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1、1,Jin Jun-Ling Ph.D jinjl174化学专业英语 Special English for Chemistry,研究生复试专外(笔试、口试) 毕业论文英语文献阅读、翻译,Why do we learn Special English ?,研究生阶段学习与工作 英语文献检索、阅读、理解 英语报告的汇报、听说 英语讨论会、多媒体汇报 英语论文撰写、投稿、发表 GRE考试出国留学,Why do we learn Special English ?,4,教学内容: 大多数化学元素的名称; 无机化学、有机化学、分析化学、物理化学、以及高分子化学的基础词汇; 氧

2、化物、酸、碱、盐、烷、烯、炔、醇、酚、酮、羧酸、胺、醚、酯,以及聚合物的IUPAC命名方法以及部分俗名。 四大谱:紫外、红外、核磁、质谱的基本术语和表达方式。,5,学习目的: 通过本课程的学习,掌握化学专业词汇的形成规律、基本特点及构词方法,进而较轻松自如地掌握专业词汇、并做到译文准确通顺,符合汉语习惯。 基本词汇和基本的翻译写作技能 学时:32学时,6,考核方式: 以最终考试为主,占70%;平时占30% 教材: 化学专业英语,兰州大学出版社, 马永祥等主编 主要参考书目: 化学专业英语 北京师范大学出版社 应用化学专业英语 化学工业出版社 科技英语论文写作 西安交通大学出版社,7,推荐工具书

3、,英汉化学化工词汇,科学出版社,1991 汉英化学化工词汇,中国地质大学出版社,1992 英汉化学化工缩略语词典,化学工业出版社,2000.,科技英语翻译方法概论,科技英语要求其客观性、准确性及严密性,注意叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰、畅达,避免行文晦涩。科技英语力求平易和精确,避免使用旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的各种修饰词,以免使读者产生行文浮华,内容虚饰之感。,李商隐:“春蚕到死丝方尽” 科学翻译:Spring silkworm spins silk till its death. 文学翻译:Spring silkworm till its death spins silk from

4、lovesick heart.,例句:,1.词类转换多 在翻译过程中将英文中的某种词类译成汉语中的另一种词类,如名词动词,形容词动词,动词名词等等。,科技英语的特点,(一)语法特点(有四多),例如: The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.,无词类转换的译文: 机器的操作需要机器性能的知识。 正确译文: 操作机器需要懂得机器的性能。(n.v.),2. 被动语态多,这是因为科技人员最关心的是行为、活动、事实本身,至于谁做的,无关紧要。运用被动语态显得文章所描述的内容更客观,可减少一些主观印象,意思表达简

5、洁明了。 例如: Mathematics is used in many different fields. People use mathematics in many different fields.,3. 后置定语多,即位于其所修饰名词之后的定语。科技英语由于语言习惯与汉语的差异,还有为了强调所修饰的名词,都将定语后置,定语越长,越易后置。 例如: Besides, isomerization asmrazen processes may also take place which in turn leads to other fairly complicated reaction.

6、此外,还会发生异构化过程,从而相继导致其他复杂反应的发生。 (注:此句中which作关系代词,修饰process,同时process也做定语从句的主语。),4. 复杂长句多,科技文章要求叙述准确,推理严谨。为表达清楚,科技英语句子较长,需认真分析方能明确句子中各成分的关系,译成汉语时必须按照汉语习惯破译成若干个简单句。,(二)词汇特点,1. 词义专一 文学英语中,经常出现一词多义或一义多词的现象,科技英语中也不例外,但在表达同一个科学概念或含义时,一般采用单一词汇。 如: hexachlorocyclohexane 六氯环己烷 2. 科技词汇来源于希腊语和拉丁语 据统计,1万个普通英语词汇中,

7、约有46%源于拉丁语,7.2%来源于希腊语,专业性越强,比率就越高。,3. 广泛使用缩写词,并且缩写词的词义专 一,使用频率高。 4. 前后缀出现频率高 英语的构词法主要有:合成、转化和派生,其中派生法的核心是依靠添加前缀或后缀来构成新词,这就导致了前后缀使用频率高。,例如: bio- biochemistry(生物化学); biotechnology(生物科技); biocatalyst(生物催化); biodegradable(可生物降解的); bioengineering(生物工程), etc. chemi(o)- chemisorb 化学吸收; chemiluminescence 化学

