土地资源专业英语Lesson1

1、Lesson1: Three Themes: Efficiency, Optimality and Sustainability,1、three themes:effciency,optimality, sustainability 2、the emergence of resource and enviromental economics（产生 亚当斯密 看不见的手） 3、resource and enviromental economics（马尔萨斯、大卫李嘉图、穆勒） 4、neoclassical economics:marginal theory and value(新古典经济学的发展

2、）,1.Three themes,1.1 efficiency One way of thinking about effciency is in terms of missed opportunities. 在经济分析中，低效率是一种机会的流失,It is often argued that much energy is produced or used inefficiently ,and that if different techniques were employed signifcant resource savings could be gained with no loss i

3、n terms of final ouput. Even where resources are used in technically efficient ways,net benefits are sometimes aquandered 通过使用不同的技术有可能可以节约资源但也会因污染等原因而存在配置失效的问题。,A substantial part of environmental economics is concerned with how economics might avoild in the allocation and use of natural and envirom

4、ental resources 因此生活生产中旨在解决如何避免自然和环境资源配置和利用中效率低下的问题。,1.2 optimality Then a resouce-use choice is optimal if it maximizes that objective given any relevant constraints that may be operating. Efficiency is a necessary condition for optimality . Efficiency is not a suffcient condition for optimality. 优

5、化是从全体社会立场来考虑的 效率是优化的必要条件，而效率不是优化的充分条件。,1.3 sustainability The pursuit of optimality as usually considered in economics will not necessarily take adequate care of posterity. 经济学所关心的优化不一定是为子孙后代着想的。 作为一个伦理义务，在优化的前提下应该考虑可持续性。,Key words,Energy inefficiency 能源失效 Allocative inefficiencies 配置无效 net benefit

6、纯收益 Multiplicity ,mltplsti多样性，多重性 Posterity pstrti 子孙，后裔；后代 Redundant rdndnt多余的，过剩的；被解雇的，失业的；冗长的，累赘的,2 .The emergence of resource and environmental economics,While the emergence of natural resource and environmental economics as a distinct sub-discipline has been a relatively recent event,concern wi

7、th the substance of natural resource and environmental issues has much easier antecedents.,A recurring theme of political-economic debate concerned the appropriate institutional arrangements for the development of trade and growth. 政治经济辩论中反复出现的一个主题是关于贸易增长和发展是否需要有合适的制度安排,Adam Smith,Invisible hand 国富论

8、 每个人都在力图应用他的资本，来使其生产品能得到最大的价值。一般来说，他并不企图增进公共福利，也不知道他所增进的公共福利是多少。他所追求的仅仅是他个人的安乐，仅仅是他个人的利益。在这样做时，有一支看不见的手引导他去促进一种目标，而这种目标决不是他所追求的东西。由于追逐他自己的利益，他经常促进了社会利益，其效果要比他真正想促进社会利益时所得到的效果为大”,Key words,Classical economics 古典经济学 Substancesbstns 物质、实质、主旨 Efficacyfksi 功效、效验,Resource and environmental economics,Centr

9、al question,What is determined standards of living and economic growth?,主要思想,马尔萨斯认为：不变的土地供给，对人口持续正增长趋势的假设以及农业上的报酬递减，预示着在长期中每单位资本的产出将呈下跌趋势。 According to Malthus,a fixed land quantity ,an assumed tendency for population growth,foreshadowing output per capita to fall over time .,李嘉图在他的【政治经济与税收原则】中提出农业能

10、够通过扩大内延或外延的方法来增大产出。然而在任何一种情况下，土地投入的报酬都被认为是递减的。经济最终走向稳定状态。 For David Ricardo, agricultural output could be expanded by increasing the intensive margin or by increasing the extensive margin.however in either case ,returns to the land input were taken to be diminishing.economic development toward a sta

11、tionary state,穆勒对自然资源所起的作用具有更开阔的视野，认为土地除了农业和采掘的用途外，还具有游憩价值，并随着物质条件的改善，游憩价值会变得越来越重要。 Mill adopted a broader view of the roles played by natural resources and in addition to agricultural and extractive uses of land ,saw it as a source of amenity values that would become of increasing relative importan

12、ce as material conditions improved.,中心结论,在这种稳态的经济状况下，注重经济行为的最优结构与效率，相对较高的物质繁荣程度是可以达到的。 In such a steady state of the economy, pay attention to the optimal structure and efficiency of economic activities, relatively high degree of material prosperity can be achieved,The qustions answer,Efficiency Opt

13、imality sustainability,Key words,Diminishing returns: diminii,收益递减，报酬减少 Transient: trnznt 短暂的，瞬时的，n,瞬时现象 Bleak: blik adj. 阴冷的；荒凉的，无遮蔽的；黯淡的，无希望的；冷酷的；单调的 Economic surplus: spls，经济剩余，经济过剩 Rent:（n）租金,Trench: tren(t) n. 沟，沟渠；战壕；堑壕vt. 掘沟vi. 挖战壕；侵害 Foreshadow: fd vt. 预示；成为的前兆n. 预兆 Extractive: kstrktv; ek-

14、adj.矿业的 Amenity values: 娱乐价值 extensive margin: kstensv; ek-,粗放边际，外延边际，广度边际。,Material prosperity:物质繁荣 a/the majority of :大量的 eventual :最后的，结果的，终于的 stationary state:静止状态 subsistence level:现实水平，实际水平 drive down:拉低，降低，下跌 particularly in:特别对,Neoclassical economics：marginal theory and value,key words embod

15、iment mbdmnt 体现，具体化,化身 welfare economics 福利经济学 diminishing returns 报酬递减 diminishing marginal productivity 递减的边际生产率 allocative efficiency 配置效率,partial equilibrium ikwlbrm 部分均衡 economic depression 经济萧条 mainstream economics 主流经济学 macroeconomics mkro,knmks 宏观经济学 limits-to-growth 增长的极限 Neoclassical econo

16、mics 新古典经济学,Introduction,19世纪70年代边际效用学派的出现被认为是经济学中爆发了一场全面革命的标志。这场革命被称为边际革命。这场革命使经济学从古典经济学强调的生产、供给和成本，转向现代经济学关注的消费、需求和效用。边际效用学派代表人物:英国经济学家杰文斯，洛桑学派的法国经济学家瓦尔拉斯和奥地利学派的门格尔。,Outline,4.1 A series of major works published in the 1870s began the replacement of classical economics by what subsequently became

17、known as neoclassical economics. 发表于19世纪70年代的一系列重要著作拉开了后来人人皆知的“新古典经济学”对古典经济学替代的序幕。,4.2 Jevons and Menger formalized the theory of consumer preferences in terms classical economic analysis. 杰文斯和门格尔在古典经济分析的基础上形成了消费者偏好的理论。,Leon Walras developed neoclssical General Equilibrium Theory. 里昂.瓦尔拉斯发现了一般均衡理论。

18、Alfred Marshall was responsible for elaboration of the partial equilibrium supply-and-demand-based analysis of price determination so familiar to students of modern microeconomics 马歇尔阐述的供求关系决定价格的部分均衡理论为现代微观经济学的学生所熟知。,4.3 The Keynesian agenda switched attention to aggregate supply and demand,and the reasons why market economies may fail to achieve aggregate levels of activity that involve the use of all of the availiable inputs to production. 凯恩斯主义把注意力转移到了总的供给与需求和为什么市场经济在投入了