托福阅读四：插入句子题.ppt

1、阅读托福：插入文章故障诊断技术，复习能力，1，了解相关句子和词汇2，了解鱼缸的逻辑顺序，主题特性，Lookat the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be aae(you will see a sentence in bold)where would the sentence best fit？click on a to add the sentence to the passage。question:在TOEFL阅读中，无论插入问题是否出现在文章的那个位置，这种问题为什么存在于总结问题之前，倒数第二

2、个问题的位置？ETS是一个很人性化的机构。如果这种问题出现在前几个问题的位置，选择不当会影响文章的理解度，并做出不同的问题。插入的句子对文章本身有多大影响？和几句话有关吗？如果前后两句都相关，去掉它会对文章产生更大的影响吗？只要找到要插入的句子和前后句子的逻辑连接就行了。英语文章之间的衔接技术(cohesivedevices)，此类型重点考察英语文章之间的逻辑语义关系，即英语中的句子和句子是如何联系在一起的。coheive devices，1 .代词(Pronouns)具体包括人称代词、代词和关系代词等(personal，demonstrative，relative，etc)。在上文的衔接中，

3、代词是最密切的一类词。作者在再次提到上述文章相关主题时，为了避免重复，遵循了语言学最简单的原理。作者用代词指代那个话题词。范例：speakingaforeignoreignageisanenormalsasetthemodernworld . this is why somanyjuniorhighschoollsarenoufferinglanguageclasses . too定冠词the名词(specificarticles nouns)在宾语首次出现时连接到不定式a，在后句再次提到名词宾语时，则连接到定冠词the，表示与前句的关系相同。例如：awomaniswalkingintourc

4、lassroom . thewomanisourteacher，coheive devices，3 .重复主题或同义词替换的父文章和子连接可以通过重复主题单词实现，也可以替换相关单词。例如， tofosterheallthyrelationshipbetweenchildrenolassroom是teachersshouldprodeimforgameandfunactivities . havinghealthyrelations转移语和短语上面提到的三个文章之间的关系属于隐性关系。的一部分。隐式关系通过上下句的语义关系实现。现在我们要通过文章之间的显性关系，即明确的逻辑连词或副词来反映文章

5、之间的关系。这些显性关系词包括以下类别：4.1小时关系then、next、later、finally、etc.4.2因果关系therefore、conequence、asatesult、etc.4.3过渡关系however、but、4.4解释关系thatenis、inotherwords、etc.4.5示例关系for instance、for example peersandoldsiblingshaveamajorinfluenceonhowschoolchilders，故障排除步骤，4 steps S1:阅读要插入的句子，查找衔接或代词s23360，查找与段落中要插入的句子相匹配的逻辑句子

6、，或参考对象s:插入s:确定插入上下文逻辑关系是否合理，解决想法，想法1代名词出现前的想法2连接词转换词两边的想法从3个开始不结束的总结，问题解决想法，段落前的sugggig ging因为每个段落的中心都在第一句。改变第一句，就会改变句子的意思，Suggestion 2空后是代词they，it，一般是不对的。代词不能横穿句子，所以在代词前加一个句子，就会改变代词的代词对象。但是，一段有一个例外，例如只有一个主语。)Suggestion 3优先考虑段落的最后一个空格。因为放在最后对文章内容的影响很小。)，example 1:ext finct but already fully marine c

7、etacean s are known from the fossil record。how was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged？缺少until recently were fossis cleally intermediate，or transitional，Between land mammals and cetaceans . very exchting disc veries have finethis is a question that has puzled scientists for

8、 ag Es。4 steps S1:阅读要插入的句子，查找衔接或代词s23360，查找与段落中要插入的句子相匹配的逻辑句子，或确定插入引用对象s :s :后上下文逻辑关系是否合理，Vocabulary，1 .extginct adj .(esp of a type of animal，etc) no longer in existence 2。bridge a gap :(a)fill an awkward or empty space；(b)reduce the distance(between widely contrsting groups)3。mammal : any of the c

9、lass of animals that give birth to live offpring and feed their young on milk from the breakst 4 .intermediate :(a)Situated or coming between two people，things，etc in time，space，degree，etc；(b)between elementary and advanced 5。transitional :过渡的6。reconstruct:construct or build again，after damagecreate

10、 again(sth that has existed or happened)by using evidence or imagination 7 . origin:starting-point；Source，example 23360，the raising of livec stock is a major economic activity in semi arid lands，Where grasses are general the dominandthe consequences of an exessive number of liveck grazing in an area

11、 are the red Uction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulver virtual izationthis is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated eros ion . this economic relance on livec stock in certain regions makes large tracts，4 steps S1:阅读要插入的句子，查找衔接或代词s23360与段落中要插入的句子相匹配的逻辑句子，或查找引用对象

12、s:插入s:以确定插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理。vocalary，1 .raise : bringup (a child，etc)；breed(farm animals)；Grow or produce (crops) 2。liveck : animals kept on a farm for use or profit，eg cattle or sheep 3。arid : having little or no rainfall；Dry4。dominant : most important or prominent 5。vegetation : plants in general 6。co

13、nsequence : thing that is a result or an effect of sth e Lse 7。exessive : greater than what is normal or necessary；Extreme，8 .graze : (of cattle，sheep，Etc) eat growing grass 9。trample 3360 tread heaviry on sth/sbso as To cause damage or destruction 10 . pulver ize : grind or smash(sth)To powder or d

14、ust 11accelerate : make(sth)move faster or happen earrier；Increase the speed of 12 .relance : configdence or trust in sb/sth 13 . tract : large stretch or area of land 14 . susceptible : easily influenced or harmed by STTas master craft workers，They imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journal ymen . in addition，women often worked in theirafter 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factor ie S w