8、发光; chemoceptor 化学受体,化学感应器; chemolysiskemlsis 化学分析,(三)科技英语在修饰上的特点,1. 时态应用有限 叙述过去的研究常用过去时(与现在不发生联系),也用现在完成时(与现在有直接联系,并对目前有重要的影响);讨论推导的理论及结果用将来时;论述理论部分用现在时。,2. 描述科学的语言注重事实和逻辑,所以往往是以图表、公式、数字来表达科学概念,使用文学上的修饰手法于科技作品,将会弄巧成拙,破坏科学的严肃性。,3. 逻辑语法词使用普遍 表原因的词:because of, due to, owing to 表转折的词:but, however, neve

9、rtheless, yet 表示逻辑顺序连接的词:so, thus, therefore, moreover, in addition to,furthermore 表限制的词:if only, except, besides, unless 表假设的词:suppose, assuming, provided,科技英语翻译标准,科技英语的翻译标准有三条:信,达,专业术语正确。要求译者必须准确理解和掌握原著的内容,决不能主观发挥译者个人的想法和推测。译者在确切理解原著的基础上,又必须很好地运用本语言把原文通顺、流畅地表达出来。,例如:,The moment the circuit is comp

10、leted, a current will start flowing toward the coil. 电路被完成这一刻,一个电流将开始流向这个线圈。(误译) 电路一接通,电流就开始流向线圈。 (注:要注意对整个句子或语言环境的理解,而不能逐字逐句地翻译。),Heat-treatment is used to normalize, to soften or to harden steels. 热处理被用来使钢正常化,软化或硬化。(误译) 热处理可用来对钢正火、退火或淬火。,25,第一课 元素和元素周期表,26,The elements of group IIA are known as th

11、e alkaline earth metals. Their characteric ionic charge is 2+. These metals, particularly the last two members of the group, are almost as reactive as the alkali metals. The group IIB elementszinc, cadmium, and, mercury are less reactive than those of group IIA, but are more reactive than the neighb

12、oring elements of group IB. The characteric charge on their ions is also 2+.,27,IIA元素被称为碱土金属,其特征离子电荷是+2。这些金属几乎具有和碱金属一样的反应活性,尤其是最后两个元素。IIB族元素锌、镉、汞,其反应活性比IIA族弱,但是比相邻的IB族元素更强。IIB族元素离子的特征电荷也是+2。,28,With the exception of boron, group IIIA elements are also fairly reactive metals. Aluminum appears to be i

13、nert toward reaction with air, but this behavior stems from the fact that the metal forms a thin, invisible film of aluminum oxide on the surface, which protects the bulk of the metal from further oxidation. The metals of group IIIA form ions of 3+ charge. Group IIIB consists of the metals scandium(

14、钪), yttrium(钇), lanthanum(镧系), and actinium(锕系).,29,除了硼元素,IIIA族元素也是反应性相当强的金属。在空气中铝似乎是惰性的,但这是因为金属的表面形成了一层薄而看不见的氧化铝薄膜,这层膜保护了里面的金属进一步被氧化。IIIA金属可形成+3的离子。IIIB族包括金属钪、钇、以及镧系和锕系金属。,30,Group IVA consists of a nonmetal, carbon, two metalloids, silicon and germanium, and two metals, tin(锡) and lead(铅). Each of

15、 these elements forms some compounds with formulas which indicate that four atoms are present per group IVA atom, as, for example, carbon tetrachloride, CCl4. The group IVB metalstitanium(钛), zirconium(锆), and hafnium(铪)also forms compounds in which each group IVB atom is combined with four other at

16、oms; these compounds are nonelectrolytes when pure.,31,IVA族元素包含一个非金属碳,两个准金属硅和锗,以及两个金属锡和铅。这些元素形成化合物呈现一定的规律性,每一个IVA族元素可与其他四个原子配位,例如,四氯化碳。IVB族金属,钛、锆 和铪,形成化合物时每个原子也连接四个其他原子。这些化合物都是非电解质。,32,The elements of group IVA include three nonmetalsnitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic (砷)and two metals antimony(锑) an

