化学化工专业基础知识有机化合物的命名

1、1,第三讲有机化合物的命名NomenclatureofOrganicChemistry,SpecilaizedEnglishforChemistryandEngineering,2,2020/7/4,IUPACSystem,BeginningwithameetinginGenevain1892,aninternationalsystemfornamingcompoundswasdeveloped.Initspresentform,thesystemrecommendedbytheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistryissystematic,ge

2、nerallyunambiguous,andinternationallyaccepted.ItiscalledtheIUPACSystem.,Genevadini:v日内瓦IUPAC国际纯粹与应用化学联合会,3,2020/7/4,Thefieldoforganicchemistryisvast,foritincludesnotonlythecompositionofalllivingorganismsbutalsoofagreatmanyothermaterialsthatweusedaily.Itisphysicallyimpossibleforonetostudythepropertie

3、sofeachofthehundredsofthousandsofknownorganiccompounds.,TheNeedforClassificationofOrganicCompounds,4,2020/7/4,Henceorganiccompoundswithsimilarstructuralfeaturesaregroupedintoseriesorclasses.Someoftheclassesoforganiccompoundsarehydrocarbons,alcohols,aldehydes,ketones,ethers,carboxylicacids,esters,car

4、bohydrates,andproteins.Eachoftheseclassesofcompoundsisidentifiedbycertaincharacteristicstructuralfeatures.,Classes,5,2020/7/4,hydrocarbons,烃类，碳氢化合物alcohols,醇类aldehydes,醛类ketones,酮类ethers,醚类carboxylicacids,羧酸esters,酯类carbohydrates,糖类，碳水化合物,6,2020/7/4,Hydrocarbonsarecomposedentirelyofcarbonandhydrogen

5、atomsbondedtoeachotherbycovalentbonds.Severalseriesofhydrocarbonsareknown.Theseincludethealkanes,alkenes,alkynes,andaromatichydrocarbons.,1.Hydrocarbons,alkanes,lkeinz烷烃alkenes,lki:nz烯烃alkynes,lkainz炔烃aromatichydrocarbons，芳香烃,7,2020/7/4,ClassificationofHydrocarbons,alkadienes,etc.,cycloalkadienes,et

6、c.,一，Aliphaticcompounds(脂肪烃),9,2020/7/4,RuleA-1.SaturatedUnbranched-chainCompoundsandUnivalentRadicalsRuleA-2.SaturatedBranched-chainCompoundsandUnivalentRadicalsRuleA-3.UnsaturatedCompoundsandUnivalentRadicals,Acyclic,10,2020/7/4,RuleA-1.SaturatedUnbranched-chainCompoundsandUnivalentRadicals,11,202

7、0/7/4,Alkanes(CnH2n+2),NomenclatureofAlkanes,IUPACConventions,12,2020/7/4,1.1Straight-ChainAlkanes,13,2020/7/4,英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。510Alkane=Numberprefix-ane,1119Alkane=Numberprefix-decane2129Alkane=Numberprefix-cosane3139Alkane=Num

8、berprefix-triacontane4090Alkane=Numberprefix-contane,14,2020/7/4,1119Alkane=Numberprefix-decane,11Undecane12Dodecane13Tridecane14Tetradecane15Pentadecane,16Hexadecane17Heptadecane18Octadecane19Nonadecane,Examples1-1,15,2020/7/4,20Icosane21Henicosane22Docosane23Tricosane24Tetracosane,Examples1-2,25Pe

9、ntacosane26Hexacosane27Heptacosane28Octacosane29Nonacosane,2129Alkane=Numberprefix-cosane,16,2020/7/4,Examples1-3,30Triacontane31Hentriacontane32Dotriacontane33Tritriacontane34Tetratriacontane,3139Alkane=Numberprefix-triacontane,35pentatriacontane36Hexatriacontane37Heptatriacontane38Octatriacontane3

