2014年剑桥IGCSE英语第二语言试卷

1、Thisdocumentconsistsof15printedpagesand1blankpage.DC(SJF/SW)74433/5UCLES2014TurnoverCambridgeInternationalExaminationsCambridgeInternationalGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation*2566315146*ENGLISHASASECONDLANGUAGE0510/21Paper2ReadingandWriting(Extended)May/June20142hoursCandidatesanswerontheQuestio

2、nPaper.NoAdditionalMaterialsarerequired.READTHESEINSTRUCTIONSFIRSTWriteyourCentrenumber,candidatenumberandnameonalltheworkyouhandin.Writeindarkblueorblackpen.Donotusestaples,paperclips,glueorcorrectionfluid.DONOTWRITEINANYBARCODES.Answerallquestions.Dictionariesarenotallowed.Attheendoftheexamination

3、,fastenallyourworksecurelytogether.Thenumberofmarksisgiveninbracketsattheendofeachquestionorpartquestion.20510/21/M/J/14UCLES2014Exercise1Readthefollowingarticleaboutkiteflying,andthenanswerthequestionsontheoppositepage.THEWORLDOFKITEFLYINGKiteflyingisapopularhobbyforchildrenandadults.Kitesarenameda

4、fteraparticularbirdofprey,whichisknownforitsgracefulmovementinflightanditssuddenturnsanddivestochangedirection.Kiteflyinghasalonghistoryandhasbeenthesubjectofmanypoemsandstoriesforthousandsofyears.SOMUCHVARIETYKitescomeinahugevarietyofcolours,shapesandsizes.Theshapeofthekiteisvitalbecauseitaffectsth

5、eheightandspeedatwhichitflies.Theflatkiteisatraditionaldiamondshapeandisprobablythebestknowntypeofkite.Theboxkiteismadewithholesthattraptheair,whichmeansthatitcanflyatagreaterheightinthesky.Thetopaltituderecordsforkiteflyingareusuallyheldbylargeboxkites.Oneofthenewestdesigns,inventedin1963,isthepara

6、foilkite.Itisshapedlikeaparachute,andisverypopularwithsailorsandcanoeistsbecauseitisfastandflexiblewhenattachedtothefrontoftheboat.THEFIRSTKITESNooneknowsexactlywhenthefirstkiteswereinvented.ItisgenerallythoughtthattheiroriginwasinChinaabout2800yearsago.However,cavepaintingsfoundonMunaIslandinIndone

7、siashowthatbasickitesmayhavebeeninexistenceformuchlonger,maybeevenfor30000years.EarlyChinesekiteswereusedtomeasuredistances,testthespeedanddirectionofthewind,andasaformofcommunication.Theexplorer,MarcoPolo,probablyintroducedkitestoEuropearoundtheendofthe13thcentury.KITESTODAYToday,peopleflykitesmost

8、lyasahobbyorforsportandaerialdisplays,andkitecompetitionsaretakenveryseriouslybyenthusiasts.Kitesarealsousedtopullsledgesacrossthesnowandevenskatersacrosstheice.Theydohavemoreseriouspurposes:theyhavecontributedtoscientificresearchintoflight,andthewayinwhichairandgravityaffectplanesandhelicopters.The

9、yarealsousefulintheworldofwork.IntheSouthSeaIslands,forexample,kitesareimportantasafishingaid.Fishermenattachbaittotheendofthekitetocatchthefish.DIDYOUKNOW?InKorea,manyparentswritethenamesandbirthdatesoftheirchildrenonkites.InJapan,kitesareatraditionalNewYearsgiftforchildren.InAustralia,in1893,thebo

10、xkitewasinventedbyLawrenceHargrave.Hejoinedseveralboxkitestogetherinanattempttodevelopaflyingmachine,andwassuccessfulinflyingabout5metresofftheground.30510/21/M/J/14UCLES2014Turnover(a)Wheredokitesgettheirnamefrom?.1(b)Whyistheshapeofthekitesoimportant?.1(c)Whatmakestheboxkiteflyhigher?.1(d)Whydowat

