[0057]《英语词汇学》

1、.西南大学 网络与继续教育学院课程代码： 0057 学年学季：20182窗体顶端单项选择题1、This story is a _ to divert the public attention away from the issue.1. blue moon2. black horse3. red herring4. green hand2、Come on! Cheer up! Dont just sit here as stiff as a _.1. poker2. patient3. queen4. king3、Overjoyed to see his long-lost friend, J

2、immy _ a toast to the health of them all.1. suggested2. spoke3. proposed 4. raised4、You were not seriously injured. Dont make a _ out of a _.1. mountain, molehill2. mount, molehill3. hill, molehill4. molehill, mountain5、The figure of speech employed in “The past is a bucket of ashes” is _.1. euphemi

3、sm2. litotes3. irony4. metaphor6、Ourworkcallsformutualsupport.Weshouldnt _ eachothersefforts.1. active2. interact3. counteract4. activate7、They all thought that she and her boyfriend were _.1. birds of a kind2. birds of a type3. birds of a breed4. birds of a feather8、After a meal in a restaurant, yo

4、u ask the waiter for the _.1. note2. receipt3. bill4. menu9、Exercise seems to benefit the brain power of the healthy and the sick, the young and the old _.1. alike2. included3. alive4. through10、Words with such clusters as “ch”, “ph”, “pn”, “rh”as inchasm, phone, pneumaticandrhetoricare most probabl

5、y of _ origin.1. German2. Chinese3. Greek4. Latin11、I waited for Tom for ages, but he didnt _.1. turn in2. turn up3. turn on4. turn out12、He was _ of having asked such a silly question.1. miserable2. guilty3. sorry4. ashamed13、Itookonlya _ ofbeans with meandleft.1. hand2. handful3. handy4. handed14、

6、1. According to the divine-source theory, language _.1. the result of our ancestors imitating natural sounds around them2. originated from human physiological adaptation3. originated from the link between physical gestures and orally produced sounds4. is given by God15、Chokedtraffichasbeena(n) _ to

7、urban transportation system.1. archenemy2. main enemy3. major enemy4. primary enemy16、Flying in an airplane was once thought to be an impossible _.1. task2. problem3. promise4. profession17、No new ideas _ from the meeting.1. merged2. submerged3. emerged4. immerged18、The scientists realized it would

8、be too _ to ship all people in one boatbecause it was fragile.1. dangerous2. risky3. daring4. bold19、I took the children to the zoo to _ for the party they missed yesterday.1. make away2. make up3. make it4. make of20、The Old Englishwordstnmeans _ in modern English.1. stalig2. stole3. stain4. stone2

9、1、In “Elizabeth could hear voices through the open door”, the worddoormeans _.1. the moveable barrier in the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, car, etc.2. the channel to a certain place3. None of the above4. the panel board22、Communication is the process of _ a message from a source to an audi

10、ence via a channel.1. transforming2. transmitting3. switching4. submitting23、Which of the following usually appears in poems？_1. nag2. steed3. horse4. gee-gee24、According to _, human language is the result of evolution.1. the divine-source theory2. the oral-gestural theory3. the glossogenetic theory

11、4. the natural-sound theory25、Among the four prefixes in the following, _ is NOT a quantity prefix.1. an-2. di-3. multi-4. mono-判断题26、In the Middle English period, English lost most of its inflections.1. A.2. B.27、Human languages are derived from the natural sounds around and are thus onomatopoeic i

12、n nature.1. A.2. B.28、There exists a natural relation between the sound and meaning of a word.1. A.2. B.29、Words can be moved around without destroying the grammaticality of the sentence.1. A.2. B.30、Farewellis shortened fromFare thee well.1. A.2. B.31、With the aid of jargons, people of certain fiel

13、d can communicate effectively and economically.1. A.2. B.32、There is no principled clear-cut between the lexicon of a language and its grammar.1. A.2. B.33、The synchronic approach to wordmeaning focuses on the semanticchangesover time.1. A.2. B.34、In the sentence, “I presume that you are Dr. Livings

14、tone”,presumecan be replaced by “suppose”.1. A.2. B.35、The meaning of words can be equated with what they refer to in the real world.1. A.2. B.36、Wordsloved,cherished,faintedandswirledall share the same grammatical meaning, i.e., “past tense”.1. A.2. B.37、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the

15、 relationship between words within language.1. A.2. B.38、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language.1. A.2. B.39、In standard AmE, the letterris pronounced wherever it appears as inbar,board,park, etc.1. A.2. B.40、Lexicology is focused exclusively on lexical words or contents words.1. A.

