新一代大学英语综合教程2 U4(含课后习题答案)

1、.,.,Kindness and Indifference,Unit4 Book2,.,Unit4 Book2,.,iPrepare,Kindness and Indifference,.,Prepare,At present, many people criticize that the Chinese society is fulfilled with indifference and nobody is willing to help others, especially the strangers in the street. However, some people say that

2、 we have experienced the cases that strangers asking for help desperately yet turning to be robbers and thieves and swindling the kind-hearted people. And now, there are many fraud gangs extort money in the name of begging so that people do not trust beggars as before. Whats your view on this topic?

3、 Should we be generous to open our heart to the strangers, give a hand to those helpless? Why or why not?,.,Prepare - Scenarios,Scenario 1 Watch the the following video and discuss with your partners: Why didnt the passersby help? If you had been one of the passersby, what might have you done? Are p

4、eople willing to help strangers at all?,.,Prepare - Scenarios,Scenario 2 Watch the the following video and discuss with your partners:,What happened?,What do you know about “the bystander effect ” mentioned in the video?,.,Prepare - Scenarios,Scenario 3 You are participating in an international yout

5、h forum held in Beijing. The theme is about young peoples social responsibilities. Since the Yueyue incident is a much-discussed topic, you plan to give a presentation, explaining why people easily fall into the pit of “the bystander effect” and how they can escape from it. Structure Content Languag

6、e,.,Prepare - Identifying the gaps,Reviewing 2. Discuss why many people do not help in emergencies and how to encourage them to help; 3. Explain why humans are willing to help others, even strangers, for no reward.,.,Prepare - Learning objectives,Write an opinion post: Helping in emergencies,Upon co

7、mpletion of this unit, you will be required to:,.,iExplore 1,Kindness and Indifference,.,Explore 1 - Viewing,Watch a video clip and discuss the following questions.,Why did nobody come to help when noticing Peter lying on the ground for over 20 minutes? What are the two conflicting rules that may in

8、fluence bystanders decision on whether to help? Why did the woman not help Ruth at the beginning but later give her a hand?,.,Explore 1 - Viewing,Sample,Helping will be inconvenient or even risky. One is the rule “we ought to help.” The other is the rule “we ought to do what everybody else is doing.

9、” At the beginning, she conforms to the rule “We ought to do what everybody else is doing,” that is “Not to intervene, not to get involved.” But later, she finds a man is offering Ruth help, so she follows.,.,iExplore 1,Kindness and Indifference,.,Explore 1 - Reading,Why do people hesitate to help i

10、n emergencies? What is the bystander effect? Are there other possible reasons?,.,Explore 1 - Reading,.,Explore 1 - Reading,The bystander effect,The bystander effect,.,Explore 1 - Identifying and synthesizing information,1. According to the text, how do people react to different emergency situations?

11、 Read the first five paragraphs and complete the table.,Situations 1) a pleasant/sunny fall afternoon 2) a parking lot 3) strangers; 4) one 7) a couple; 8) one 10) a couple; 11) a few,Bystanders reactions 5) assistance; 6) 65 9) 19% 12) much less likely; 13) theyre alone,Conclusion 14) lowers the li

12、kelihood; 15) become involved,.,Explore 1 - Identifying and synthesizing information,Additional activity: Pair work,Please decide whether you would intervene in the situations described in the text and explain why or why not?,.,Explore 1 - Identifying and synthesizing information,2. Read Paras. 6-16

13、 and complete the following diagram to analyze the infamous case of the murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964.,.,Explore 1 - Identifying and synthesizing information,grabbed,screamed,went on,opened,stabbed,help,shouted,alarmed,went out,returned,stabbed,screamed,went on,opened,alarmed,drove off,struggled,

14、came,a third,died,called,.,The crime scene,Explore 1 - Identifying and synthesizing information,.,Additional information, for more information about this case.,Explore 1 - Identifying and synthesizing information,.,Try to retell the case with the help of the following words: The first attack: bar ma