17、d bismuth (铋). Although compounds with formulas N2O5, PCl5, and AsCl5 exist, none of them is ionic. These elements do form compounds nitrides, phosphides, and arsenides(砷化物) in which ions having charges of minus three occur. The elements of group VB are all metals. These elements form such a variety

18、 of different compounds that their characteristics are not easily generalized.,33,VA族元素包括三个非金属氮磷砷,两个金属元素锑和铋。尽管存在N2O5, PCl5, AsCl5 ,但它们都不是离子。这些元素能形成氮化物、磷化物、和砷化物,其中离子也带-3电荷。VB族元素都是金属,这些元素可形成各式各样的化合物,且它们的特征不容易归纳。,34,With the exception of polonium, the elements of group VIA are typical nonmetals. They a

19、re sometimes known, as the, chalcogens, from the Greek word meaning “ash formers”. In their binary compounds with metals they exists as ions having a charge of 2-. The elements of group VIIA are all nonmetals and are known as halogens, from the Greek term meaning “salt formers”. They are the most re

20、active nonmetals and are capable of reacting with practically all the metals and with most nonmetals, including each other.,35,除了钋元素,VIA主族是典型的非金属,它们是众所周知的硫族元素,这名字来自于希腊字母,意为“灰的创造者”。在它们与金属形成的二元化合物中,离子带-2的电荷。VII族元素都是非金属,被称为卤素,来源于希腊语,意为“盐的创造者”。它们是反应活性最强的非金属,实际上能与所有的金属和大多数的非金属反应,包括卤族彼此之间的反应。,36,The eleme

21、nts of group VIB, VIIB, and VIIIB are all metals. They form such a wide variety of compounds that it is not practical at this point to present any examples as being typical of behavior of the respective groups.,37,VIB, VIIB, 和VIIIB族元素都是金属,它们可形成各种各样的化合物,在这一点上我们甚至不能举出任何能表现各族元素典型变化的例子。,38,The periodici

22、ty of chemical behavior is illustrated by the fact that, excluding the first period, each period begins with a vary reactive metal. Successive element along the period show decreasing metallic character, eventually becoming nonmetals, and finally, in group VIIA, a very reactive nonmetal is found. Ea

23、ch period ends with a member of the noble gas family.,39,除了第一周期,化学行为的周期性可表示为,每个周期以一个非常活泼的金属开始,沿着周期,元素显示出逐渐减少的金属性,最终成为非金属,最后在VIIA族,可发现一个很活泼的非金属元素。每一个周期的结尾是一个稀有气体元素。,40,第二课 非金属元素,41,前缀和后缀,42,co- 一起;共;同 covalent 共有原子价的;共价的 covalent bond 共价键; ionic bond 离子键; copolymer 共聚物 coproduct 联产物;副产物 inter- 相互;之间;

24、中间 interaction 相互影响;互动 intermolecular 分子间的; intramolecular 分子内的 interface 界面,43,micro- 微,显微 microcrystal 微晶 microanalysis 微量分析 microscope 显微镜 microwave 微波, 微波炉 -hedral 面体的 tetrahedral 有四面的,四面体的 hexahedral 有六面的,六面体的 octahedral 有八面的,八面体的 polyheral 多面的,多面体的,44,We noted earlier that nonmetals exhibit pr

25、operties that are greatly different from those of the metals. As a rule, the nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity (graphitic carbon is an exception) and heat; they are brittle, are often intensely colored, and show an unusually wide range of melting and boiling points. Their molecular struct

26、ures, ususlly involving ordinary covalent bonds, vary from the simple diatomic molecules of H2, Cl2, I2 and N2 to the giant molecules of diamond, silicon and boron.,45,The nonmetals that are gases at room temperature are low-molecular weight diatomic molecules and the noble gases that exert very sma

27、ll intermolecular forces. As the molecular weight increases, we encounter a liquid (Br2) and a solid (I2) whose vapor pressures also indicate small intermolecular forces. Certain properties of a few nonmetals as listed in Table 2.,46,Simple diatomic molecules are not formed by the behavior of Group

