心文化与心理学(综合)

1、心文化与心理学,兼谈21世纪东西方文化的交融 彭鹏,Heart Culture and Psychology,Also on the 21st Century Blend of Eastern and Western Cultures Pengpeng,3,摘要与关键词,摘要：“心”作为中国文化的基本范畴之一，其主要内涵是指人的内在精神世界。在中国文化的视野中，人的内心世界可分为道心（或心灵）和人心（或心理）两个基本的层面。东方心文化总体上侧重于道心层面，并通过“内求于心”的直觉内省式心法达到“以心合道”、“天人合一”的境界，实现内在超越和工夫、本体与境界的圆融贯通，成就某种神圣人格，从而形成

2、了一种内心体验式形而上学思想体系；西方主流心理学侧重于心理层面，并试图通过科学实证研究达到对心理现象的客观真实了解。心理学的科学情结给其自身带来了学科体系分裂等消极后果，从而助推了人本主义心理学、超个人心理学、荣格的分析心理学等人文心理学的兴盛，并在客观上促进了心文化与心理学的沟通与融合。 关键词：心 人心 道心 心文化 心理学,4,Abstract and Key Words,Abstract: Heart, as one of the fundamental Category of Chinese culture, its main connotation refers to a pers

3、ons inner spiritual world. In the vision of Chinese culture, a persons inner spiritual world can be divided into two basic levels, including Tao heart (or heart, soul) and human heart (or psychology, mentality). The Oriental heart culture overall focuses on the Tao heart level, and through the intui

4、tive introspective heart practice of explore within the heart to achieve the realm of Cultivating Heart Hop Tao Heaven and Man Integration , achieve inner transcending, harmonically linking ontology with skill and realm , make a sacred character, thus form a kind of experience metaphysical systems o

5、f thought.,5,Abstract: Western mainstream psychology focuses on human heart level, and tries to reach an objective understanding of the psychological phenomena through scientific empirical studies . The science complex of psychology brought about the negative consequences of division for its own dis

6、ciplinary system, thereby boosting the humanistic psychology, transpersonal psychology, Jungs analytical psychology and other humanistic schools of psychology, and objectively promoted the communication and integration of the heart culture and psychology. key words :Heart, Human Heart, Tao Heart, He

7、art Culture, Psychology,Abstract and Key Words,6,摘要与关键词,7,Abstract and Key Words,8,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,“心”的内涵 在中国文化中，“心”作为人独有的灵明觉性，泛指人的思维、思想、意识、情感、欲望以及灵魂、人性等精神心理现象的总和。 “人心”与“道心”的由来 根据尚书中“十六字心传”与荀子的有关论述将“心”分为“道心”（心灵）与“人心”（心理）两个层面。,人心惟危 道心惟微 惟精惟一 允执厥中,“故道经曰：人心之危，道心之微，危微之几，唯明君子而后能知之。” 荀子,9, Tao Heart and

8、 Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Culture,The meaning of heart In Chinese culture, heart as a persons unique spiritual awareness, make a general reference to all kinds of mental phenomena such as thinking, thoughts, consciousness, feelings, desires, soul, spirit etc. The origin of “huma

9、n heart” and “Tao heart” According to the “Sixteen-Character Heart Printing ” in “Book of History” and “Xunzi”.,人心惟危 道心惟微 惟精惟一 允执厥中,“故道经曰：人心之危，道心之微，危微之几，唯明君子而后能知之。” 荀子,10,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,“道心”的内涵与特点 与天道、天理相通之心，是人的先验本性，因此也被称为性、心神、本心、元神、自性等。道心就是天道在人身上的贯注和内化，是清净、真实、完整和静定的，是得道成圣的象征。,道，不远而难极也，与人并处而难得也。虚

10、其欲，神将入舍；扫除不洁，神乃留处。” 管子,以其知得其心， 以其心得其常心,11,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Culture,The connotation and features of Tao heart The Tao heart is a heart interlinked with Heaven and Tao, a prior human nature, its also known as the human nature, soul, self-conscious heart, h

11、eart of heaven, spirit body, Primal Spirit and so on. Tao heart is Tao absorbed and internalized in the human body, it is pure, true, complete and statically determinate, and a symbol of enlightenment and sanctification.,庄子,以其知得其心， 以其心得其常心,道，不远而难极也，与人并处而难得也。虚其欲，神将入舍；扫除不洁，神乃留处。” 管子,12,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与

12、方法,“人心”的内涵与特点 “人心”是指人的觉知与欲望之心，是思虑、分析判断、情欲取舍等心理活动的主体。道心作为后天社会化的产物，是外在、肤浅、分裂和有染的，亦被称为机心、成心、分别心、识神、小我等。,心以藏心，心之中又有心焉。彼心之心，音（意）以先言。 管子,13,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Culture,The connotation and features of human heart The human heart refers to peoples awareness, desire

