西方文化导论

1、U1_main,Get Started,Text Study,Supplementary Resources,Unit 1,Culture in Ancient Greece,Get Started_ main,Get Started,Get Started,1. A General Introduction,2. Focus In,Get Started_1.1,Get Started,Get Started_1.2,Get Started,Greek culture dates back to the Neolithic Age (about 4000 BC). By its Bronze

2、 Age (about 2800 BC), Greek culture had come to a stage of substantial development in view of its ability to produce useful tools and articles and weapons in bronze, as were evidenced by the unearthed artifacts in the neighborhood of the Aegean Sea. The Aegean Civilization or the Stone and Bronze Ag

3、e Civilization was thus shaped and included Cretan Civilization and Mycenaean Civilization, which appeared subsequently, with a high level of cultural development, as was demonstrated in its architecture, art and crafts as well as the pictographic script which had been used widely.,Get Started_1.3,G

4、et Started,After the Dorian invasion, Greece was further divided into a number of tribes before they were organized into the city-states. The ancient Greek economy heavily depended on slave labor, the most popular resource for production at that time, and laid the foundation for the success of Greek

5、 culture. In the 5th-4th centuries BC, the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak during Pericles reign, providing a comparatively free environment for the development of Greek culture. However, split occurred between the two strongest city-states and wars among most poleis caused

6、 the decline of Greek Civilization, and it was conquered by Roman Empire before 146 BC.,Get Started_1.4,Get Started,Historically, Greek culture is of a rich variety, lasting value and wide influence around the world. Under the administration of the city government and its stimulation on cultural exc

7、hange, cultural prosperity rose up in architecture, philosophy, literature, arts and sports. Such an intellectual climate hence led to the emergence of a number of famous philosophers, artists and historians who produced their remarkable contributions to Greek Civilization.,Get Started_2.1,Get Start

8、ed,To get a brief view of the history and development of Greek Civilization To be familiar with Greek culture in mythology, religion, philosophy, history, literature and arts To know some representative philosophers and their contributions,Text Study _main,Text Study,Text Study,I. The Early Period o

9、f Greek Civilization,II. The Development and the End of Greek Civilization,III. Greek Culture,Text Study _I_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultur

10、al Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,The Neolithic 新石器时代: It is a period in the development of human technology, beginning in about 9500 BC in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic is a measured progression of behavioral and cultural char

11、acteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and the use of domesticated animals.,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Minos 米诺斯: In Greek mythology, Minos was a king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. After his death,

12、 Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades. The Minoan Civilization of pre-Hellene Crete has been named after him by the archaeologist Arthur Evans.,Text Study _I_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,(1) _ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact

13、on the development of human civilization.,A. Ancient European culture B. Ancient Greek culture C. Ancient Chinese culture D. Ancient Egyptian culture,Comprehension Exercises,A. the Neolithic Age B. the Bronze Age C. the Stone and Bronze Age D. the Old Stone Age,Text Study _I_3.2,Text Study,Comprehen

14、sion Exercises,(2) Greek culture can date back to_.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,A. farming B. handicraft and trade C. religion D. philosophy,Text Study _I_3.3,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(3) Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on _.,Comprehension Exercises

15、,Multiple choice.,A. the Heroic Age B. the Golden Age C. the Cretan Civilization D. the Mycenaean Civilization,Text Study _I_3.4,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(4) The Trojan War broke out at the end of _.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,A. archaic B. central C. dependent D. dark,Text S

16、tudy _I_3.5,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(5) The first Olympiad began in the _ period of the Golden Age.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,Text Study _I_4.1,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Give a brief introduction to the Trojan War and check references to know more about the war.,The Troj

17、an War broke out at the end of the Mycenaean Civilization. All the city-states in Mycenae sent troops to help form a coalition army for the battles. Not long after the war, the Dorians from the northwest of Greece invaded and destroyed Mycenae in about the12th11th centuries BC.,Think and Discuss,Tex

18、t Study _I_4.2,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Introduction from Wikipedia:,In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war was among the most important events in Greek m

19、ythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told,Think and

20、Discuss,Text Study _I_4.3,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Think and Discuss,in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedies and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid. The war originated from

21、a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked “for the fairest”. Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as “the fairest”, should receive the a

22、pple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all,Text Study _I_4.4,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Think and Discuss,women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae and the brother of Helens husband Menelaus, led an expedition

23、of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of

24、the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and,Text Study _I_4.5,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Think and Discuss,many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced t

25、heir origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern-day Italy. The ancient Greeks thought the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern- day Turkey near the Darda

26、nelles. By modern times both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in this area which he identified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars.,Text Study _I_4.6,Text Study,Think and D

27、iscuss,Think and Discuss,Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Gre

28、eks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War derive from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th century BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194 BC1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a cat

29、astrophic burning of Troy VIIa.,Text Study _I_1.1_pop1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.1_pop1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.2_pop2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.2_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.2_pop4,Text Study,Main I

30、deas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.3_pop5,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.3_pop6,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.3_pop7,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.3_pop8,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.3_pop9,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Sinc

31、e the 8th Century BC, Greece stepped into an important period when iron tools were universally used as a substitute for bronze. With further coastal economic development, the city-states were founded one after another, numbering more than a hundred altogether in either Dorian or Ionian dominance. Am

32、ong them, Athens and Sparta were the most developed and powerful. Later Miletus became an even larger and more important city than Athens after the Persian conquest of Asia Minor in the 6th century BC. In politics, the newly founded city-states were usually ruled by the slave-owning aristocrats or k

33、ings who were formerly,Text Study _II_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _II_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,formerly military leaders. But some states could be ruled by the archons such as Draco and Solon, Peisistratus and Cleisthenes, etc., who would proceed with their reforms. T

