2014-08-30Reading斯堪的纳维亚半岛中石器时代的复杂性开花植物的进化herding如何提供安全

1、Mesolithic Complexity in ScandinaviaThe European Mesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C to 2700 B.C) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age. This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last gla

2、cial period (about 12,500 years ago). Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia. The Maglemose Period (7500-5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging. The sites from the Kongemose Period (

3、5700-4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebolle Period (4600-3200 B.C) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern

4、 Scandinavia.By the Ertebolle Period, the Scandinavia were occupying coastal settlements year-round and subsisting off a very wide range of food sources. These included forest game and waterfowl, shellfish, sea mammals, and both shallow-water and deepwater fish. There were smaller, seasonal coastal

5、sites, too, for specific activities such as deepwater fishing, sealing, or hunting of migratory birds. One such site, the Aggersund site in Denmark, was occupied for short periods of time in the autumn, when the inhabitants collected oysters and hunted some game, especially migratory swans. Erteboll

6、e technology was far more elaborate than that of its Mesolithic predecessors, a wide variety of antler, bone, and wood tools for socialized purposes such as fowling and sea-mammal hunting were developed, including dugout canoes up to ten meters long.With sedentary settlement comes evidence of greate

7、r social complexity in the use of cemeteries for burials and changes in burial practices. The trend toward more sedentary settlement, the cemeteries, and the occasional social differentiation revealed by elaborate burials are all reflections of an intensified use of resources among these relatively

8、affluent hunter-gatherers of 3000 B.C Mesolithic societies intensified the food quest by exploiting many more species, making productive use of migratory waterfowl and their breeding grounds, and collecting shellfish in enormous numbers. This intensification is also reflected in a much more elaborat

9、e and diverse technology, more exchange of goods and materials between neighbors, greater variety in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia. These phenomena may, in part, be a reflection of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cheris

10、hed territories. There are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles, indicative of culture differences between people living in well-delineated territories and competing for resources.Mesolithic cultures are much less well-defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climat

11、ic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinavia and because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation. In much of central Europe, settlement was confined to lakeside and riverside locations, widely separated from one another by dense forests. Marry Mesolithic lakeside sites wer

12、e located in transitional zones between different environments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base location, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish. However, they would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satel

13、lite camps. For example, the archaeologist Michael Jochim believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps along the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lakes. In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitati

14、on of marine and forest resources. There was a trend nearly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attention being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do game and other such resources.Thus, in part of Europe, there was a long-te

15、rm trend among hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty. In more favored southern Scandinavia, such societies achieved a new level of social complexity

16、 that was to become commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social change when farming did come to Europe.Paragraph 1The European Mesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C to 2700 B.C) testifies to a continuity in human c

17、ulture from the times of the Ice Age. This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago). Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia. The Maglemose Period (7

18、500-5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging. The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700-4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resour

19、ces. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebolle Period (4600-3200 B.C) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.1. What can be infer from paragraph 1 about human life in Mesolithic Scandinavia? People tend to live in smaller group during the

20、Ertebolle Period than during earlier Mesolithic Period. The areas where it was advantages to live changed over time as a result of environmental changes. Human groups were less affected by environmental change during the Maglemose Period than during the Kongemose Period. During most of the Mesolithi

21、c, people were more dependent on terrestrial food sources than other food sources.Paragraph 2By the Ertebolle Period, the Scandinavia were occupying coastal settlements year-round and subsisting off a very wide range of food sources. These included forest game and waterfowl, shellfish, sea mammals,

22、and both shallow-water and deepwater fish. There were smaller, seasonal coastal sites, too, for specific activities such as deepwater fishing, sealing, or hunting of migratory birds. One such site, the Aggersund site in Denmark, was occupied for short periods of time in the autumn, when the inhabita

23、nts collected oysters and hunted some game, especially migratory swans. Ertebolle technology was far more elaborate than that of its Mesolithic predecessors, a wide variety of antler, bone, and wood tools for socialized purposes such as fowling and sea-mammal hunting were developed, including dugout

24、 canoes up to ten meters long.2. Why does the author mention “Aggersund site in Denmark” and its brief periods of occupation? To suggest that supply of year round food sources near earlier settlement sites had nearly disappeared To give an example of a small, temporary coastal site that took advanta

25、ge of seasonal food sources To illustrate how small coastal settlements could not last as long as large forest settlements To high the fact that none of the Denmark camps were able to be occupied year-round.3. Paragraph 2 suggests that before the Ertebolle Period, hunting tools and other Mesolithic

26、technologies were available only in small coastal sites were developed mainly in Denmark were made mainly from animal bones were somewhat simpleParagraph 3With sedentary settlement comes evidence of greater social complexity in the use of cemeteries for burials and changes in burial practices. The t

27、rend toward more sedentary settlement, the cemeteries, and the occasional social differentiation revealed by elaborate burials are all reflections of an intensified use of resources among these relatively affluent hunter-gatherers of 3000 B.C Mesolithic societies intensified the food quest by exploi

28、ting many more species, making productive use of migratory waterfowl and their breeding grounds, and collecting shellfish in enormous numbers. This intensification is also reflected in a much more elaborate and diverse technology, more exchange of goods and materials between neighbors, greater varie

29、ty in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia. These phenomena may, in part, be a reflection of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cherished territories. There are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles, ind

30、icative of culture differences between people living in well-delineated territories and competing for resources.4. The word “exploiting” in the passage is closest in meaning to calling attention to focusing on taking advantage of searching for5. The word “indicative of” in the passage is closest in

31、meaning to suggesting leading to resulting from decreasing6. According to paragraph 3, the existence of cemeteries in M Mesolithic Scandinavia is associated with increased social complexity problems in obtaining sufficient food a dramatically increasing population a trend toward reduced dependence o

32、n the food sources provided by hunter-gatherers7. According to paragrapg3, each of the following is linked to the intensified use of resources that occurred in southern Scandinavia EXCEPT greater complexity and diversity of technology greater similarity between artifacts from different regions more

33、exchanges of goods between groups more diversity in types of settlementsParagraph 4Mesolithic cultures are much less well-defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climatic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinavia and because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation.