15、nager, parking lot, notice, police call box, grab, scream, lights (on), stabbed, shrieked, shouted, alarmed The second attack: lights (out), returned, struggling, stabbed, screamed, lights (on), windows opened, drove off The third attack: returned, slumped on the floor, stabbed, fatally ,Additional

16、activity,Explore 1 - Identifying and synthesizing information,.,Explore 1 - Identifying and synthesizing information,3. What are the most important factors in understanding the reactions of bystanders to emergencies? Read Paras. 17-22 and check () the right explanations.,.,Explore 1 - Identifying an

17、d synthesizing information,4. What is the value of the research on the bystander effect? Read the last paragraph and discuss the following questions. Whats the importance of knowing the research findings on the bystander effect? What will you do if you witness an emergency with a group next time? Wh

18、y?,.,Explore 1 - Identifying and synthesizing information,2. Next time if Im faced with an emergency with a group, Ill take action. The principle of moral diffusion tells us that everybody is waiting for someone else to do something first. So if I take action, others may also help.,1. The more we kn

19、ow about how bystanders react to an emergency, the better the chances that we will take appropriate action when faced with one. For instance, knowing about moral diffusion makes it easier for us to escape it.,Sample,.,Explore 1 - Language Points,1. They fear possible danger to themselves or getting

20、caught up in a situation that could lead to complicated and time-consuming legal proceedings. (Para. 2, Sentence 3) get caught up in sth.: to become unexpectedly involved in an unpleasant or annoying situation 遭遇，陷入（困境） e.g. He got caught up in the clash between these two companies.,.,2. In more tha

21、n 50 studies involving many different conditions, one outcome has been consistent: Bystanders are much less likely to get involved when other witnesses are present than when they are alone. (Para. 4, Last sentence) witness: n. C someone who sees a crime or an accident and can describe what happened

22、见证人；目击者 e.g. Witnesses to the crash say they heard an explosion just before the disaster. v. T to see sth. happen, esp. a crime or accident, because you are present when it happens 目击，亲眼看见（尤指罪行或事故发生） e.g. Police are appealing to any driver who may witnessed the accident.,Explore 1 - Language Points,

23、.,3. In 1964 in the borough of Queens in New York City, Catherine “Kitty” Genovese, 28, was brutally murdered in a shocking crime that outraged the nation. (Para. 7) 1) brutally: ad. cruelly and violently 野蛮地；残暴地 e.g. Her real parents had been brutally murdered. 2) outrage: vt. to make someone extre

24、mely angry and shocked 使震怒；激怒 e.g. Many people have been outraged by some of the things that have been said.,Explore 1 - Language Points,.,4. He found her slumped on the floor at the foot of the stairs and stabbed her again, this time fatally. (Para.15, Sentence 2) slump: v. to fall or lean against

25、something because you are not strong enough to stand (因无力站立而) 倒下，倚，靠 e.g. She slumped into a chair on hearing the bad news.,Explore 1 - Language Points,.,5. Research conducted since the Genovese murder indicates that the failure of the bystanders to get involved cant be simply dismissed as a symptom

26、 of an uncaring society. (Para. 17, Sentence 1) dismiss: vt. to put off or away, especially from consideration (从头脑中)去除；不再考虑 e.g. He dismissed the story as a rumor. This sentence can be paraphrased like this: Research conducted after the occurrence of Genovese murder indicated that we cannot simply

27、regard the bystanders failure to get involved in emergencies as a sign of an indifferent society. The writer here implies that the bystander effect involves a complex set of psychological factors.,Explore 1 - Language Points,.,6. First is the level of ambiguity involved in the situation. (Para. 19,

28、Sentence 1) ambiguity: n. C, U the state of being unclear, confusing or not certain, or things that produce this effect 模棱两可；不明确（的事务）,Explore 1 - Language Points,e.g. A study found lack of work group support, role ambiguity and poor supervision were related with occupational stress.,.,7. Bystanders

29、are afraid to endanger themselves or look foolish if they take the wrong action in a situation they are not sure how to interpret. (Para. 19, Sentence 2) interpret: vt. to understand an action, situation, etc. in a particular way 理解 e.g. I interpreted his silence as a refusal. This sentence can be p

30、araphrased like this: Bystanders fear that they might put themselves in danger or make themselves look stupid if they act wrongly when they dont know how to understand a situation.,Explore 1 - Language Points,.,8. When a member of the group is able to escape the collective paralysis and take action,

31、 others in the group tend to act as well. (Para. 22, Sentence 4) 1) escape: v. to get away from a very unpleasant situation 摆脱 e.g. Many people in this country are still trying to escape poverty. 2) paralysis: n. U the state of being completely unable to operate normally or effectively 瘫痪状态；停顿 e.g.