11、ersportenthusiastslikeusingtheparafoilkite?.1(e)Whatdiscoverysuggeststhatkitesaremucholderthan2800years?.1(f)HowwerekiteshelpfulinChina?Givetwodetails.1(g)Whataretheadvantagesofkitesinverycoldweather?Givetwodetails.1(h)Inwhichcountryarekitescommonlygivenaspresents?.1(i)HowdidLawrenceHargravemanageto

12、fly?.1Total:940510/21/M/J/14UCLES2014Exercise2Readthefollowingarticleaboutthenumberoflanguagesthathavevanishedovertheyears,andthenanswerthequestionsontheoppositepage.LOSTFORWORDS500000LANGUAGESDISAPPEAREDNewresearchsuggeststhatabouthalfamillionlanguageshaveexistedsincethefirsthumanswalkedtheEarth,16

13、0000to200000yearsago.However,thisnumberhasdeclinedoverthecenturiesbecausemanyoftheworldslanguageshavesimplydisappeared.Thelatestestimateisthatthereare7000languagesremainingintheworldtoday,butmanyoftheseareunderthreatofdyingoutcompletely.Wenowhavethesmallestnumberofdifferentlanguages,withonlyabout20r

14、ecognisedbythepopulationoftheworldingeneral.Thevastmajorityoftheremaininglanguagesarespokenbytribalgroupscontainingonlyafewthousandpeople.OneexampleofthisisPapuaNewGuineainSouthEastAsia.Itisacountrywhereyoucanfindover800languages,whichisanincredible12percentofthetotalnumberoftheworldslanguages.There

15、areplacesinthatcountrywhereyoucanfindanewlanguagespokeneverythreeorfourkilometres.OneexplanationforthisextraordinarysituationinPapuaNewGuineaisthattheclimatemakesiteasyforsmallgroupstogrowtheirownfoodandsurviveindependently.Thismeansthatmorelanguageswilldevelopandremain.Asauniversityprofessorsays,“D

16、ifferentgroupsofpeopleuselanguagetomarkouttheirterritoriesanddrawboundaries.Theyalsouseittodistinguishthemselvesfromothergroups.Theycantellwhoisamemberofthegroupandwhoisnt.”CountryUSANIGERIANORTHKOREAPAPUANEWGUINEATotalnumberoflanguages3645211830Percentageofindigenouslanguages45%95%0%100%Itisinteres

17、tingtoconsiderthereasonswhysomelanguagessurvivewhileothersdieout.ItisnotjustamatterofhowdifficultthelanguageistolearnEnglish,forexample,iswellknownforitsdifficultspellingandpronunciation.Sometimes,thesurvivalofalanguageissimplybecausethesocietythatusesitissuccessful,andthishelpstomaintainandspreadth

18、elanguagemoreandmore.Howwellthelanguagesurvivesisalsoaffectedbythenaturalgeographicalfeaturesofacountry,inparticular,howeasyitistotravelwithinacountryandtoneighbouringcountries.Therearenolanguagesthataresuperiortoothers.Therearejustluckyones,andtheluckiestofthemallisEnglish.Theprofessorcontinues,“Th

19、emostcommonlyspokenmothertongueisMandarin.ThisisfollowedbySpanishandthenHindi/Urdu,butthesearelargelyspokenwithinonecountryorcontinent.Englishisonlythefourthmostcommonlyspokenmothertongue,andyetithasbecometheleadinginternationalmeansofcommunication.”Althoughsomeanimalsusesignsandsoundstocommunicatei

20、nalimitedwaywithoneanother,onlyhumanscanlearntousealanguageindependently.Therearesomemysteriesaboutlanguagesthatscientistsstillhavetosolve.Humansaregeneticallyprogrammedtolearnlanguages,butnooneknowsexactlyhowitworks.Anothermysteryiswhenexactlyhumansfirstlearnttocommunicatethroughspeech.Itisnotpossi

21、bletotellfromfossilrecordswhenhumansmadethefirstsounds.Itissadforthepeoplewholosetheirlanguage,becausethisleadstoalossoftraditionsandcultureaswell.Theuniversityprofessorstates,“Justashundredsofthousandsoflanguageshavediedout,somanymorewillfollowuntilweareleftwithjustafew.Englishismostpeoplessecondla