10、9Nonatriacontane,17,2020/7/4,Examples1-4,20Icosane30Triacontane40Tetracontane50Pentacontane,2090Alkane=Numberprefix-contane,60Hexacontane70Heptacontane80Octacontane90Nonacontane,132Dotriacontahectane,100Hectane32Dotriacontane,18,2020/7/4,1.2Univalentradicals,命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。Radical=Alk

11、-ylforexample:CH3-MethylCH3CH2-EthylCH3CH2CH2-PropylCH3(CH2)2CH2-Butyl,19,2020/7/4,Examples-2,5Pentane,11Undecane,20,2020/7/4,QuestionsA-1-1,1.Givethenameofthealkanerepresentedbyeachofthefollowinglinestructures:,UndecaneButaneOctane3Propane,21,2020/7/4,QuestionsA-1-2,2.Givethenameandthelinestructure

12、fortheunbranchedalkanewiththefollowingformulas:C6H14C9H20C2H6C8H18CH4C4H10C10H22,6Hexane2Ethane10Decane9Nonane8Octane4Butane1Methane,22,2020/7/4,RuleA-2.SaturatedBranched-chainCompoundsandUnivalentRadicals,23,2020/7/4,2.1支链烷烃和烷基,Univalentradicalsderivedfromsaturatedunbranchedacyclichydrocarbonsbyrem

13、ovalofhydrogenfromaterminalcarbonatomarenamedbyreplacingtheending-aneofthenameofthehydrocarbonby-yl.命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢（hydrogen）原子被称为烷基的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。,24,2020/7/4,Saturatedbranched-chainhydrocarbon,branched-chainhydrocarbon=N-Radical+alkaneforexample:,25,2020/7/4,Quest

14、ionsA-2-1,26,2020/7/4,AnswersA-2-1,27,2020/7/4,QuestionsA-2-2,28,2020/7/4,AnswersA-2-2,ThelongestchainisnumberedfromoneendtotheotherbyArabicnumerals,thedirectionbeingsochosenastogivethelowestnumberspossibletothesidechains.Whenseriesoflocants（取代位置）containingthesamenumberoftermsarecomparedtermbyterm,t

15、hatseriesislowestwhichcontainsthelowestnumberontheoccasionofthefirstdifference.Thisprincipleisappliedirrespectiveofthenatureofthesubstituents.结构较复杂的烷烃不能用普通命名法命名，只能采用系统命名法。选最长的碳链为主链，从一端向另一端编号，支链作为取代基放在母体名称前，编号时(1)使支链的编号尽可能小,(2)支链的排列按基团的字母顺序。,2.3复杂的烷烃Principle,Branched-ChainAlkanes,Namethelongestpossi

16、blestraightchaingivetheparentnameforthealkane,Namethesubstituentgroupsthebranches,CnH2n+1Alkylgroups(derivedfromalkanes),3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane,3.Numberthepositionsofthesubstituentgroupswiththesmallestpossiblenumbers,2,2-methyl,2-methylbutane,Ifmorethanonesubstituentgroupofthesamekindexist,thenumber

17、saredenotedbyprefixes.,2di3tri4tetra5penta6hexa,tetramethyl,tetramethylmethane,propane,2,2-dimethylpropane,Iftwoormoredifferentsubstituentgroupsexist,theyarenamedinalphabeticalorderbutNOTinnumericalorderoftheirpositions.,2,2-dimethyl,3-ethyl,3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane,3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane,3-

18、tert-butylpentane,tert-butyl,Examples,Polysidechainhydrocarbon,ButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropylforexample:,Univalentbranchedradicals,Radical=Alk-ylforexample:,41,2020/7/4,下面是一些符合条件的烷基，其系统命名和普通命名如下：Isopropyl1-MethylethylIsobutyl2-Methylpropylsec-Butyl1-Methylpropyl,42,2020/7/4,tert-Butyl1,1-Dimethylet

19、hylIsopentyl3-methybutylNeopentyl2,2-Dimethylpropyl,43,2020/7/4,tert-Pentyl1,1-DimethylpropylIsohexyl4-methylpentyl,QuestionsA-2-3,AnswersA-2-3,3-propyl-2-methylpentane,RuleA-3.UnsaturatedCompoundsandUnivalentRadicals,3.1alkene,Unsaturatedunbranchedacyclichydrocarbonshavingonedoublebondarenamedbyrep

