翻译的语言对比规律 II

1、第五章,翻译的语言对比规律 （2）,一、语义差异 二、词法差异 三、句法差异 四、思维差异,英汉语言差异,一、英汉句法对比,1、英语基本句式 SV（主+谓） SVP（主+系+表） SVO（主+谓+宾） SVoO（主+谓+间宾+直宾） SVOC（主+谓+宾+宾补）,英汉句法对比,2、汉语基本句式 1）话题句、施事句、关系句、呼叹句、祈使句、存现句、有无句、描写句、说明句等。 2）除动词外，形容词、名词等其他词类也可充当谓语。,英汉句法对比,3、英汉句式结构相同点 基本结构：主语+谓语+宾语 E.g. 1)A womans friendship ever ends in love.,一、英汉句法对

2、比,3、英汉句式结构相同点 基本结构：主语+谓语+宾语 E.g. 1)A womans friendship ever ends in love. 女人的友谊最后总会变成爱情。,4. 英汉句法差异,1）形合（hypotaxis）与意合（parataxis） 形合：句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段（如连词或关联词）连接起来，表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系 意合：词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。,Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不说。 A stat

3、e which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished.,A state which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficia

4、l purposes will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished. 一个政府压制它的人民,以便使其成为自己手中的驯服工具即使是为了正当的目的它也会发现,靠受压制的人是不可能真正成就什么大事的。,出西门，循山脚，高低约数里，渐见山峰屹立，石作横纹。,出西门，循山脚，高低约数里，渐见山峰屹立，石作横纹。 Following him passed the Western Gate, I went along the foot of the hill for about several of undul

5、ating country, when a mountain peak with rocks in horizontal formations gradually came into view.,2). 语序和句子重心差异 英语句子和汉语句子的重心相同，一般都落在结果结论等上，但重心的位置不同，英语一般是前重心，而汉语句子一般是后重心。 PS.现代汉语行文表述顺序大致有以下倾向：先说条件、前提，后说结论、断语；先交待时间、地点，后交待事件、人物行为；先推出背景、前因，后摆出发展和后果；先铺述一般，后刻划具体等等。多层次叙述时，大体上也是从广到窄、从大到小、从远到近、从先到后等。,The peo

6、ple of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to ris

7、e in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。,3.基于句法差异的翻译对策,1）连接手段略去不译（分词、介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词、系动词等） E.g. Smoking is prohibited in public. 公共场所，禁止吸烟。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？,As we

8、 resumed walking I blurted out, “Its a lucky thing it happened that way. You wouldnt have met Mother.(教材) 我们继续往前走，我又冒出一句话：“这样倒是一件幸事。不然你就遇不上妈妈了。” Ordered！Oh, everything is ordered when a person has to find some way out when he has been stupid. 命中注定！啊，一个人干出了傻事，要替自己找理由，那就什么都是命中注定！,All was cleared up so

9、me time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.,All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于

10、得到了澄清。,2)保留原文形合形式 You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better; for, as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party. 你带着女儿们去就行啦，要不你索性打发她们自己去，这样或许更好些，因为你的姿色并不亚于她们中的任何一个，你一去，宾利先生倒作兴看中你呢。,If parents were prepar

11、ed for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.,If parents were pre

12、pared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有

13、思想准备，并且认识到到这是一个显示孩子正在成长、正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志，他们就不会感到如此伤心，所以也就不会因为怨恨和抵触这种反应，而把孩子推到相反的方向。,3）语序,A. 倒装句 B. 定语 C. 状语 D. 否定转移,A.倒装句,a. 改变原文语序 b. 保持原文语序 c. 改变或保持原文句序均可 d. 改变主语,a. 改变原文语序,Not only did we learn English parsing thoroughly, but we also practiced continually English analysis. 我们不仅彻底学会了句法分析，而且不断地

14、练习英文分析。 No longer is it necessary for women to wear veils.,a. 改变原文语序,Not only did we learn English parsing thoroughly, but we also practiced continually English analysis. 我们不仅彻底学会了句法分析，而且不断地练习英文分析。 No longer is it necessary for women to wear veils. 如今女性在也不用戴面纱了。,Inexpressible was the astonishment of

15、 the little party when they returned to find that Mr. Pickwick had disappeared.,Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that Mr. Pickwick had disappeared. 这一小伙人回来发现匹克威克先生已经不见了，他们的惊愕之情简直无法形容。,b. 保持原文语序,There lived on the hill a hermit. 山上住着一个隐士。 Up the road c

16、ame a sound of creaking axles, and then a slow cloud of dust, and then a bull-cart bearing Ransie Bilbro and his wife.,b. 保持原文语序,There lived on the hill a hermit. 山上住着一个隐士。 Up the road came a sound of creaking axles, and then a slow cloud of dust, and then a bull-cart nearing Ransie Bilbro and his w

17、ife. 路那头传来了吱吱呀呀的车轴声，腾起一蓬灰尘，接着出现了一辆牛车，上面坐着兰西比尔布罗和他的老婆。,c. 改变或保持原文句序均可,Yet few knew, and still fewer considered this. 然而这一点很少有人察觉，也更少有人去关注。（强调） 然而很少有人察觉这一点，更少有人去关注。 Such a treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.,Such a treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before. 这

18、种待遇是我所未曾意料到的，因为我过去从未有过恩主。 我没有意料到会有这样的待遇，因为我从未有过什么赞助人。,d. 改变主语,It is with time as with the current if water; once it goes, it never comes back. 时间如流水，一去不复返。,B. 定语,1.定语位置：英语中定语前置后置均可（单个形容词、名词、分词、数词等作定语时，才可前置），后置的短语或从句可以很长，而汉语中定语一般置于被修饰名词之前。 2.定语排列顺序：英语中多个定语修饰一个中心词的时候其基本顺序是小范围到大范围、次要意义到主要意义、程度弱到程度强，越能反

19、映事物本质特征的越靠近中心词，而汉语则相反。,1. That altered, frightened, fat face told his secret well enough. 他的胖脸蛋儿吓得走了样子，他心里的打算一看就知道。 2. She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own. 她心地厚道，为人乐观，性情温柔，待人和蔼，器量又大。,She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a wel

20、l-to-do doctor in Haddington. The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days.,She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington. 她是哈丁顿一位富裕医生的女儿，有才华、

21、又迷人 、但有点脾气。 The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days. 那个男孩哭得似乎心碎了，我问他时，他说他已有两天没吃东西了，实在饿极了。,C. 状语,a. 英语中状语以后置为主，汉语中状语则以前置为主 Father worked day and night to support the family. 为了养家糊口，父亲没白天没黑夜的干活。 Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声，箭射上了天。,b.英语中的地点状语和时间状语是由小概念到大概念排列；而汉语则相反，是由大概念到小概念排列。 e.g. William Shakespeare was born in Stratfort-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. 威廉莎士比亚生于英格兰沃里克郡埃文河畔斯特拉特福镇。,c. 如果一个句子中具有地点状语，又有时间状语，英语的排列顺序是地点状语在前，时间状语在后；汉语则相反。 E.g