第二章 国际结算法律环境(上)

1、第二章 国际结算法律环境,第一节 国际结算法律环境概述 第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则 第三节 托收统一规则 第四节 跟单信用证统一规则 第五节 其他惯例与规则,第一节 国际结算法律环境概述,一、国际结算法律环境 所谓国际结算的法律环境，即指国际结算过程中的各种法律系统及法律安排。它由法律、惯例两部分构成，涉及贸易、金融、货运等各个领域或环节。,二、 票据的法律系统,1. 国外票据法体系 法国 1673年 路易十四颁发商事敕令（Ordinance surle Commerce），规范汇票和本票的签发和流通，为近代各国票据法的开端。 1807年 拿破仑商法典（Code de Commerce） 1

2、865年 支票法 1936年 参考日内瓦统一汇票本票法和日内瓦 统一支票法（合称日内瓦统一票据法）公布实施现行的票据法和支票法。,二、票据的法律系统,德国 1847年 制定德意志普通票据条例 1871年 正式公布实施 1908年 支票法 1933年 参考日内瓦统一汇票本票法和日内瓦统一支票法（合称日内瓦统一票据法）公布实施现行的票据法和支票法。,二、 票据的法律系统,英国 1882年 颁发票据法（Bill of Exchange Act），内容 包括汇票、本票和支票（作为汇票的一种），适用 性较强。 1957年 颁布支票法作补充。汇票、本票和支票作规定 美国 1896年 制定统一流通证券法，对

3、汇票、本票和支票作规 定。 1952年 公布统一商法典（Uniform Commercial Code）， 第三篇为“商业证券”（commercial paper），以汇 票、本票、支票和存单（certificate of deposit） 为规范对象。,二、 票据的法律系统,2.国际票据法 第一阶段：20世纪初 一战前 19101912年期间，由德、意提议，荷兰政府主持召开了两次国际票据法统一会议，有31各国家参加，制订了统一票据规则等，除日本代表未签字，英、美保留参加外，其余国家均签字。后因一战开始，最终未能实施。 第二阶段： 一战后 二战前 19301931年间，30多各国家参加了国际联

4、盟理事会在日内瓦召开的国际票据法统一会议，议定了统一汇票、本票法和统一支票法，有29个国家签字。这些国家属大陆日内瓦统一法系。 第三阶段：20世纪70年代后 19731988年 联合国国际贸易法委员会拟订了国际汇票和国际本票公约草案和国际支票公约草案。 1990年开放签字，迄今尚未生效。,二、 票据的法律系统,三、我国的票据法 隋末唐初 “帖子”，最早具有票据性质的文书，支票的雏形。 唐宪宗时期 “飞钱”。 宋太祖开宝年间 “便钱”、“便钱务”。 北宋初期 “交子”。 南宋初期 “关子”。 明、清时期 汇券、汇兑票、汇兑信、汇条、庄票、期票、银票 等。 1907年（光绪33年） 聘请日本法学家

5、志田甲太郎起草票据法。 1929年 民国政府确定汇票、本票、支票这三种票据，并颁 布相关法律。 1982年 上海市人行制定票据承兑、贴现办法 。 1984年 人民银行商业汇票承兑、贴现暂行办法 。 1994年 中华人民共和国票据法（草案） 。 1996年1月1日 生效实施。,二、 票据的法律系统,“有金甲人持戈曰：汝要钱，可索取尉迟公帖来，此是尉迟敬德钱也。书生访求不见，至铁冶处，有锻铁尉迟敬德者。书生曰：某贫困，足下富贵，敬乞钱五百贯。尉迟不得已，令书生执笔曰：钱付某乙五百贯，是月日，署名于后，书生拜谢持去。书生既得帖，复至库中，见金甲人呈之，笑曰：是也。遗书生取钱，止于五百贯。” 唐逸史,

6、二、 票据的法律系统,“宁宗以钱少，复禁用铜器，时商贾至京师，委托诸道进奏院及诸军、诸使、富户以轻装趋四方，合券乃取之，号曰飞钱。” 新唐书食货志 “初蜀氏以钱重，私为券，谓之交子，以便贸易。” 续资治通鉴,三、国际惯例,特点： 必须在一定范围内（如一个行业）被人们经常不断地、反复地采用 必须具有明确的、易于被人们接受的内容 必须在该范围内被人们公认并对当事人有约束力 最早出现的国际惯例是关于国际航运方面的。国际贸易术语解释通则Incoterms，1936，国际商会,三、国际惯例,第一，它规范了人们的商业做法，降低交易成本 第二，当事人声明按国际惯例行事，体现了一种国际风范，提高了自身的商业信