20、lacingtheending-aneofthenameofthecorrespondingsaturatedhydrocarbonwiththeending-ene.Iftherearetwoormoredoublebonds,theendingwillbe-adiene,-atriene,etc.Thegenericnamesofthesehydrocarbons(branchedorunbranched)arealkene,alkadiene,alkatriene,etc.,命名烯烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”（ane）改为“烯”（ene），名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键不

21、止一个时，可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。例如：CH2=CH2EtheneCH2=CHCH2CH2CH31-PenteneCH2=C=CH21,2-Propadiene,Forexample,2-Hexene1,4-Hexadiene,Conclusions：1）Unbranchedacyclicalkene,Alkene=Numberprefix-eneforexample:C-C-C-C=C-C2-HexeneC-C=CPropeneC-C=C-C2-ButeneC-C-C-C=C1-Pentene,2）Poly-ene,N-Alkene=Alk-a-N-enen=2-a

22、dienen=3-atrienen=4-atetraeneforexample:C-C=C-C=C-C=C1,3,5-HeptatrieneC=C-C=C1,3-ButadieneC-C=C-C=C1,3-Pentadiene,含支链烯烃的命名规则,含双键最长链母体将相应烷的词尾-ane改为烯的词尾-ene双键以选最小序号为原则支链命名同烷烃：1）序号最小优先，2)侧基数目多的优先3）各侧链碳原子数多的优先，4）侧分支少的优先5）侧链按字母顺序排列,53,1,7-octadiene,1,6-octadiene,Forexample1,54,1,6-octadiene,5-ethyl,6-vin

23、ylor6-ethenyl,3,7-dimethyl,4-methylidene,5-ethyl-3,7-dimethyl-4-methylidene-6-vinyl-1,6-octadiene6-ethenyl-5-ethyl-3,7-dimethyl-4-methylidene-1,6-octadiene,55,1,7-octadienesubstituentsat3,4,5,6,Forexample2,56,1,7-octadienesubstituentsat3,4,5,6,57,1,7-octadienesubstituentsat3,4,5,6,7,58,1,7-octadiene

24、substituentsat2,3,4,5,6,59,1,7-octadiene,4-ethyl,3-ethenyl,2,6-dimethyl,5-methylidene,3-ethenyl-4-ethyl-2,6-dimethyl-5-methylidene-1,7-octadiene,vinyl,methylene,60,1,7-octadienesubstituentsat3,4,5,6,5-ethyl,3,6-dimethyl,4-methylidene,Forexample3,61,1,7-octadienesubstituentsat3,4,5,6,4-ethyl,3,6-dime

25、thyl,5-methylidene,4,3,6,55,3,6,4,4-ethyl-3,6-dimethyl-5-methylidene-1,7-octadiene,Exercise,3.2alkyne,Unsaturatedunbranchedacyclichydrocarbonshavingonetriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending-aneofthenameofthecorrespondingsaturatedhydrocarbonwiththeending-yne.Iftherearetwoormoretriplebonds,theendingwi

26、llbe-adiyne,atriyne,etc.Thegenericnamesofthesehydrocarbons(branchedorunbranched)arealkyne,alkadiyne,alkatriyne,etc.,Poly-yne,Alkyne=Alk-yne(-a-N-yne)n=2-adiynen=3-atriyneforexanmple:,QuestionsA-3-2,2-Methyl-3-octyne,2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne,4-Butyl-4-propyl-2-decyne,QuestionsA-3-2,3-Propyl-1,6-heptdiyn

27、e4,4-Dimethyl-2,5-heptdiyne,3.3alkenyne,Unsaturatedunbranchedacyclichydrocarbonshavingbothdoubleandtriplebondsarenamedbyreplacingtheending-aneofthenameofthecorrespondingsaturatedhydrocarbonwiththeending-enyne,-adienyne,-atrienyne,-enediyne,etc.,NomenclatureofAlkenyne,烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔，命名时烯在前炔在后，双键