22、nguageacrosstheentireworld,soEnglishwillprobablybeoneofthem,despitethefactthatitisdifficulttolearntopronounce.”However,manypeoplebelievethattheworldwillbeapoorerplacewithouttherichdiversityofawiderangeoflanguages.50510/21/M/J/14UCLES2014Turnover(a)Howmanylanguageshavetherebeensincethefirsthumans?.1(

23、b)Whyisthenumberofexistinglanguageslikelytochange?.1(c)WhatissurprisingaboutthelanguagesinPapuaNewGuinea?.1(d)Inwhatwaysarelanguagesusefultodifferentgroups?Givetwodetails.1(e)Accordingtothediagram,whichcountryhasthesecondhighestpercentageofindigenouslanguagesandwhatexactlyisthepercentage?.1(f)Whichf

24、actorsareimportantinhelpinglanguagestosurvive?Givetwodetails.2(g)Whichmothertongueisthesecondmostwidelyspoken?.1(h)Whatarescientistsstilltryingtodiscoveraboutlanguages?Givetwodetails.2(i)Whyisitsadwhenanativelanguageislost?.1(j)WhatdowelearnfromthearticleabouttheEnglishlanguage?Givefourdetails.4Tota

25、l:1560510/21/M/J/14UCLES2014Exercise3RosieNelmesisinherfinalyearatherschoolinManchester,England,andwillleavejustafterher18thbirthdayintwomonthstime.Shewillthenbeoldenoughtobecomeavolunteerinanorganisationwhichrunsprojectstohelphomelesspeopleeverywhere.TheschemeiscalledLifebuildandreliesonyoungvolunt

26、eerstocarryoutitsworkaroundtheworld.Rosiefirstheardabouttheprojectsfromatalkgivenatherschoolbyarepresentativeoftheorganisation.Sandhasnotedsomeofthekeydetails.Theminimumageforparticipationintheschemeis18.Volunteershavetobepreparedtoworkforvaryingle

27、ngthsoftimeuptosixmonthsandtheyhavetopayforalltheirtravelexpenses.Accommodationandfood,however,areprovidedwheretheyarevolunteers.Rosieplanstopayforthetrippartlybyworkinginalocalshopandpartlybyusingmoneygiventoherasabirthdaypresent.VolunteersmaychoosetoworkinoneoftheLifebuildoffices,processingthepape

28、rworkthateachprojectgenerates.Alternatively,theycanworkatthecampwhereothervolunteersarebasedandcarryouttaskssuchascooking,cleaningandbasicrepairjobs.Thirdly,theymaychoosetogointothecommunityandhelpwiththebuildingofhousingandsheltersforthehomelesspeople.Rosiewouldcertainlyprefertodothispartofthework.

29、VolunteersmaychoosetoworkinAfrica,AsiaorEurope.Rosiewillnotknowtheexactlocationuntilaftertheinterview,butherpreferenceisforAsia.SheishappytotravelasfaraspossiblefromtheUKbecauseshewantstospendthemaximumofsixmonthsworkingontheproject.Initially,Rosieisrequiredtoattendaninformationmeeting.Therearetwopo

30、ssibledatesforthemeeting,Thursday10thJulyorSaturday12thJuly,butbecauseofherschoolcommitments,shewouldneedtoattendontheSaturday.Transporttothemeetingisnoproblembecauseshelivesat37DeansgateRoadinManchester,andthisisonly20minuteswalktothehotelwherethemeetingistakingplace.Hermother,MariannaNelmes,isgoin

31、gtoaccompanyhertothemeetingasaguestsothatsheisalsofullyinformedabouttheprojects.IfRosielikeswhatshehearsatthemeeting,thenshewillhavetocompleteanapplicationformandsubmititwithherCV,thenattendaformalinterview.Theorganisationcancontactheronherphone(07973895224)orbyemail(rosperson2yoodle.co.uk)Thefirsts