16、2. B.41、Manis a word, a root, a stem and a free morpheme as well.1. A.2. B.42、There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.1. A.2. B.43、webinaris formed by blending web and seminar, meaning “an online seminar or conference”.1. A.2. B.44、Compared withhorse, gee-geeis stylis

17、tically moreformal.1. A.2. B.45、The prototype of a category is independentfrom context.1. A.2. B.主观题46、grammatical meaning参考答案：Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships of functions, such as tense meaning, part of speech of words, singular and plura

18、l meaningsof words, etc. 47、melioration参考答案：Melioration refers to the process whereby words with humble origins are gradually used in positive, or at least neutral contexts. For example, “queen” originally means “a woman”, but now it is used to refer to the female ruler of a state. 48、semantic loan参

19、考答案：A semantic loan is a word or expression that has developed a new meaning or new meanings due to the influence of a related word in another language. For example, the English word “dream”, for instance, which originally meant joy, music, has taken its modern meaning from the Norse. 49、jargon参考答案：

20、Jargon are languages peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group. For example,RAM, ROM, Hard Disk, CPU, etc. are all jargons of computer science. 50、free phrase参考答案：Free phrases refer to any group of words or expressions carrying meaning. For example, “three British experts”is a free phrase in t

21、he sense that each of the elements, if needed, can be altered, such as “two Chinese students”, “100 African men”, “20 read apples”, etc., each of which carries a meaning differentfrom the others. 51、morpheme参考答案：Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function that cannot be further a

22、nalyzed, e.g. -ly, dog, hand, etc. 52、root参考答案：A root is the morpheme in a word functioning as the core of the meaning. For example, in “disliked”, “like”is the part left with its prefix “dis”and suffix “ed”crossed out, but “like”carries the meaning common to both “dislike”, and “liked”. 53、subjecti

23、fication参考答案：Subjectification refers to the process by which the meaning of a given word changes from relatively objective to increasingly subjective. For example, “very”originally meant “true”or “real”, which are objective descriptive, such as , very knightmeant “true knight”. Presently, “very”is m

24、ainly a subjective adverb with personal evaluation. When I say “It is very hot”, the degree of “hotness”is out of my own personal evaluation. 54、What is lexical meaning and what are its different types?参考答案：Lexical meaningis the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning

25、is regarded as being identical in all the forms of the word.Lexical meaning can be divided into five different types, i.e. conceptualmeaning, connotativemeaning, social meaning, affectivemeaning and collocative meaning, each of which will be illustrated in the following:1) Conceptual meaning, also k

26、nown as denotative meaning or logical meaning, is assumed to be the most basic and central factor in linguistic communication and stays at the core of semantic study. The conceptual meaning of a word indicates the concept, and is thus relatively stable.See the following examples: bachelor: +HUMAN, +

27、ADULT, +MALE, MARRIED spinster: +HUMAN, +ADULT, MALE,MARRIED wife: +HUMAN, +ADULT, MALE, +MARRIED2) Connotative meaning or connotation is the additional meaning that a word possesses beyond its central or conceptual meaning.Connotative meaning indicates the associations suggested by the conceptual m

28、eaning of the word.See the following examples: boyconceptual meaning +HUMAN, +MALE, ADULTconnotative meaning lovable, naughty, noisy, irritating, etc.Connotative meanings or connotations often tend to be variable according to society, time, culture, and even the experience of the individual. e.g. “西

29、风” vs. “west wind”: share the same denotation, the wind blowing from the west “西风”: sadness, bitterness, coldness, departure, etc. “west wind” in Britain: agreeable figure associated with spring and flowers3) Social meaning of words refers to the information about the potential social circumstances

30、where the words are appropriate to be used.Social meaning varies according to the following factors:DIALECT (e.g. the language of geographical region or of a social class)TIME (e.g. the language of the eighteenth century, etc.)PROVINCE (e.g. language of law, of science, of advertising, etc.)STATUS (

31、e.g. polite, colloquial, slang, etc.)SINGULARITY (e.g. the style of Dickens, of Hemingway, etc.)4) Affective meaning conveys the personal emotions and attitudes of a language user, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something that he is talking about.In thefollowing, words in

32、 Column A are affectivepositive while those in Column B are negative in meaning.A Bslim skinnynew unproveninexpensive cheap5) Collocative meaning is part of the word meaning suggested by its relations with the words it can co-occur. It refers to the grammatical or syntactic restrictions on how words

33、 can be used together.e.g. pretty vs. handsome.Although these two words share common ground in expressing the meaning of “good-looking”, they may be distinguished by the range of nouns they modify or (in the linguists term) collocate with. 55、What is a compound and what is a free phrase? How can com

34、pound and free phrases be distinguished?参考答案：Compounds refer to words formed by compounding or combining two or more stems. Free phrase is similar to “expression”. It refers to any group of words with a idiomaticmeaning. Compounds are similar tofree phrases in structure, but compounds and free phras

35、es are essentiallydifferent and can be distinguished by phonetic features, semantic features and grammaticalfeatures.1) Phonetic difference: Stress in compounds tends to fall on the initial element while that of free phrases is apt to fall on the final element. See the following examplesCompounds Fr

36、ee phrasesgreen house green houseblackboard black boardWhite House white houseThis rule of distinction is not always reliable.e.g.scholar activist, Mansion Avenue, May Flowers, silk tie.2) Semantic differences: A compound is a semantic gestalt/gt:lt/ that expresses a single idea just like a word.e.g

37、.green house:a building with glass walls and roof for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, illumination, while the free phrasegreen housemeans a house in green color.The meanings of the constituents in compounds form an inseparable semantic whole. The change of any element will result in the loss of the origi