28、的编号写在前面，叁键的定位号写在表示炔烃词尾之前。,Numbersaslowaspossiblearegiventodoubleandtriplebondseventhoughthismayattimesgive-ynealowernumberthan-ene.Whenthereisachoiceinnumbering,thedoublebondsaregiventhelowestnumbers.,双键和三键编号要尽可能小,1,3-Hexadien-5-yne,Examples1,Examples2,Conclusions:Unsaturatedhydrocarbonwithbothdoubl

29、eandtriplebonds,Alkenyne=Numberprefix-en-?-yneTwoene+oneyne-adien-?-yneThreeene+oneyne-atrien-?-yneOneene+twoyne-en-?-diyne,Practices,1,3-Hexadien-5-yne3-Penten-1-yne1-Penten-4-yne,系统命名中，应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时，取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同，则取含双键数目较多者为主链。例如:3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne,4-Viny

30、l-1-hepten-5-yne5-Ethynyl-1,3,6-heptatriene,3.4NomenclatureofUnsaturatedCompoundsRadicals,不饱和烃基的命名类似于饱和烃基，但需要标出不饱和键的位置。有些简单的不饱和烃基可用俗名。例如:CH2=CH-VinylEthynylCH2=CH-CH2-AllylCH2=C(CH3)-Isopropenyl,Alkeneradical=Alken-ylAlkyneradical=Alkyn-ylAlkenyneradical=Alkenyn-ylforexample:,76,2020/7/4,B.Nomenclat

31、ureofAlicyclicaliphatic,IUPACConventions,77,2020/7/4,RuleB-1.Unbranched-AlicyclicCompoundsandUnivalentRadicalsRuleB-2.Branched-AlicyclicCompoundsandUnivalentRadicals,Alicyclic,78,Unbranched-AlicyclicCompounds,including:Cycloalkanes(CnH2n),Cycloalkenes(CnH2n-2)Cycloalkynes(CnH2n-4)Cycloalkenynes,79,F

32、orexample,cyclopropane,Cyclohexane,cyclobutene,Cyclopentene,Cyclohexene,80,cyclopropyne,cyclobutyne,cyclopentyne,cyclohexyne,1-cyclobuten-3-yne,1-cyclopenten-4-yne,Cycloalkane=Cyclo-prefix-aneCycloalkene=Cyclo-prefix-eneCycloalkyne=Cyclo-prefix-yneCycloalkenyne=Cyclo-Number-prefix-en-Number-yne,Conc

33、lusions:ThePrinciple,(b)Branched-AlicyclicCompounds,including:Cycloalkanes(CnH2n),Cycloalkenes(CnH2n-2)Cycloalkynes(CnH2n-4)Cycloalkenynes,84,Forexample,methylcyclopropane,propylcyclohexane,ethylcyclopentane,85,methylcyclobutane,1,1-dimethylcyclopropane,1,2-dimethylcyclopropane,ethylcyclopropane,86,

34、Cyclicstructureratherthanthelengthofthecarbonchainisfirstconsidered.,heptylcyclohexane,heptylcyclohexane,87,1-isopropyl-2,3-dimethylcyclopropane,isopropylcyclopropane,1-isopropyl-2,3-dimethylcyclopropane,1-isopropyl-2,3-dimethylcyclopropane,isopropylcyclopropane,1-isopropyl-2,3-dimethylcyclopropane,

35、88,3-methylcyclobutene,2,3-dimethylcyclopentene,4-ethyl-1,5-dimethylcyclohexene,89,methylcyclopropyne,4-ethyl-3-methylcyclobutyne,3,5-dimethylcyclopentyne,1-methyl-1-cyclobuten-3-yne,1-ethyl-1-cyclopenten-3-yne,3-hexyl-1-cyclohexen-4-yne,Branched-AlicyclicHydrocarbon:Cycloalkane=N-Alkyl+Cyclo-prefix