13、s, judgments, lust and other mental activities. As a product of socialization, the human heart is external, superficial, split and polluted, and also known as calculating heart, Conscious Spirit, mental heart, Small Ego and so on.,心以藏心，心之中又有心焉。彼心之心，音（意）以先言。 管子,14,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,“道心”与人心的关系 道心与人心是体

14、与用、本与末的关系。人心源于道心并最终返还于道心。,15,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Cultural,The relationship between Tao heart and human heart The relationship between Tao heart and human heart is a relationship between ontology and the function. The human heart is from Tao heart and eventu

15、ally returns to Tao heart.,体,用,16,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,“道心”与人心的关系 类似于现代心理学所讲的心灵和心理。心理是较为外在的意识和个体潜意识，涉及生理与刺激，属于科学的范畴；心灵则是内在的精神，涉及人性的本质、人的来源与归宿、人的超越性等方面的内容，属于人文范畴。 东方心文化侧重于道心及其直觉体验，从而形成体验的形而上学；西方心理学侧重于心理及其实证研究，从而形成科学的理论体系。,17,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Culture,The rela

16、tionship between Tao heart and human heart They are similar to the soul and mentality stressed in modern psychology. Mentality is the external consciousness and individual unconsciousness, involving physiology and stimulus, belonging to the scope of science; soul is the inner spirit, involving the e

17、ssence of human nature ,humans origin and ultimate destination, human transcendence and other aspects, belonging to humanity. The heart culture focuses on the Tao heart by introspect to form an experience metaphysics; Western psychology focuses on the human heart by empirical research to form a scie

18、ntific theoretical system.,18,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,心文化之心法 心法的本质：通过一系列可操作性的心性修炼方法以达到修心合道、 “天人合一”的目的。其要点是通过虚、静、诚、专注等心智训练工夫实现从“人心”返还“道心”或“心死神活”。,致虚极，守静笃。 虚其心，实其腹， 弱其志，强其骨。 居善地，心善渊。 夫惟不争，故无忧。,19,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Culture,Heart methods in the heart culture The es

19、sence of heart methods: through a series of operational mental training methods to achieve the objective of “Cultivating Heart Top Tao and Heaven and Man Integration . The key points are to return Tao Heart from human heart or “Consciousness Dies and Spirit Lives by the mental training of non-action

20、, contemplation-emptiness, meditation, standstill, sincerity, concentration ,listening and looking inward and other methods.,致虚极，守静笃。 虚其心，实其腹， 弱其志，强其骨。 居善地，心善渊。 夫惟不争，故无忧。,20,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,心文化之心法 儒家心法（孟子）：尽心知性、求其放心、寡欲养心、诚意正心。,21,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Cultu

21、re,Heart methods in the heart culture Confucian heart methods (Mencius): wholeheartedly to understand the human nature, seeking the forgone heart, molding the heart by restraining desires, uplift ones spirits by sincerity.,孟子,养心莫善于寡欲。 万物皆备于我矣。反身而诚，乐莫大焉。 学问之道无他，求其放心而己矣。 尽其心者，知其性也。知其性，则知天矣。存其心，养其性，所以事

22、天也。,22,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,心文化之心法 道家心法（老庄）：无为、致虚、守静、俭啬含藏、心斋、坐忘、吾丧我。,23,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Culture,Heart methods in the heart culture Taoism heart methods (Laozi and Zhuangzi): non-action, utmost empty, fixating contemplation, heart fasting, sitting oblivion

23、,self-lost.,庄子,若一志，无听之以耳而听之以心，无听之以心而听之以气！听止于耳，心止于符。气也者，虚而待物者也。唯道集虚。虚者，心斋也。 瞻彼阕者，虚室生白，吉祥止止。夫且不止，是之谓坐驰。夫徇耳目内通而外于心知，鬼神将来舍，而况于人乎。 堕肢体，黜聪明，离形去知，同于大通，此谓坐忘。,24,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,心文化之心法 禅宗心法（慧能）：明心见性、顿悟、“三无”（无相、无念、无住）、禅定、不离世间觉。,慧能,但用此心，直了成佛。 若识自本心，见自本性，即名丈夫、天人师、佛。 前念迷即凡夫，后念悟即佛。 我此法门，从上以来，先立无念为宗，无相为体，无住为本。 外

24、离相曰禅，内不乱曰定。,25,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Culture,Heart methods in the heart culture Zen Buddhism heart methods (Huineng): understand the heart and insight into the true self, satori , “Three Noes (no idea, no image , no persistence ).,26,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,小结：心文化是