32、tage,however,isforRosietofilloutanattendanceformontheorganisationswebsiteinordertobookfortheinformationmeeting.ImagineyouareRosie.Fillintheattendanceformontheoppositepage,usingtheinformationabove.70510/21/M/J/14UCLES2014TurnoverLifebuildProject:MeetingAttendanceFormSectionAPersonaldetailsFullname:.H

33、omeaddress:.Age:.Gender:(pleasedelete)MALEFEMALEContactdetails:phone.email.SectionBMeetingdetailsPreferreddateofmeeting:.Pleasereserve:(pleasecircleone)1234placesatthemeetingFullnameofguest(s)(ifapplicable):.SectionCAdditionaldetailsIfselectedfortheproject,inwhichcontinentwouldyouprefertowork?.Forwh

34、atlengthoftimewouldyoubeavailabletoworkwiththeproject?.Howwouldyoufinancethetravelcosts?.Wheredidyouhearaboutourorganisation?.SectionDInthespacebelow,writeonesentenceofbetween12and20wordsaboutthetasksyouwouldprefertodoifselected.Total:880510/21/M/J/14UCLES2014BEHINDTHESCENESATMADAMETUSSAUDSThereareo

35、nlytwohourstoopeningtimeattheMadameTussaudsWaxMuseuminLondon.Thestaffandtheartisticteamarebusyexaminingthe200waxmodelsoffamouspeopleexhibitedthere.Oneofthetasksoftheteamistocheckeachmodelcarefullyeverydayforsignsofdamage.Mostmuseumsintheworldhaveastrictnotouchrulewhenitcomestotheirexhibits.AtMadameT

36、ussauds,however,visitorsdontjuststareatthelifelikefigures;theyareallowedtotouchandevenhugallthewaxcelebritiesondisplay.“Atraditionalmuseumhasropesaroundtheexhibitstoprotectwhatisondisplay,butthisisnotourpolicy,”explainsthegeneralmanagerofMadameTussauds.“Thisisthenearestthatalotofpeoplearegoingtogett

37、oareallifecelebrity.Weallowourvisitorstogoupcloseasiftheywerepersonalfriends.”Thispolicydoescreateproblems,however,whenthereareoveronemillionvisitorseachyear.Thewaxmodelsbecomescratched,dirtyandsometimesworse.Itisthetaskoftheartisticteamtocarryoutallthenecessaryrepairstothefigures.Thisneedstobedoneq

38、uicklybecauseeverythingmustbeperfecteverydayatopeningtime.Mostvisitorsprobablydontknowhowmuchtheyaredamagingthefigures,eachofwhichcancostover100000.CharlesGarossi,awaxartist,isexaminingtheheadofafamousfilmstar.Therearescratchesontheface,butCharlesquicklysetstowork.Hemixestheoilpaintsthathecarriesona

39、paletteandbrushespaintacrosstheface.Theproblemissolvedinseconds.Momentslater,heinspectsthebackoftheneckofawell-knownsportsstar.Therearesomedeepmarks,causedbyfingernails.Itisabiggerjob,andsoheusesaknife-liketoolandsomeskin-colouredwaxfromhispockettorepairthedamage.OneofthechallengesforartistslikeGaro

40、ssiistoworkwithavarietyoftools.Garossicantakealumpofwaxand,withinminutes,shapeitintoahumanear.Notjustanyear,buttheuniquelyshapedearofthecelebritywholostit.Formoreextensiverepairs,likeaheadthathasbeenknockedoffontothefloor,theartistsworkinthelaboratory.Thisisamassiveroom,filledwiththesmellsofoilpaint

41、andhairspray.Woodenheadsarelinedupalongawall,somewithwigsandotherswaitingforthehairdressertoarrive,tocreatethelateststyle.Workbenchesarecoveredwithamixtureofbodypartsdetachedlegsandarmsandtornclothes.TheartistsatMadameTussaudsconstantlyhavetostudygossipmagazinesforthelatestphotosofthecelebrities,sothattheycankeepthefiguresclothes,hairandeventattoosuptodate.Everythingiscarriedoutinatraditionalman