非谓语动词作成分

1、,主语 It is very important to master a foreign language. Reading newspapers can increase our knowledge. Being admitted to Harvard University is an honor. It is no use/good/useless doing It is fun/ a waste of time doing There is no need to do/ no doubt that /no point in doing There is no joking about s

2、uch matters. 这种事是不能开玩笑的。,宾语 (1)有些动词只要求动词不定式作宾语，如want, decide, learn, pretend, hope, expect, refuse, manage, long, promise, offer, hate,(2) 要求用动名词作宾语，常见的这类动词有 admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, confess, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, envy, fancy, favor, finish, forbid, imagine, include,

3、 involve, keep, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practice, prevent, quit, resist, risk, stand, suggest, understand 等。,动词不定式复合结构Its difficult for you to study English. Its nice of you to help me. I feel it right to tell her the truth. 动名词复合结构 在句中作主语或宾语等由动名词的逻辑主语即物主代词或名词所有格+动名词短语构成 Their coming to

4、 help was a great encouragement to us She insisted on me/my/her mother(s) staying for lunch,We considered/found him (to be ) dishonest. 我们发现他不诚实。 We all suppose him to be dead. 我们都以为他死了。,有些动词如consider, prove, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也可跟 “宾语 + to be”的形式，使用中应注意。例如：,宾语补足语 有些动词如all

5、ow, advise, ask, beg, believe, call, cause, enable, encourage, get, invite, order, teach, tell 等后边常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。 I invited him to come here. He was invited to come here.,The teacher allowed me to finish my homework on Friday. 在make, let, have等使役动词后；在see, watch, look at, observe, feel, hear, listen t

6、o, notice等表示感官的动词后省去动词不定式符号“to”。但如这些词用被动，则带to That made me quit. He was heard to reject the suggestion.,1. 不定式作宾补,I was made to quit.,2.-ing做宾补 1.感官动词see, hear, find sb. doing等 2.使役动词have，get, leave, keep, send, wont have sb doing等 I found the man lying on the ground. Tom kept us waiting in the wind

7、. The explosion sent us running in all directions. I wont have my children saying dirty words. 当谓语动词变成被动时 The man was found lying on the ground. We were kept waiting in the wind.,-ed 做宾补 1.感官动词see, hear, find sb/sth done等 2.使役动词have，get, leave, keep等 He raised his voice to make himself heard. We hea

8、rd the story told. We heard the story being told. 当动词变成被动时 They left the work half done. The work was left half done. Her bike was found stolen.,She found her bike stolen,当 “have”作“有”解释时，如果后面跟有表达某些感情的名difficulty, trouble, problem, fun, a hard time等通常使用动名词，实际上这种句型是在动名词前省去了介词in。例如：,He has difficulty (

9、in) speaking English? I still remember the great fun I had _ Disneyland. A. visited B visiting C visit D to visit,定语 不定式作定语常表将来，与靠近的名词或代词有逻辑的动宾关系，但其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般用主动语态。,I have much work to do . He is always the first to come. I d like some exciting music to listen to.,We found the book difficult to u

10、nderstand.,如果句子找不出上述逻辑主语，或不定式的逻辑主语不是句中主语时，则一般用被动语态。,Her boss got a lot of letters to be typed. (不是老板自己打，而是别人打),“Do you have any clothes to be washed today”,-ing作定语与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系，或表进行 -ed作定语表被动，或完成 The car waiting outside, songs written by Jackson. Fallen leaves, retired workers 不能用分词的完成式作定语，但中间有逗号隔开

11、时可以如 The boy having won the gold metal is my cousin. X The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 对比： The meeting held yesterday/being held now/ to be held tomorrow,状语,不定式做状语大多表目的，放后面时不用逗号隔开；有时表出乎意料的结果，一般有逗号。 The children all turned _the famous actress as she en