7、用 第三，国际惯例还可供法院或者仲裁机构对纠纷进行调解、仲裁和判决。,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,国际商会(International Chamber of Commerce，简称ICC)： 于1919年在美国大西洋城成立，总部设于巴黎。国际商会是世界上最重要的民间经贸组织，它是联合国的一级咨询机构。 目的：在自由、平等的基础上改善世界贸易和投资。 宗旨：在经济和法律领域里，以有效的行动促进开放的国际贸易和投资的发展。,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,工作手段： （1）制定国际经贸领域的规则、惯例并向全世界商界推广； （2）代表国际商界与各国政府和国际组织对话，以求创造有利于自由贸易和自由竞争

8、的国际环境； （3）促进会员之间的经贸合作并为商界提供各种实际服务等。,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,构成：目前国际商会有来自140多个国家和地区的近1万家商会、协会公司、企业和个人会员，并在63个国家设立了国家委员会。国际商会下设30多个专业委员会和工作组以进行各种活动。 我国于1985年开始同国际商会接触，经过9年多的谈判，于1994年11月加入国际商会，并被正式授予中国国际商会(China Chamber of International CommerceCCOIC）成员国地位，1995年1月1日正式成立了国际商会中国国家委员会(简称国际商会CHINA)。,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,

9、国际商会制定国际贸易术语解释通则的目的“在于对国际贸易合同中所使用的贸易术语供给一套具有国际性的通则的解释，使从事商业的人们在不同国家有不同的解释的情况下，能选用确定而统一的解释。”现在如果采用通则，可以 “避免不同国家对这些术语作不同的解释，或者至少可将这种情况减少到尽可能少的程度。”,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,国际商会（ICC）于1936年首次公布了一套解释贸易术语的国际规则，名为Incoterms 1936，以后又于1953年、1967年、1976年、1980年、1990年和，1999年再次进行补充和修订。最新的通则于2000年正式实施，称Incoterms2000，中文为2000年

10、国际贸易术语解释通则。修订的目的是使这些规则适应当前国际贸易实践的发展。 Incoterms：International Commercial Terms,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,什么是贸易术语 贸易术语又称价格术语或价格条件（Price Terms），是规定价格的构成及买卖双方各自应承担的责任、费用，风险以及确定货物所有权转移时限的专门用语。 贸易术语用三个英文缩写字母来表示以下概念：（1）出口商品的交货地点，（2）出口商品的价格构成，（3）进出口双方各自应办的进出口手续，（4）进出口双方各自应负担的费用及应承担的风险。,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,为了便于理解，将所有的术语分为4个

11、基本不同的类型： E组：启运(Departure)术语，指卖方仅在自己的地点为买方备妥货物； F组：主运费未付(Main carriage unpaid)术语，卖方必须将货物交给由买方指定的承运人。 C组：主运费已付(Main carriage paid)术语，卖方必须订立运输合同，但不负担由于装运和发运后发生的事件所引起的货物灭失或损坏的风险或额外费用； D组：到达(Arrival)术语，卖方必须负担将货物运至目的地国家所需的一切费用和风险。,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,其中EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAF、DDU、DDP七种术语可适用于包括国际多式联运在内的各种运输方式；其余六种术

12、语只能适用于海上运输和内河运输。 FCA还适合于空运和铁路运输。,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,十三种贸易术语 EXW 工厂交货（指定地点） “Ex works means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller s premises or another named place ( i. e. works, factory, warehouse, etc. ) not cleared for export and not loaded on any

13、 collecting vehicle. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller, and tile buyer has to bear all costs and risks involved m taking the goods from the sellers premises.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the loading of the goods on departu

14、re and to bear the risks and all the costs of such loading, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out the export formalities directly or indirectly. In such circumstances, the FCA term sho

15、uld be used, provided the seller agrees that he will load at his cost and risk.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,FCA 货交承运人 （指定地点） Free Carrier means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place. It should be noted that the chosen place of delivery ha

16、s an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the sellers premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,This term may be used irrespective of

17、 the mode of transport, including multimodal transport. Carrier means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform orto procure the performance of transport by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. If the buyer nominates a person other than a ca

18、rrier to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they me delivered to that person.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,FAS 船边交货 （指定装运港） “Free Alongside Ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipme

