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1、主谓一致 在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。 一、语法一致原则 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。,1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all

2、. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.,2. 由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语

3、动词。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意:(1)若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:The writer and artist has come. (2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a

4、 (an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.,3. 主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:Mr. Green, together with his wife

5、and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.,4. either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意:(1)在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词

6、(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. (2)若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America.,5. 在定语从句时,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my

7、friends who is working hard. 6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意:people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:The police are looking for the lost chil

8、d.,7. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意:a number of“许多”,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;the number

9、of“的数量”,主语是number,谓语用单数。,8. 在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.,二、逻辑意义一致原则 逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)。 1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。如:Which is your bag?

10、 / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work.,3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接

11、复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5. 算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.,6. 一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The

12、paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isnt easy to study. 7. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,动词用复数。,三、就近一致原则 在英语句子中,有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

13、 1. 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, whether or , not only but also连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如:Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?,2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如:There are two chairs and

14、 a desk in the room. 注意:Here引导的句子用法同上。,倒装句 英语最基本的语序是主语在前,谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调,就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装,只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so, neither, nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。,一、倒装句的意义 1. 适应一定的语法结构的需要,主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。 e.g. May I come in? Was the Peoples Liberation Army founded in 1927? 2. 为了强调某一部分,而把这部分放

15、到句首,构成倒装。 e.g. Never have I been late for school this term. So early did he come to school that no other students came.,二、倒装的使用情况 1. 在“there be”结构里,there是引导词,主语在be后。 e.g. There is a box on the table. 2. 在疑问句中。 e.g. Is she singing in the classroom? What does your mother do?,3. 在here, there等副词开头的某些句子里

16、(要用一般现在时态)。如果主语是人称代词,主语和主要动词的词序不变。(完全倒装) e.g. There goes the bell. Here is an apple for you. There she comes.,4. 重复倒装句型,用在以so, nor, neither开头,表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句,表示“也一样”“也这样”;nor, neither用于否定句,表示“同样也不,也不这样”。 e.g. I am watching TV. So is she. My parents didnt watch TV last night. Ne

17、ither (Nor) did I.,5. 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时,主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。(完全倒装) e.g. Very well, said the French student. Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please. said he.,6. 在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副词开头的句子中,采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。 e.g. Little did he say at the meeting. Never shall I forget t

18、he day when I joined the Army. 比较:I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army.,7. 用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。 e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk. Only in this way can we learn English well. 注意:如果only后的词组不是状语,不需倒装。 e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this.,8

19、. 为了表达生动,有时把表地点、方位的副词,如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首,同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词,主语和谓语动词的位置不变,只将副词放在句首。(完全倒装) e.g. Away hurried the boy. Out rushed the girl.,9. 在虚拟结构中,条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是,可省去if,将这些词移至主语之前。 e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you. Were I you (= If I were you

20、), I would go abroad. Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.,10. as引导让步状语从句时要倒装(形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语)。 e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me. Child as he is, he seems to know everything.(child前不加冠词) Hard as he worded, he made little progress.,11. 用于某些表示祝愿的

21、句子里。 e.g. May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 12. So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。 So happy did he feel. Such was me.,倒装句 英语最基本的语序是主语在前,谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调,就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装,只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so, neither, nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。,一、倒装句的意义 1. 适应一定的语法结构的需要,主要是指疑问句句

22、型结构的需要。 e.g. May I come in? Was the Peoples Liberation Army founded in 1927? 2. 为了强调某一部分,而把这部分放到句首,构成倒装。 e.g. Never have I been late for school this term. So early did he come to school that no other students came.,二、倒装的使用情况 1. 在“there be”结构里,there是引导词,主语在be后。 e.g. There is a box on the table. 2. 在疑