12、tered the classroom. A.looked atB.to look atC.to looking atD.look at Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _reduce unemployment pressures. A.help B.to have helped C.to help D.having helped H

13、e woke up （only）to see he was in hospital.,分词及分词短语作状语可表示时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，方式或伴随情况。分词（短语）可以放在句首也可放在句末，通常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。分词前可带“when, while, as, once, until, if ”等连接词。例如： （While） Walking along the street, we found a purse lying on the ground. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students. Not h

14、aving received an answer, I wrote again. Not having been tested, this new-type oil pump cant be put into production.,常用过去分词形式作定语，补语，状语的动词： Seated, dressed, lost, gone, hidden, exposed, devoted, absorbed, caught, stuck等，但如果这些词后有宾语则用主动，如 _ his way in the forest, he burst into tears. _ in the forest, h

15、e burst into tears. I saw a girl _ to the rain. I saw a girl _ herself to the rain. 常用主动的 感官动词（look，smell, taste等），sell，hang, measure,Losing,Lost,exposed,exposing,固定结构： Generally/ honestly speaking Judging from/by Compared to/ with To tell the truth To be honest Considering/given Given/considering h

16、is interest in children, teaching seem the right job for her.,分词独立结构,Everything having been prepared, they began to make a new experiment. The meeting being over, we held a discussion. He left the room angrily, without a word more spoken. There being a lot of books to read, he often studied till mid

17、night.,1. _(finish)his homework , he went out to play. 2._the project in time, the staff were working at weekends. A.Completing B.Having completed C.To have completed D.To complete 3._, you need to give all you have and try your best. A.Being a winner B.To be a winner C.Be a winner D.Having been a w

18、inner 4._and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. A.To be tired B.Tired C.Tiring D.Being tired 5._ down the radio- the babys asleep in the next room. A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn 6._ in thought , he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing

19、 B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 7. _up, or youll be late. A. Hurrying B. Hurry C having hurried D. hurried 8._ (buy)some chocolate when you are in Italy. 9. _ some chocolate is what tourists in Italy often do.,在句型“There be no主语”中，习惯上常用ing形式作主语，且不带逻辑主语。如： There is no parking around here. 这周围不准停车。

20、There is no telling what will happen. (=It is impossible to tell what will happen.) 无法知道会发生什么。,不定式进行式：动词不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生 I happened to be traveling in London. 不定式 完成式：动词不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生,They are known to have come to a decision on the matter.,完成进行式：不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前开始发生，并延续到那个时候，可能仍在进

21、行。,He is said to have been working in this factory for more than twenty years.,动名词完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如,I regret not having taken your advice.,动名词被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如： I still remember _to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. A.to take B.to be taken C. taking D.being ta

22、ken,如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。,不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法,1在某些动词后作宾语，如： They are said to be building another bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. I happened to be going that way too. He pretended to be listening attentively. 在某些动词后宾补，如： We didnt expect you t

23、o be waiting for us here.,如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如： They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. She wished to have been studying as hard as the others. Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.,当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。,十、 不定式的被动形式有下列用法,1作主语： It

24、is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 2作宾语： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang. 3宾补： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that. The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 5作定语： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the te

25、achers office? 6作状语： She was too young to be assigned such work.,不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如： It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语） She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)） He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. The book is s

26、aid to have been translated into many languages. 总结：不定式各种形式常考要点： happen， seem，pretend，be said/believed/ reported, Its an honor to do/ to be done/ to be doing/ to have done / to have been doing/ to have been done,分词各种形式,1. being done Being exposed to sunlight is harmful to our skin. The house being b

27、uilt will be our library. He is fond of being praised. By taking the back way, he escaped being seen. Being painted, the house looks like a mess. I saw my son being beaten by that rude man.,主语,定语,宾语,状语,宾补,宾语,He forgot having locked the door. Having finished his homework, Tom went home. Having been kept in the fridge for two hours, the food has gone bad. Everything having been p