36、-aneCycloalkene=N-Alkyl+Cyclo-prefix-eneCycloalkyne=N-Alkyl+Cyclo-prefix-yneCycloalkenyne=N-Alkyl+Cyclo-Number-prefix-en-?-yne,Conclusions:ThePrincipleforbranched-AlicyclicCompounds,92,Exercise1,1,2-diethylcyclobutane,1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane,1-methyl-3-propylcyclopentane,93,3-methyl-4-ethylcyclob

37、utene,3-methyl-5-propylcyclopentyne,1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexen-4-yne,二，AromaticHydrocarbons(芳香烃),95,Aromatichydrocarbons,Withatotalof(4n+2)electronsintheconjugatedsystem(alternatingsingleanddoublebonds),Benzene,Naphthalene,Anthracene,96,Extrastability(aromaticity)duetodelocalizationofelectrons,follow

38、ingHchelrule(闭合环状平面型的共轭多烯（如苯，萘，菲）电子数为4n+2时，具有芳香性)。Alsocalledarenes（芳烃）,84n+2NOTaromatic,Cyclooctatetraene,44n+2NOTaromatic,Cyclobutadiene,2.1BenzeneandAlkylbenzene(单环芳烃),1）Thesimplestmonocylicaromatics：benzene。Aromaticcompoundscanbetreatedasthemainparentchainofthecompound,inwhichcasethepositionofsub

39、stituentsarenumberedaroundtheringstructure.TheCyclobenzenestructurescanalsobetreatedasfunctionalgroupsthemselves,inwhichcasetheytaketheprefixphenyl-.,Forexample,Penylbenzene,1-Phenylheptane,2）苯环上连有不饱和取代基时(3)，将苯环作为链的衍生物命名，但当不饱和链不超过三个碳原子时，通常都作为苯的衍生物命名（3）。例如:2-Phenyl-2-buteneIsopropenylbenzene,3）Thepos

40、itionofsubstituentsisindicatedbynumbersexceptthato-(ortho),m-(meta)andp-(para)maybeusedinplaceof1,2-,1,3-,and1,4-,respectively,whenonlytwosubstituentsarepresent.Thename“benzene”isretained.两个烷基取代的苯环，因为取代位置不同，可以有三个异构体，可由阿拉伯数字表示，也可用邻、间、对表示，英文名称则分别用o、m、p表示。,Forexample,注：此表示方法只用于取代基相同的情况。,常用取代苯化合物的俗名(Tri

41、vialname),Toluenep-XyleneCymeneMesityleneStyrene,Cumene,2.2NomenclatureofPolycyclicArenes(多环芳烃)Polycyclicarenes:分子中含有多个苯环的烃,includingmulti-phenylalicyclichydrocarbons（多苯代脂烃）、biphenyl（联苯）和fusedpolycyclicarenes（稠环芳烃）。（1）Multi-phenylalicyclichydrocarbons链烃分子中的氢被两个或多个苯基取代的化合物称为多苯代脂烃。命名时，一般是将苯基作为取代基，链烃作为

42、母体。例如：,（2）Nomenclatureofbiphenyl(联苯)两个或多个苯环以单键直接相连的化合物称为联苯型化合物。例如：,联苯类化合物的编号总是从苯环和单键的直接连接处开始，第二个苯环上的号码分别加上（）符号，第三个苯环上的号码分别加上“”符号，其它依次类推。苯环上如有取代基，编号的方向应使取代基位置尽可能小，命名时以联苯为母体。例如：,（3）Nomenclatureoffusedpolycyclicarenes两个或多个苯环共用两个邻位碳原子的化合物称为稠环芳烃。最简单最重要的稠环芳烃是萘、蒽、菲。,萘、蒽、菲的编号都是固定的，如上所示。,2.3Nomenclatureofnon