23、问句中。 e.g. Is she singing in the classroom? What does your mother do?,3. 在here, there等副词开头的某些句子里(要用一般现在时态)。如果主语是人称代词,主语和主要动词的词序不变。(完全倒装) e.g. There goes the bell. Here is an apple for you. There she comes.,4. 重复倒装句型,用在以so, nor, neither开头,表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句,表示“也一样”“也这样”;nor, neither

24、用于否定句,表示“同样也不,也不这样”。 e.g. I am watching TV. So is she. My parents didnt watch TV last night. Neither (Nor) did I.,5. 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时,主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。(完全倒装) e.g. Very well, said the French student. Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please. said he.,6. 在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seld

25、om等否定副词开头的句子中,采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。 e.g. Little did he say at the meeting. Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army. 比较:I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army.,7. 用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。 e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk. Only i

26、n this way can we learn English well. 注意:如果only后的词组不是状语,不需倒装。 e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this.,8. 为了表达生动,有时把表地点、方位的副词,如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首,同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词,主语和谓语动词的位置不变,只将副词放在句首。(完全倒装) e.g. Away hurried the boy. Out rushed the girl.,9. 在虚拟结构中,条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是,可省去if,将这些词

27、移至主语之前。 e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you. Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad. Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.,10. as引导让步状语从句时要倒装(形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语)。 e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me. Child as he is, he

28、seems to know everything.(child前不加冠词) Hard as he worded, he made little progress.,11. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。 e.g. May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 12. So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。 So happy did he feel. Such was me.,强调句 一、强调句句型 1. 陈述句的强调句型:It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主

29、语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。 e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping. 2. 一般疑问句的强调句型:同上,只是把is/ was提到it前面。 e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?,3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型:被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分? e.g. When and where was it that you were born? 4. 强调句例句:针对I met Li Ming at the railway station y

30、esterday.句子进行强调。 强调主语:It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强调宾语:It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday. 强调地点状语:It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday. 强调时间状语:It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.,5. 注意:构成强调句的i

31、t本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who,即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此,that, who不可省略;强调句中的时态只用两种,一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用It was ,其余的时态用It is .,二、not until 句型的强调句1. 句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分 e.g. 普通句:He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句:It was not until his wife came ba

32、ck that he went to bed. 2. 注意:此句型只用until,不用till.但如果不是强调句型,till, until可通用;因为句型中It is/ was not 已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。,三、谓语动词的强调1. It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/ does或did. e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。 He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。 Do be careful when you cross the street. 过

33、马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊! 2. 注意:此种强调只用do/ does和did,没有别的形式;过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形。,地点状语从句和原因状语从句 一、地点状语从句 1.引导地点状语从句的从属连词where, wherever指具体地点时,从句可用于主句之前或之后;表示抽象条件的含义时,从句须放在主句之前。 I have a simple philosophy: Fill whats empty. Empty whats full. Scratch(挠) where it itches. 我有一个简单的哲学:空即添满,满即清空,哪儿痒痒挠哪儿。 注:一切随缘的哲学。,2.区分w

34、here引导的定语从句与状语从句: Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(状语从句) Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.(定语从句),二、原因状语从句 1.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that,每个连词的含义不尽相同。(because用得最多) Doctor: Your pulse is as steady as a

35、clock. Patient: Because you have your hand on my wristwatch. 医生:你的脉搏象钟表一样稳。 病人:因为你把手放在了我的手表上。 The elephant didnt wear green sneakers(运动鞋)because his red ones were in wash. 大象没穿绿运动鞋,因为他的红鞋正洗呢。 Chef wanted me to inform you that, as you never leave a tip, you may as well know that he never washes his h

36、ands. 厨师想让我告诉你因为你从不留小费,你最好知道他从不洗手。,Bruised(浑身是伤) and bandage(缠着绷带), a worker arrived at the office. Since he was an hour late, his boss yelled and wanted him to explain. “I fell down a flight of stairs.” “And that took a whole hour?” 一名工作人员浑身是伤,缠着绷带来到办公室,因为他迟到了一个小时,老板冲他大喊大叫要他作出解释。 “我从楼梯上掉了下来”。 “那需要整