25、中国传统文化最核心的组成部分。如果我们仅从概念和认知的角度去理解中国哲学中的天道、“天人合一”等命题，我们得到的仅是一种思辨的形而上学；而当我们将其作为一种体验而加以心证时，我们将开启一座精神的殿堂，获得一种体验的形而上学和超越的心文化。事实上，中国哲学中的形上范畴，如道、天、命、性等，与其说是思辨的理论还不如说是工夫的境界。走进中国心文化不仅需要“思”，更需要“悟”。,27,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Culture,Summary: Heart culture is the core of t

26、he traditional Chinese culture. If we understand Tao, Heaven and Man Integration and other propositions in Chinese philosophy only from the perspective of the concept and cognition, we get only a speculative metaphysics; and when we see it as an experience and comprehend it with confirmatory introsp

27、ection, we will open a palace of spirit, access to an experience metaphysics and the heart culture. In fact, the metaphysical issues of Chinese philosophy, such as Tao, Heavens, Life, human nature and so on, are actually the result of self-cultivation and practice realm rather than the result of thi

28、nking. Walking into the heart culture not only needs thinking but also enlightenment.,28,一、人心与道心：心文化的内涵与方法,道,29,1. Tao Heart and Human Heart: the Meaning and Methods of Heart Culture,the Tao,30,二、人文与科学：心理学的流变及其趋势,哲学心理学时期的心理学 心理学的原始含义：研究“灵魂”（psyche，soul）的学问。 西方古典哲学中的心灵智慧及其与东方心文化的相似性。 心理学与哲学的分离。,幸福来源于

29、灵魂的和谐柏拉图,认识你自己。 未经反省的生活是不值得过的。 苏格拉底,31,2. Humanity and Science: the Evolution and Trends of Psychology,Psychology in philosophical stage The original meaning of psychology: learning of studying the soul (psyche). The mental wisdom of western classical philosophy and its similarities to the oriental

30、heart culture. The separation of psychology from philosophy.,Plato,Happiness springs from inward qualities in the soul, that is “psychic harmony.”,Know yourself The unexamined life is not worth living.,Socrates,32,二、人文与科学：心理学的流变及其趋势,科学心理学的流变与困境 结构主义心理学及其科学原则的确立。 行为主义心理学（第一势力）和弗洛伊德精神分析理论（第二势力）及心理学的科学

31、情结。,冯特,华生,弗洛伊德,33,2. Humanity and Science: the Evolution and Trends of Psychology,The evolution and dilemma of scientific psychology The establishment of structuralism psychology and its scientific principles. Behaviorism psychology (the first force) and Freuds psychoanalytic theory (the second forc

32、e) and the science complex of them.,Wilhelm Wundt,Watson John,Freud Sigmund,34,二、人文与科学：心理学的流变及其趋势,科学心理学的流变与困境 心理学科学化及其困境：心理学的分裂；研究主题的肤浅化和琐碎化；与现实生活的脱节。 人文与科学：心理学的双重性质。,35,2. Humanity and Science: the Evolution and Trends of Psychology,The evolution and dilemma of scientific psychology The dilemma of

33、scientific psychology: the division of psychology; the superficiality and triviality of its research topics; detached from real life. Humanity and science: the dual nature of psychology.,36,二、人文与科学：心理学的流变及其趋势,心理学的人文转向 人本主义心理学（第三势力）及其对科学心理学的超越与心理学的人文革命。 超个人心理学（第四势力）向传统心灵哲学的回归及其对东方心文化的吸纳。,马斯洛,罗杰斯,维尔伯,

34、葛罗夫,37,2. Humanity and Science: the Evolution and Trends of Psychology,The humanistic transformation of psychology The transcendence of humanistic psychology (third force) from scientific psychology and the cultural shift of psychology The creation of humanistic psychology. Humanistic psychologys ba

35、sic point of view. Humanistic psychologys criticism and transcendence of scientific psychology.,Abraham Maslow,Carl Rogers,38,2. Humanity and Science: the Evolution and Trends of Psychology,The returning of transpersonal Psychology (the fourth force) to traditional philosophy of mind and its absorpt

36、ion of the oriental heart culture The creation of transpersonal psychology. The basic viewpoint of transpersonal psychology. The oriental cultural background of transpersonal psychology .,Ken Wilber,Stanislav Grof,39,二、人文与科学：心理学的流变及其趋势,小结：心理学作为研究人性的一门学科，具有人文与科学的双重性质。因为人的存在除了生理和心理两个层面（属于科学研究领域）以外，还有心

37、灵（或道心、精神）的层面（属于人文研究领域），而后者则是主导性的。心灵或道心是智慧和人性超越之源，也是人和宇宙万物相通与合一的根据。正是这个共同的认识基础引导现代心理学与东方心文化不期而遇。,40,Summary: Psychology as a discipline studying human, has the dual nature of humanity and science. Because apart from the two dimensions of physiology and psychology (belonging to the field of scientific