28、V and VI at ordinary conditions. This is in direct contrast to the first members of these groups, N2 and O2. 通常状况下,V和VI族的重元素不能形成简单的双原子分子。这与N2和 O2,这两族的第一个元素截然相反。,47,The difference arises because of the lower stability of bonds formed from p orbitals of the third and higher main energy levels as oppos

29、ed to the second main energy level. 这种差别的根源在于键的组成与第二能级相反,是由第三和更高能级的p轨道形成,导致键稳定性低。,48,The larger atomic radii and more dense electron clouds of p orbitals necessary for a strong bond. This is a general phenomenon strong bonds are formed only between elements of the second period. 第三和更高周期的元素具有更大的原子半径和

30、更密的电子云,不利于p轨道很好地平行重叠,这是形成一个强键所必需的。这是一个普遍现象强键仅仅在第二周期元素之间形成。,49,Thus, elemental nitrogen and oxygen form stable molecules with both and bonds, but other members of their groups form more stable structures based on bonds only at ordinary conditions. 因此,氮和氧元素形成了具有和键的稳定分子,但是在通常状况下,这两族的其他元素可以形成仅基于键的更稳定的结构

31、。,50,Note that Group VII elements form diatomic molecules, but bonds are not required for saturation of valence. 需要注意的是第VII族元素形成了双原子分子,但是键不需要用于价态的饱和。,51,化合物的英文命名,Nomenclature of compounds,n()meklt; nmn,klet,52,一 无机化合物的命名 (Inorganic compounds),“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“free element”

32、。因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。,1 元素与单质的命名,53,S-block Element,IA H Hydrogenhadrd()n Li Lithiumlm Na Sodiumsdm K Potassiumptsm Rb Rubidiumrbdm Cs Cesiumsizm Fr Franciumfrnsm,IIA Be Berylliumbrlm Mg Magnesiummgnizm Ca Calciumklsm Sr Strontiumstrntm; strn()m Ba Bariumberm Ra Radiumredm,

33、54,P-block Element,IIIA B Boron brn Al Aluminium l(j)mnm Ga Gallium glm In Indium ndm Tl Thallium lm,55,IVA VA C Carbonkb()n N Nitrogennatrd()n Si Siliconslk()n P Phosphorusfsf()rs Ge Germaniumdmenm As Arsenics()nk Sn Tintn Sb Antimonyntmoun Pb Leadlid Bi Bismuthbzm,P-block Element,56,VIA VIIA O Oxy

34、genksd()n F Fluorineflrin S Sulfurslf Cl Chlorineklrin Se Seleniumslinm Br Brominebrmin Te Telluriumteljrm I Iodineadin Po Poloniumplonm At Astatinesttin,P-block Element,57,0 He Helium hilm Ne Neon nin Ar Argon gn Kr Krypton krptn Xe Xenon zenn Rn Radon redn,P-block Element,58,Common Transition Elem

35、emt,Fe : iron an Mn : manganese mgniz Cu: copper kp Zn: zinc zk Hg: mercury mkjri Ag: silver slv Au: gold gld,59,2 化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀 (1)mono-, (2)di-, (3)tri-, (4)tetra, (5)penta- (6)hexa-, (7)hepta-, (8)octa-, (9)nona-, (10)deca-, 但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,60,Naming

36、 metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts,1. Single valence ions Cations name = Element for example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium,61,2. Multivalence ions,Cations name = Element(N) For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous fers Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II

37、) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II),62,对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用后缀来表示以外,更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价, -ic表示高价。 如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxidefers ksad Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide 或 ferric oxideferk Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxidekjuprs CuO: copper(II) oxide 或 cupric oxidekjupr

38、k,63,Naming nonmetal ions (anions),1. Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride klrad O2- Oxide Br- Bromide brmad OH- Hydroxidehadraksad I- Iodide adad CN- Cyanide sanad S2- Sulfide slfad H- Hydride hadrad,64,2. Polyatomic oxyanions,(1). Acid radicals for normal sal