19、nt. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment. The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,THIS IS A REVERSAL FROM PREVIOUS INCOTERMS VERSIONS WHICH REQUIRED THE BUYER TO ARRANGE FOR EXPORT CLEARANC

20、E. However, if the parties wish the buyer to clear the goods for export, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,FOB 船上交货 （指定装运港） “Free on Board means that the seller

21、delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterwa

22、y transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ships rail, the FCA term should be used.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,CFR 成本加运费 （指定目的港） “Cost and Freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship s rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight

23、necessary to bring the goods to the paned port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, we transferred from the seller to the buyer. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for expor

24、t. This term can he used only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ships rail, the CPT term should be used.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,CIF 成本、保险费加运费（指定目的港） “Cost, Insurance and Freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rai

25、l in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the pods to the named port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the

26、 buyer. However, in CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the sel

27、ler is required to obligation insurance only on minimum cover1. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements. The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for expo

28、rt. This term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties intend to deliver the goods across the ships rail, the CIP term should be used.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,CPT 运费付至（指定目的地） Carriage paid to . means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him, but the sel

29、ler must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears aft risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,“Carriermeans, who, in a contract of carriage,undertakes to perform or t

30、o procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier. The CPT term requires the seller to

31、 clear the goods for export. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport including multimodal transport.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,CIP 运费和保险费付至（指定目的地） “Carriage and Insurance paid to.” means that the seller delivers the goods the carrier nominated by him but the seller must m addition pay the c

32、ost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered. However, in CIP the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goo

33、ds during the carriage. Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,The buyer should note that under the CIP term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he wo

34、uld either need to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements. Carrier means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such

35、modes.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier. The CIP term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term may he used irrespective of the mode of transport inclu

36、ding multimodal transport.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,DAF 边境交货（指定地点） Delivered at Frontier means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared for export, but not cleared for import at the named point and place at the fro

37、ntier, but before the customs border of the adjoining country. The term frontier may be used for any frontier including that of the country of export, Therefore, it is of vital importance that the frontier in question be defined precisely by always naming the point and place in the term.,第二节 国际贸易术语解

38、释规则,However, if the parties wish the seller to he responsible for the unloading of the goods form the arriving means of transport and to bear the risks and costs of unloading, this should he made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term may be used irrespect

39、ive of the mode of transport when goods are to be delivered at a land frontier. When delivery is to take place in the port of destination, on board a vessel or on the quay (wharf), the DES or DEQ terms should be used.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,DES 目的港船上交货（指定目的港） Delivered Ex Ship means that the seller delivers

40、 when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at named port of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination before discharging. If the parties wish the seller to bear the

41、 costs and fish of discharging the goods, then the DEQ term should be used. This terms can be used only when the goods am to be delivered by sea or inland waterway or multimodal transport on a vessel in the port of destination.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,DEQ 目的港码头交货（指定目的港） “Delivered Ex Quay means that the sell

42、er delivers when the pods are placed at the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear costs and risks involved m bringing the goods to the named port of destination and discharging the goods On the quay (wharf).The DEQ t

43、erm requires the buyer to clear the goods for and to pay for all formalities, duties, taxes and other charges upon import.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,THIS IS A REVERSAL FROM PREVIOUS INCOTERMS VERSIONS WHICH REQUIRED THE SELLER TO ARRANGE FOR IMPORT CLEARANCE. If the parties wish to include in the sellers oblig

44、ations all or part of the costs payable upon import of the goods, this should he made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,DDU 未完税交货（指定目的港） “Delivered duty unpaid means that the seller delivers the goods to die buyer, not cleared for import, and not

45、 unloaded from my arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto, other than, where applicable, any “duty”(Which term includes the responsibility for and the risks of the carrying out of customs formali

46、ties, and the payment of formalities, custom duties, taxes and other charges) for import in the country of destination. Such duty has to be borne by the buyer as well as any costs and risks caused by his failure to to clear the goods for import in time.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,However, if the parties wish th

47、e seller to carry out custom formalities and bear the costs and risks resulting therefrom as well as some of the costs payable upon import of the goods, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of tran

48、sport but when delivery is to take place in the port of destination on board the vessel or on the quay(wharf), the DES or DEQ term should be used.,第二节 国际贸易术语解释规则,DDP 完税后交货（指定目的港） “Delivered duty paid means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bea