38、 research), humans existence has also a soul (or the Tao heart, spirit) dimension (belonging to the field of humanities research), while the latter is dominant. Soul or the Tao heart is not only the source of wisdom and humanity transcending, but also the basis of the syncretism of human and all thi

39、ngs in the universe . It is this common understanding that guides modern psychology to meet oriental heart culture .,2. Humanity and Science: the Evolution and Trends of Psychology,41,二、人文与科学：心理学的流变及其趋势,42,2. Humanity and Science: the Evolution and Trends of Psychology,43,三、东方与西方：从荣格心理学看心文化与心理学的交融,荣

40、格及其分析心理学 心理学家卡尔荣格（C.G.Jung）：深受东方文化影响的现代心理学家之一。荣格一生钟爱东方文化，对中国的道家道教、易学、印度佛教、藏传佛教、禅宗等有着深入的研究和独到的见解，并将其融入到自己的心理学理论与实践之中。 分析心理学：荣格所创立，是典型的心理学与心文化的“混血儿”，它不但给当代心理学注入了新鲜血液，也为东西方文化的沟通架设起新的桥梁。,44,3.East and West: The Blend of Heart Culture and Psychology From the Perspective of Jungian Psychology,Jung and his

41、 analytical psychology Carl G. Jung is one of the modern psychologists influenced deeply by the oriental culture. Jung love oriental culture throughout his life, and has in-depth research in Taoism in China, Indian Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, The Book of Changes etc. Jung integrated the oriental cul

42、ture into his psychological theory and practice. Analytical Psychology: founded by Carl Jung, a typical mixed blood of psychology and heart culture, which not only injected fresh blood into contemporary psychology, but also established a new bridge for the communication between the eastern and weste

43、rn cultures.,45,三、东方与西方：从荣格心理学看心文化与心理学的交融,荣格心理学与心文化 集体无意识与“道心”。 意识（理性）、个体无意识与“人心”。 自性原型、个性化与“道”。 荣格对道教经典太乙金华宗旨的心理学解读。,卡尔荣格,金 花 之 秘,46,Jung and his analytical psychology Jungian Psychology and Heart Culture Collective unconsciousness and the Tao Heart. Consciousness (reason), individual unconsciousne

44、ss and the human heart. Jungs psychological interpretation of Taoist classic Tai I chin Huan Tsung chih. (Secret of the Golden Flower),Carl.G.Jung,Secret of the Golden Flower,3.East and West: The Blend of Heart Culture and Psychology From the Perspective of Jungian Psychology,47,三、东方与西方：从荣格心理学看心文化与心

45、理学的交融,荣格心理学带来的思考与启示 包括中国文化在内的东方文化中到底有没有心理学，换言之，西方心理学是不是唯一的心理学模式 ？心理学研究的本土化问题。 东西方文化及其心理学思想的沟通与融合问题。 现代社会日益严重的精神心理问题的成因和对策。,48,Thinking and inspiration brought about by Jungian Psychology Whether there is some kind of psychology in the oriental culture including Chinese culture, in other words, wheth

46、er western psychology is the only pattern of psychology? Localization of psychology. The communication and integration of east-west culture and the corresponding psychological thoughts. Origin and strategies of the increasingly serious psychological problems of modern world.,3.East and West: The Ble

47、nd of Heart Culture and Psychology From the Perspective of Jungian Psychology,49,Thinking and inspiration brought about by Jungian Psychology One of the most serious problems the west faces today is the repressed and distorted unconscious mind caused by the expansion of consciousness (rationality).

48、At present the emergence of many psychological problems, such as mental anxiety, are substantially deeper spiritual issues, which need spiritual treatment or philosophy treatment, and the inner wisdom and heart methods included in the heart culture are particular worth learning. In fact, spiritualit

49、y, meditation, yoga, potential development movement and other activities that are popular in western society in recent years, are caused by this.,3.East and West: The Blend of Heart Culture and Psychology From the Perspective of Jungian Psychology,50,三、东方与西方：从荣格心理学看心文化与心理学的交融,小结：荣格心理学表明，中国和东方传统文化有着一种有别于西方的“心理学”或心文化，西方心理学可以向东方心文化借鉴很多东西，东方国家也应注重心理学的本土化研究。尽管人类的文化与生活方式在表面上纷繁多样，但在心灵深处却是相通的。当代社会日益严重的神经症等心理疾病，从表面上看是心理问题，实质上则与更深层次的心灵问题有关。对待它们必须深入心灵进行“心灵治疗”或“哲学治疗”，这就要求提升心理学方法的文化内涵，东方文化所包含的心灵智慧和修炼方法尤其值得借鉴。近年来，灵修、冥想、瑜伽等活动在西方社会的流行即直接受