34、 In much of central Europe, settlement was confined to lakeside and riverside locations, widely separated from one another by dense forests. Marry Mesolithic lakeside sites were located in transitional zones between different environments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base locati

35、on, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish. However, they would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satellite camps. For example, the archaeologist Michael Jochim believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps a

36、long the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lakes. In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitation of marine and forest resources. There was a trend nearly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attenti

37、on being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do game and other such resources.8. The word “confined” in the passage is closest in meaning to adapted to limited to expanded to located next to9. Select the TWO answer choices that are discussed in p

38、aragraph 4 as factors that explain why Mesolithic culture in Scandinavia developed differently from Mesolithic culture in other parts of Europe. To receive credit, you must choose TWO answers from the answer choices. Climate Population numbers To size of satellite camps The location of sites of huma

39、n habitation10. According to paragraph 4, how were Mesolithic societies in central Europe able to meet their food needs for much of the year? By finding new opportunities for coastal adaptations wherever they could By keeping their base camps in dense forests with plenty of forest game By settling i

40、n areas that provided both predictable food resources and access to different kinds of environments Buy hunting farther and farther from their central base camps each day11. The author includes the views of Michael Jochim for which of the following reasons? To show that the Mesolithic cultures in ot

41、her parts of Europe were less well-defined than Mesolithic cultures in southern Scandinavia To help explain why it became necessary for Mesolithic populations to pay more attention to less obvious foods and foods requiring more complex processing To provide evidence that opportunities for coastal de

42、velopment were generally much greater in Central Europe than elsewhere in Europe To support the idea that populations in Central Europe stayed in a central location much of the year but relocated to be closer to seasonal resourcesParagraph 5Thus, in part of Europe, there was a long-term trend among

43、hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty. In more favored southern Scandinavia, such societies achieved a new level of social complexity that was to be

44、come commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social change when farming did come to Europe.12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlight sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices

45、 change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Because of favorable conditions in southern Scandinavia and the social complexity of their societies, hunter-gatherer societies did not adapt to farming until economic change required it. When farming came to Europe and became

46、 common, hunter-gatherer societies finally achieved high levels of social complexity. Social complexity was common in the societies of southern Scandinavia but was less common in other areas where farming came later. Hunter-gatherer societies in southern Scandinavia achieved a new level of social co

47、mplexity, and this allowed them to quickly achieve economic and social change when farming was introduced.Paragraph 1The European Mesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C to 2700 B.C) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age. This continuity, however, was based on

48、 continuous adjustment to environmental change following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago). Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia. The Maglemose Period (7500-5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combi

49、ned with terrestrial hunting and foraging. The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700-4600 B.C) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebol

50、le Period (4600-3200 B.C) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Such adaptation involved changes in hunting and food gathering that make it possible to identify distinct Me

51、solithic periods and cultures in some regionsWhere would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer c

52、hoices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Throughout the European Mesolithic, the

53、 trend was toward greater social complexity and greater exploitation of food resources.Answer ChoicesEarly in Mesolithic, Maglemose hunter-gatherers arrived in Scandinavia from regions beyond the Baltic Sea and began to establish seasonal sites along bays and near lagoons.In Scandinavia, populations

54、 were growing and becoming more sedentary, leading to more elaborate burials and to exchanges of goods with other groups.Because most Mesolithic populations outside of Scandinavia were widely separated by deep forest, they tended to develop more economically and socially complex societies.By the end

55、 of the Mesolithic, Scandinavians had developed elaborate and specialized tools for exploiting a very wide range of food sources.Climate change forced southern Scandinavia to leave coastal areas and relocate to Central Europe, where they took advantage of food resources in dense forests and lakes.Th

56、e stages of Mesolithic culture in Scandinavia, unlike those in other parts of Europe, are more distinct in part because climate changes were more extreme in Scandinavia.Evolution of the Flowering PlantsMany aspects of the history of flowering plants (angiosperms) remain mysterious. Evidence of the e

57、arliest angiosperms comes from fossilized leaves, stems, fruits, pollen, and, very rarely, flowers. In addition, there has been much study of modern plant morphology (structure) and genetics in order to determine which living species might be most closely related to the ancient ancestors of angiospe

58、rms. Despite intensive efforts for over 200 years, scientists have still not reached consensus on which type of plant was the ancestor to the angiosperms, and when and where the angiosperms first evolved. Indeed, Charles Darwin himself called the origin of the flowering plants an “abominable mystery.”What type of plant was the ancestor to the angiosperms? Most botanists now agree that the flowering plants are monophyletic in origin, meaning that they evolved from a common ancestor. Some paleontologists have suggested that the common ancestor may have been a type of cycad (palmlike tropical pl