34、hus it led to a period of business and patriarchal aristocratic democracy. There were two legislatures during that period: one was the general assembly, known as the Ecclesia which passed policies, and the boule led by ten archons enforced them; the other was the supreme council which supervised and

35、 checked the behavior of the local officials and teachers. The strength of the system was the highly democratic features which controlled the power of aristocrats.,Greek Civilization came to its peak during Pericles reign and then began to decline, during which two wars broke out with profound meani

36、ngs. One is the war between Greek city-states and Persian invaders (499 BC449 BC). The victory laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of Greece. However, peace and stability did not last long after the victory because a split occurred between the two strongest city-states (459 BC404

37、BC) , thus leading to the decline of Athens and most poleis involved in the war. Till 146 BC, the regions of Greek Peninsula and Aegean Sea islands were all seized and conquered by Roman troops and merged into the map of Roman Empire.,Text Study _II_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I

38、I_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,ostracism 陶片放逐制: In ancient Greece, when a citizen was considered dangerous to the state, he would be banished for a certain number of years as a punishment, decided by popular votes. Now it relates to any social exclusion.,Interpretation of Cultural

39、 Terms,Text Study _II_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Thebes 底比斯: A Mycenaean city, located in east-central Greece, northwest of Athens. It was at the height of power and splendour in the 4th century BC. In 336 BC it was ruined by Alexander the Great.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms

40、,Text Study _II_2.3,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Sparta 斯巴达: an ancient Greek city-state of Dorian Greeks in the southeast Peloponnesus，which was widely known for its military power, and reached its peak in the 6th century BC when Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian Wars (4604

41、04) and then became the leader of the union of Greek city-states before it was toppled by the Thebans in 371 BC,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.4,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.5,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Te

42、rms,Justinian I (Justinian the Great) 查士丁尼一世: The emperor of Byzantium who resisted the Persian aggression at the eastern frontier of his empire and then re-occupied the former Roman territories in Africa, Italy and Spain. Eastern Orthodox Christians respects him as a saint.,Interpretation of Cultur

43、al Terms,Text Study _II_2.6,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Cleon克里昂（?422 BC): One of the Athenian political and military leaders during the Peloponnesian War. He was the first prominent example of the commercial class who was considered as a warmonger and demagogue by his contemporaries

44、.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.7,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Pericles 伯利克里 (c.495 BC 429 BC): A famous and influential Athenian leader. He was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides, a historian. His reign (461 BC429 BC) was known as the “Age of Peric

45、les”. He promoted the literature and arts and built many buildings. For this reason, Athens became the educational and cultural centre of ancient Greece. Furthermore, Pericles made contribution to the Athenian democracy.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Ex

46、ercises,Please match the following names of political leaders to their reformist ideas.,(1) Draco (2) Cleisthenes (3) Peisistratus (4) Solon (5) Pericles,a. supreme council check the behavior of leaders b. punish trivial crimes with the death sentence c. abolish slave labor d. carry out legislative

47、reform e. advocate peasants welfare and popular entertainments,Comprehension Exercises,Text Study _II_4.1,Text Study,Think and Discuss,How did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history?,Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization

48、. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end.,Think and Discuss,Text Study

49、 _II_1.1_pop1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _II_1.1_pop2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _II_1.1_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.1.1,Main Ideas,Text Study,(1) Greek Mythology and Religion Greek mythology is based on a religion which took shape during

50、 the Homeric Age and was developed from animism and fetishism into polytheism. The religious tales became fully developed myths in the Homeric epic and thus contributed greatly to the later development of all Greek arts. In Greek myth, all the gods live on Mount Olympus. Theres a list of a group of

51、12 gods (The Olympians) who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans.,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.1.2,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.1.3,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.2.1,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,(2) Greek Philosophy Greek philosophy emerged from the

52、bondage of religion and went through a process of fruitful theoretical research combined with practical experience before it achieved its high point in the history of human intellectual development. It has influenced much of Western thought with a wide variety of subjects, including political philos

53、ophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric and aesthetics.,Text Study _III_1.2.2,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Early Greek Philosophers and Their Noble Ideas,Text Study _III_1.2.3,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.2.4,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,The Most I

54、nfluential Philosophers in Greece,Text Study _III_1.2.5,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.2.6,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.3.1,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,(3) Literature Greek literature is considered to consist of epic, lyrical poetry and drama.,Text Stud

55、y _III_1.3.2,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.3.3,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.3.4,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Text Study _III_1.4.1,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,(4) History and Dissident Ideas Greek history has contributed considerably to the constit

56、ution of Greek and Western civilization with its abundant documents of a variety of historical events and figures scattered in social, political, military and cultural fields. The most famous historians are Herodotus(485 BC425 BC) and Thucydides(about 460 BC404 BC).,Herodotus is generally acknowledg

57、ed as the first reputed historian of Greece. His writing Histories objectively describes the war between Persians and Greece.,Text Study _III_1.4.2,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,Thucydides is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest of ancient Greece for his truthfulness, conciseness and ima

58、gination. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5th century BC, as the first recorded political and moral analysis of a nations war policies. Besides, Polybius produced Histories about Alexandria with 40 volumes in all, coving the growth of Rome

59、in 120 years from the beginning of the First Punic War till the surrender of Greece. But unfortunately it hasnt survived intact and only some fragments were preserved.,Text Study _III_1.4.3,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas,As well, there were some dissident scholars in ancient Greece, whose viewpoints were quite abnormal or even different from the mainstream opinions of the day. Their chief representatives were Isocrates and Xenophon. Isocrates was a rhetorician, regarded as one of the ten Attic orators. In his time