32、The paralysis of the leadership leaves the army without its supreme command.,Explore 1 - Language Points,.,Explore 1 - Building your language,Words and expressions,1. criminal / medical; infamous; shocking; come across; observe; faced with.,2. take, acion; offer assistance; intervene in; was relucta

33、nt to get involved; be afraid to endanger themselves; fear getting caught up in.,.,Explore 1 - Building your language,Words and expressions,3. psychological factors; endanger himself; get involved in; take action; The nation was outraged by.; interpret an event.,.,Explore 1 - Preparing for the struc

34、ture,1 Analyze the structure of the following passage by filling in the blanks in the right column.,Describe the incident; Describe the bystanders reactions; Indicate the consequence.,.,Explore 1 - Preparing for the structure,2 Complete the following table with information from the passage.,Whats ha

35、ppening? in awe What should I do? Should I help? shocked I couldnt get myself into trouble or get hurt. terrified,.,Explore 1 - Preparing for the structure,Useful expressions,Describe the incident A man and woman are wrestling with each other. Attempting to fight the man off, she screams was brutall

36、y murdered in a shocking crime that outraged the nation. The crime began s desperate cries for help were heard. was surrounded by He shouted, “Leave me alone!” The assailant grabbed him and stabbed him.,.,Explore 1 - Preparing for the structure,Useful expressions,Describe the bystanders reaction The

37、 sight of the blood made me stop. What should I do? Should I help? But I was so shocked that my brain went blank. The thought of terrified me. I cant get myself into trouble or get hurt. I fear getting caught up in Im afraid to endanger myself. I dont want to get involved. I dont want to intervene i

38、n,.,Explore 1 - Preparing for the structure,Useful expressions,Indicate the consequence Not until did I realize I learned from (the newspaper) that I felt very regretful. I could have helped, but I didnt.,.,Explore 1 - Assignments,Unit Project Get familiar with the materials of iProduce, the assignm

39、ent will be checked next class in the form of class report about: what the unit project is about; what you have already prepared; what you still need to finish the project.,.,Explore 1 - Assignments,Suppose you were one of the witnesses to the Genovese case, write a 250-word account of the case from

40、 a bystanders perspective (i.e., in the tone of a bystander).,Sharing your ideas,Pay special attention to: Structure: Language: Try to use newly learned expressions.,Hand in your script next time.,Describe the incident; Describe the bystanders reactions; Indicate the consequence.,.,Explore 1 - Assig

41、nments,Sharing your ideas,Adopt a role from the following ones: Role 1: You are a mother of three. Your husband was not at home. You heard the scream. You were worried that the noise might wake your kids up. Role 2: You were sleeping tight with your husband. You heard the scream. Your husband wanted

42、 to do something. You didnt want him to get involved. Role 3: You are a girl and you live alone. The scream terrified you. Your mind went blank and you didnt do anything. Role 4: You and your wife thought it was a lovers quarrel. Role 5: You didnt know what really happened. Since the others didnt do

43、 anything, neither did you.,.,Explore 1 - Assignments,Peer interview Work in pairs and conduct a peer interview. You will take turns to interview each other: If you are faced with an emergency, what would you do？ The interview will be checked randomly next time. The following interview questions are

44、 for your reference. Would you intervene in criminal or medical emergencies if you come across one?,.,The following interview questions are for your reference. Would you offer any sort of assistance when you saw an old man collapsing in front of you? Do you fear possible danger to yourself when you