43、benzenoidaromatichydrocarbon(非苯芳烃)分子中没有苯环而又具有芳香性的环烃称为非苯芳烃。单环非苯芳烃的结构一般符合Huckel规则。即它们都是含有4n+2个电子的单环平面共轭多烯。例如：,常见的单环非苯芳烃化合物可按前面讲过的一般原则来命名。轮烯（Annulenes）是一类单双键交替出现的环状烃类化合物。例如上面第四个化合物可称为18轮烯(18-Annulenes)。轮烯也可以根据碳氢的数目来命名。18轮烯含有十八个碳，九个双键，所以也可以称为环十八碳九烯(Cyclooctadecanonaene)。,Cyclopropenylcation,Cyclopentadi

44、enylanion,Annulenes,Cyclooctadecanonaene,Cycloheptatrienylcation,Practice,C-C=C-C=C-C=C,112,2020/7/4,Answer,2-methylbutane,4-ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane,2-methyl-2-butene,2-methyl-2,4-hexadiene,113,2020/7/4,Toluene,1,3-butadiyne,2-hepten-5-yne,C-C=C-C=C-C=C1,3,5-Heptatriene,114,2020/7/4,1,3-dimethyl-1

45、-cyclohexen-4-yne,2-Phenyl-2-butene,3-methyl-5-propyl-1-cyclopentyne,1,3-phenylene,1-methyl-3-propylcyclopentane,isopropylcyclopropane,1-isopropyl-2,3-dimethylcyclopropane,116,2020/7/4,Alkanols(CnH2n+1OH),2.NomenclatureofAlkanols,IUPACConventions,(a)Alkanols(alcohols),Alkanols:ContainoneormoreOHgrou

46、psattachedtoanalkylgroup.,1.Hydroxyderivativeofalkane,2.Alkylderivativeofwater,Generalformula:CnH2n+1OH(acyclic),Alkanols,119,pentane,2-pentanol,120,pentane,3-pentanol,121,pentane,2,4-pentanediol,122,Conclusions:Namingofalkanols,ThelongestCchaincontainingtheOHgroupischosen.GeneralformulaUnbranched:A

47、lkanol=Number-prefix-anol/enol/ynol/enynolBranched:Alkanol=Number-Alkyl-Number-prefix-anol/enol/ynol.ThepositionofOHgroupisindicatedbythesmallestpossiblenumber.,Poly-alcohols,Alkanol=Alkyl-Number-prefix-anoln=2Number-Alkane-diolNumber-Alkene-Number-diolNumber-Alkyne-Number-dioln=3Number-Alkane-triol

48、,Conclusioans:Namingofalkanols,4-methyl-2-hexanol,4-methyl-2,3-pentanediol,Examples,2,3-dibromo-2-butene-1,4-diol,2-Butene-1,4-diolOr1,4-Dihydroxy-2-butene,126,Menthol(薄荷醇),Cyclohexanol,withtwobranches,2,127,menthol,1,2,4,3,5,1,2,4,5,3,6,6,2,53,6,2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol,Aldehydes(CnH2n+1CHO

49、),3.NomenclatureofAldehydes,IUPACConventions,130,Productsofdehydrogenationofalcohols:,AtleastONEHattachedtoCR:alkyl,arylorH,Aldehydes:Organiccompoundswiththecarbonylgroup,Carbonylgroup,131,Examples,methanal,ethanal,propanal,benzaldehyde,Thealdehyegroup,CHO,alwaysoccupiestheterminalpositionNoneedtosp

50、ecifyitsposition,propan-1-al,Conclusions:Namingofaldehydes,ThelongestCchaincontainingtheCHOgroupischosen.GeneralformulaUnbranched:Aldehyde=prefix-anal/enal/ynal/enynalBranched:Aldehydes=Number-Alkyl-prefix-anal/enal.,Poly-aldehydes,aldehydes=Alkyl-Number-prefix-analn=2Alkane-dialAlkene-dialAlkyne-di

