拉斯韦尔《社会传播的结构与功能》#一类特选

1、the structure and function of communication in society哈罗德拉兹威尔the act of communication of communicationconsenient way to describe an act of communication s is to answer the following questions :卫生组织saz what磷光通道To WhomWith What Effect？the scientific study of the process of communication s tends to con

2、centra te upon one or another of these questions。scholars who study the who，The communicator，Look into The factors that initiate and guide The act of communication。wecall this subdivision of the field of research control analysis。specalis Ts who focus upon the says what engage in content analysis。th

3、ose who look primarly at the radio，press，film，And other channels of communication are doing media analysis(p . 84)。when the principal concern is with the persons reached by the media，Wespeak of audience analysis。if the question is the impact upon audiences，the problem is effect analysis。whether esuc

4、h distinctions are useful depends entirely upon the degree of refinement which is regarded as appropriate to a given scientific and manageon the other hand，We may want to concentra te on The analysis of content，and for this purpose subdivide The field into The study of purport and结构和基础结构。enticing as

5、 it is to work out these categories in more detail，The present discussion has a differents cope。we are less interested in dividing up the act of communication than in viewing the act as a whole in rel Ation to the entire social process . any process cacasand our analysis of communication will with t

6、he special ization that carry on certain functions，of which the following may be cleally distinguide(2)the correlation of the parts of society in responding to the environment；(3)transmission of the social heritage from one generation to the next。Biological equivalencesat the risk of calling up fals

7、e analogies我们在人类社会观.when we note the degree to which communication s is a feature of life at every level。a vital entity，Whatether relatively isolated or in association，Has specialized ways of receiving stimulli from the environment。the single-celled organism or the many-member ed group tends to main

8、tain an internal eq Uildrium and to respond to changes in the environment in athe responding process calls for specialized ways of b Ringing the parts of the whole into harmonous action(p . 85)。multi-celled animals specialize cells to the function of external contact And internal correlation . thus，

9、among the primerates，specializewhen The stimulline receiving and dissemiinate patterns operate smoothly，The several parts of The animal act in concert in reference to The enventin some animal socies certain members perform specialized roles，and survey the environment。individuals act as sentinels，Sta

10、nding apart from the herd or flock and creating a disturbance whenever an alarming change occurs in the sunthe trumpeting，cackling，Or shrining of the sentinel is enough to set the herd in motion。among the activities engaged in by specialized leaders s the internal stimulation Of followers to adapt i

11、n an order ly manner to toWithin a single，highly differentiate d organism，Incoming nervous impulses and outgoing impulses are transmitted along fibers that makethe critical points in the Process occur at the relay stations，Where the arriving impulse may be too weak to reach the threshold which stirs

12、 the nenesat the higher centers，Separate currents modify one another，Producing results that differ in many ways from the outcome when each is allowerthe sly fox may approach the barnyard in a Way that supplies too meagger stimury for the sentinel to sound the alarm .or the attacking animal may elimi

13、nate the sentinel before he makes more than A feeble outcry。obviously there is every gradation possible between total conductance and no conductance(p . 86)。Attention in World Societywhen We examine the process of communication of any state in the world community，We note three categories of specalis

14、ts . one group surveys the poopdiplomats、attachs、And foreign correspondent s are re presentative of those who specialize on the environment . editors、journallistscommunication s which originate abroad passthrough sequences in which various sender and receiver are linked with one another . subject to modificaif web