45、get involved in emergency situations? Do you fear getting caught up in legal proceedings when you intervene in an emergency? Are you more reluctant to get involved when other witnesses are present than when you are alone? Why?,Explore 1 - Assignments,Peer interview,.,Reviewing Review iExplore 1 to f

46、ind out: Why do people hesitate to help in emergencies? What is the bystander effect?,Explore1 - Assignments,.,iExplore 2,Kindness and Indifference,.,Explore 2 - Discussion,Read each of the following descriptions of experiments and judge which would be the observed result in each case. Give your exp

47、lanations. Sample Experiment 1: A I have observed kids behavior before. They always pick up dropped items. So I think the kids in this experiment might also pick up the dropped items, even though they are not asked to do so.,.,Explore 2 - Discussion,Read each of the following descriptions of experim

48、ents and judge which would be the observed result in each case. Give your explanations. Sample Experiment 2: B I have seen monkeys fighting with each other for food, so I dont think a chimpanzee will share the banana with others. Experiment 3: B Once in a safari park I found a mother monkey fed hers

49、elf more than she fed her baby. So it seems that animal mothers are not as unselfish as human mothers.,.,iExplore 2,Kindness and Indifference,.,Explore 2 - Reading,Whether helping strangers out of good will is in our human nature?,.,Explore 2 - Reading,.,Explore 2 - Reading,.,Explore 2 - Identifying

50、 and synthesizing information,1. How do humans differ from animals in giving help? Read the first three paragraphs and check () the true statements .,What experiments have shown: 1. Chimpanzees are reluctant to share food with non-relatives, but such selfishness does not exist between mothers and th

51、eir babies. 2. Animals may help each other, but the observations of helping are sporadic and open to alternative interpretations. 3. Eighteen-month-old children will help strangers spontaneously without being given a reward.,.,Explore 2 - Identifying and synthesizing information,1. How do humans dif

52、fer from animals in giving help? Read the first three paragraphs and check () the true statements .,How helping is shaped: 4. Domesticated animals may learn helping during their captivity as domestication changes their brains and behavior. 5. Rewarding children is an effective way to train them to h

53、elp others because children are inclined to be induced by obvious gain like candies. 6. Children are unlikely to be trained to help because it is in human nature.,.,Explore 2 - Identifying and synthesizing information,1. How do humans differ from animals in giving help? Read the first three paragrap

54、hs and check () the true statements .,What motivates helping: 7. Non-human primates appear to cooperate, and they think of helping as a selfless act. 8. Animals may work in collaboration, but their helping may not be a selfless act but a strategy to benefit themselves. 9. Humans help others out of g

55、ood will with neither immediate benefit nor future reward to themselves.,.,Explore 2 - Identifying and synthesizing information,2. Why do humans help others when there is no obvious payoff? Read Paras. 4-6 and complete the following diagram by filling in the blanks.,the goodness of hearts,warm glow,

56、pleasure centers,criticism from others,selfish peoples behavior,.,Explore 2 - Identifying and synthesizing information,3. How much do you know about the experiment conducted by Ernst Fehr and Simon Gchter with regard to peoples motives to help others? Read the last two paragraphs and complete the fo

57、llowing outline.,The research purpose 1) motives Participants 2) adults Procedures 3) tokens with money 4) kept 5) a collective pot 6) contribute 7) benefits,8) freeloaders 9) anonymously 10) who contribute what 11) the chance 12) contributed sufficiently 13) impose the fine Results 14) punish freel

58、oaders 15) came at a cost 16) changed 17) contribute more,.,Explore 2 - Language points,1. Animals can help other members of their own species, but the observations of helping in non-human primates are sporadic and open to alternative interpretations that divide the scientific community. (Para. 1, S

59、entence 7) 1) sporadic: a. (of similar things or occurrences) appearing or happening at irregular intervals in time 间断发生的； 零星的 e.g. The sound of sporadic shooting could still be heard. 2) interpretation: n. C, U an explanation of the meaning or importance of something 解释；阐释 e.g. The opposition Conservative Party put a different interpretation on the figures.,.,This sentence can be paraphrased like this: Animals can help other members of their own kind, but researchers have observed that helping in animals other