaximumloadinpoundspersquareinchthatcanbeappliedaninfinitenumberoftimeswithoutcau