37、整一个小时吗”?,The modern French duel( 决斗)is one of the most dangerous traditions of our day. Since it is fought in the open air the combatants are sure to catch cold. 现代法国决斗是当代最危险的风俗之一。因为在露天进行,决斗者肯定要得感冒。 注:“决斗的危险”和“感冒”联系起来思维是发散的。 Since were both working on the same marriage, I thought it should be a good

38、 idea to get together and compare notes. 因为我们经营的是同一个婚姻,我认为我们一起比较一下便条是个好主意。注:夫妻间在打冷战,谁也不跟谁说话,丈夫提议用便条来交流。,2.其他表示原因的方式 除了状语从句外,一些介词短语同样可以表示原因,这样的短语有:because of, thank to, due to, owing to等。 Teacher: Why are you late, Joseph? Joseph: Because of a sign on the road. Teacher: What does a sign have to do wi

39、th your being late? Joseph: The sign said, School Ahead, Go Slow! 老师:你为什么迟到? 学生:因为一个路标。 老师:路标和你迟到有什么关系? 学生:路标上写着,“前面有学校,慢行”。,Thanks to my failure to learn shorthand.(速记) It probably saved me from a lifetime of hard work. 感谢我没有学会速记,可能省了我一生的艰苦工作。 注:有些技能不学可能更好。 Due to recent cutbacks, the light at the

40、end of the tunnel隧道 has been turned off. 最近为了减少开支,已经关掉了隧道尽头的灯。 注:The light at the end of the tunnel隧道尽头的灯是指“黑暗中的希望”,这句话的意思是最后的希望都放弃了。,Many a mans wonderful self-control is due to the fact that he has a wife. 很多男人具有极强的自我控制能力是因为他有一个太太。 注:男人在家里养成了控制自己,尊敬太太的习惯。 此外,并列连词for加分词也可表原因,for与后面的分句可对前面的分句起补充说明的作

41、用。 他以无知著称,他只有一个想法,还是错的。 He was distinguished著名的 for ignorance; for he had only one idea and that was wrong.,独立主格结构 一、概念:“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。,二、功能:“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上

42、与主句不发生关系,因此成为独立主格结构。其实,虽然叫做独立主格结构,并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。,三、形式:独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成:第一部分有名词或代词担任,第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为:ing 分词独立主格结构;ed分词独立主格结构;无动词独立主格结构等。,四、举例: 1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于无事可做,他们离开了。(代词ing; 表原因) 2、Miss Wang c

43、ome into the classroom, books in hand.王老师走进教室,手里拿着书。(无动词结构;表伴随) 3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上,闭着眼睛。(名词ed; 表状态),4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放学了,我们开始玩篮球。(名词副词;表时间) 5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字,他拾起那张纸。(介词结构;表伴随) 6、The last guest to

44、 arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会开始了。(名词不定式;表时间),五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同:1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换成状语从句后,有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转化为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例: If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting,wed better have a rest at this weekend.如果时间允许,本周末我们最好休息

45、一下。, When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 从顶楼上看,花园更漂亮。,2、 还应该注意,分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致,而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”;有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例: Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long t

46、ime. 在屋里找表,用了我很长时间。(依着原则) When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. (我们)种花时必须小心,不能碰坏花根。(悬垂分词),六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同: 1、有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有:generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。 例: Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to

47、 understand.总的来说,这个规则很容易懂。 Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根据他所说的,她一定很诚实。,2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场和态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be frank; to make the matter worse等等。例: To tell you the truth, what I said at th

48、e meeting was not my opinion. 说实话,我在会上说的并不是我的意见。 To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car. 更糟糕的是,他把钥匙锁在车里了,名词性从句 名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。,一、引导名词性从句的连接词 1. 连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which.有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。 2. 连接副词:when, where, why, how.有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。 3. 连接词:that, whether, if, as if.that 无词义,在从句

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