39、t (正酸根 -ate ) Anions name = Central Elements root -ate for example: ClO3- Chlorate klret IO3- Iodate adet PO43- Phosphate fsfet NO3- Nitrate natret SO42- Sulfate slfet CO32- Carbonate kbnet,65,(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Central elements root -ite for example: ClO2- C

40、hlorite klrat IO2- Iodite adat PO33- Phosphite fsfat NO2- Nitrite natrat SO32- Sulfite slfat,66,(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite ,hapklrat IO- Hypoiodite hapadat PO23- Hypophosphite ,hapfsfat,67,(4). Acid radi

41、cals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate ),Anions name = Per-central Elements root -ate for example: ClO4- Perchlorate pklret IO4- Periodate pradet MnO4- Permanganate pmgnt; -et,68,Naming compounds,1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxide for example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxid

42、e (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide tetrksad Na2O2 Sodium peroxide prksad,69,2. Nonmetal oxide,Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide traksad N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide traiksaid P2O5 Diphosphoru

43、s pentoxide pentksad N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide tetrksad (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide,70,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。 (1)对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。 举例: HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr h

44、ydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide selin(a)id H2Te hydrogen telluride teljrad,71,(2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀-ane,氮族还可加-ine 举例: PH3: phosphine fsfin或phosphane AsH3: arsine sin或arsane SbH3: stibine stibi:n; -bin或stibane BiH3: bismuthane bzmen CH4: methane

45、 mien; meen SiH4: silane salen B2H6: diborane daib:rein,非金属氢化物,72,3. Bases,Base = Metal cation + hydroxide hadrksad for example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide,73,4. 盐(Salts),(1). 正盐(Normal salt) :根据化学式

46、从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 Normal salt = Cation + anion for example: HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate pmgnt; -et,74,(2) 酸式盐:(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做hydrogen,氢原子

47、的个数用前缀表示。 Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 习惯命名也常用“bi+阴离子”表示酸式盐 Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogen carbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate,75,(3). 碱式盐(Basic salts),Basic

48、salt = Cation + hydroxy-anion for example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate Ca(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,76,(4). 复盐(Mixed salts):同正盐的读法。,Mixed salt = Cation + cation + anion for example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfite CaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium pho

49、sphate AgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate KNaCO3: Potassuim sodium carbonate NaNH4HPO4: Sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,77,非水化合物名称 + 表示结晶水个数的希腊数字前缀 + hydrate,常用数字前缀 : mono-; 2. bi-; 3. tri-; 4. tetra-; 5. penta-; 6. hex(a)- ( sex(a)-); 7. hept(a)- (sept(a)-); 8. oct(

50、a)-;9. non(a)-; 10. dec(a)- 例:AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate ,hekshadret,(5) 水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrate,78,CuSO45H2O: AlK(SO4)212H2O:,Copper(II)sulfate pentahydrate Aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water,79,无氧酸,命名规则:hydro-词根-ic acid 举例: HCl: hydrochloric acid ,hadrklo

51、rk H2S : hydrosulfuric acid,80,5. Acids 正酸:Acid = Central elements root -ic + acid,for example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid kbnk H2SO4 Sulfuric acid slfjrk H3PO4 Phosphoric acid fsfrk HNO3 Nitric acid natrk HClO4 Perchloric acid pkl:rik HCl Hydrochloric acid ,hadrklork,81,(2). 亚酸: Acid = Central elements ro

52、ot -ous + acid for example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid slfrs H3PO3 Phosphorous acid fsf()rs HNO2 Nitrous acid natrs HClO Hypochlorous acid ,haipukl:rs HClO2 Chlorous acid klrs,82,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。 高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous 高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 a

53、te 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite 其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代 举例: HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous aci

54、d HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion,83,命名时先命名阳离子部分,最后命名阴离子部分,阴离子配体以字母顺序列出,中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。 KBF4 potassium tetrafluoroborate(III) K4Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3 Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,络合物的命名(Naming coordination complex),84,Naming coordination complex,1. Ligands (1). Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Elements root -o for example: CN- Cyano sano NO2- Nitro natr F- Fluoro flr NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO32- Carbonato Br- Bromo brumu CH3CO

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