51、aln=3.?,Conclusioans:Namingofaldehydes,Ketones(CnH2n+2CO),4.NomenclatureofKetones,IUPACConventions,136,Ketones:NoHatomisdirectlyattachedtothecarbonylgroup,R,R:alkylorarylgroup,Ketones,137,Examples,PropanoneAcetone,butanone,138,Examples,2-pentanone,3-pentanone,139,4-methyl-2-pentanone,2-methyl-3-pent

52、anone,Examples,140,2,3-pentanedione,2,4-pentanedione,Examples,Conclusions:NamingofKetones,ThelongestCchaincontainingtheCOgroupischosen.GeneralformulaUnbranched:Ketone=Number-prefix-anoneNumber-prefix-en-Number-oneNumber-prefix-yn-Number-oneNumber-prefix-enyn-Number-oneBranched:Ketone=Number-Alkyl-pr

53、efix-anone.,Poly-Ketones,Ketone=Number-prefix-anonen=2Number-Alkane-Number-dioneNumber-Alkene-Number-dioneNumber-Alkyne-Number-dionen=3Number-Alkane-Number-trione.,ThepositionofCOgroupisindicatedbythesmallestpossiblenumber.,Ethers(R-O-R),5.NomenclatureofEthers,IUPACConventions,145,Ethers,Ethers:cons

54、istofanoxygenatombetweenthetwoattachedcarbonchains.oxy,O-grouporalkoxy,R-O-group,146,Alkylderivativesofwater,147,Threeclassesofethers:,Conclusions:NamingofEthers,Theprinciple:Theshorterofthetwochainsbecomesthefirstpartofthenamewiththe-anesuffixchangedto-oxy,andthelongeralkanechainbecomesthesuffixoft

55、henameoftheether.,Ethers=prefix-oxy-alkane=prefix-oxy-alkene=prefix-oxy-alkyne,149,ethoxymethane,Examples,150,methoxyethane,151,phenoxymethane,152,methoxybenzene,anisole,153,2-methoxypropane,154,Carboxylicacids(CnH2n+1COOH),6.NomenclatureofCarboxylicacids,IUPACConventions,156,Carboxylicacids,Organic

56、compoundswiththecarboxylgroup,157,Organiccompoundswiththecarboxylgroup,R:alkyl,arylorH,IfRisanalkylgroup,thecompoundisanalkanoicacid,CnH2n+1COOH.,158,CarboxylicacidsExamples:,159,CarboxylicacidsExamples:,Thecarboxylgroup,COOH,alwaysoccupiestheterminalpositionNoneedtospecifyitsposition,160,Carboxylic

57、acidsExamples:,benzoicacid,2-hydroxybenzoicacid,3-methylbenzoicacid,161,CarboxylicacidsExamples:,benzoicacid,cyclohexanecarboxylicacid,cyclohexylethanoicacid,Orcyclohexylaceticacid,162,CarboxylicacidsExamples:,hexanedioicacid,163,CarboxylicacidsExamples:,hexanedioicacid,1,6-hexane-dioicacid,1,6,Conc

58、lusions:NamingofCarboxylicacids,ThelongestCchaincontainingtheCOOHgroupischosen.GeneralformulaUnbranched:Carboxylicacids=prefix-anoic/enoic/ynoic/enynoicBranched:Carboxylicacids=Number-Alkyl-prefix-anoic/enoic,Poly-carboxylicacids,Carboxylicacids=prefix-anoicn=2Alkane-dioicacidAlkene-dioicacidAlkyne-

59、dioicacidn=3Alkane-trioicacid,Acidsderivatives,7.NomenclatureofAcidsderivatives,IUPACConventions,Acidsderivatives,169,Type1.Acylchloride,170,Namingofacylchloride,Acylchloride:oicacidtooylchloride,ethanoicacid,172,Type2.Namingofacidanhydride,Acidanhydride,173,Acidanhydride:oicacidtooicanhydride,ethanoicanhydride,ForR=R,174,Formixedanhydride:RR,Acidanhydride:oicacidtooicanhydride,ethanoicpropanoicanhydride,Formixedanhydride,theparentacidsarenamedinalphabeticalorder.,176,Types3.NamingofEster,R:alkyl,arylorH