你知道怎么写英文合同吗？..ppt

1、你知道怎么写英文合同吗？,合同的大纲确定之后，就要开始正式的写作了。在写作英文合同时，下面这些方面请务必留意，因为它们可是关系到合同的内容与法律效力的，务必切记！,1. Title it Contract. Do not leave this one to chance. If your client wants a contract, call it a contract. A judge now sitting on the federal bench once ruled that a document entitled Proposal was not a contract even

2、though signed by both parties. The lesson learned is, Say what you mean. If you intend the document to be a legally binding contract, use the word Contract in the title. 标题上注明“合同”两字。不要为碰运气而忽略这个。如果你的客户需要合同，就要注明是合同。一个仍在联邦法院里任职的法官就曾经裁定：有双方签字，但标有“建议书”的文件并非合同。这给我们的教训就是，你怎么想，就应该怎么说。如果你想让你的文件成为具有法律效力的合同，就要

3、在标题中注明“合同”字样。,2. Write in short sentences. Short sentences are easier to understand than long ones. 写短句子，因为短句子比长句子更容易理解。,3. Write in active tense, rather than passive. Active tense sentences are shorter and use words more efficiently, and their meaning is more apparent.Example of active: Sellers sha

4、ll sell the Property to Buyer. Example of passive: The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller. 用主动语态而不用被动语态。相对而言，主动语态的句子更简短，措词更精练，表达更明白。让我们来看一个例子吧，主动语态的句子：卖方将把此物卖给买方；被动语态的句子：此物将被卖方卖给买方。,4. Dont use the word biweekly. It has two meanings: twice a week and every other week. The same applies to bimo

5、nthly. Instead, write every other week or twice a week.不要用“双周”之类的词，因为这有可能产生歧义-是两周还是每隔一周？类似的词还有“双月”，所以最好这样写：“两周”或“每隔一周”。,5. Dont say things like active termites and organisms. Avoid ambiguity by writing either active termites and active organisms or organisms and active termites. When adding a modifi

6、er like active before a compound of nouns like termites and organisms, be sure to clarify whether you intend the modifier to apply to both nouns or just the first one. If you intend it to apply to both, use parallel construction and write the modifier in front of each noun. If you intend it to apply

7、 to just one noun, place that one noun at the end of the list and the modifier directly in front of it.不要用“活跃的白蚁和有机体”之类的话，为了避免模棱两可，最好这样写：“活跃的白蚁和活跃的有机体”或是“白蚁和活跃的有机体”。当一组名词（如“白蚁和有机体”）前有一个修饰语（如“活跃的”）时，你一定要弄清楚这个修饰语是修饰两个名词还是仅仅修饰第一个名词。如果是修饰两个词，可以用排比的手法分别在这两个词之前加上修饰语，如果你只想修饰一个名词，那么你就应该把这个词放在这组词的最后，然后在它的前面加

8、上修饰语。,6. Dont say Lessor and Lessee. These are bad nicknames for a lease because they are easily reversed or mistyped. Use Landlord and Tenant instead. The same applies to lienor and lienee, mortgagor and mortgagee, grantor and grantee, licensor and licensee, party A and party B. This is where you c

9、an use your creativity to come up with a different nickname for a party, as long as you use it consistently throughout the contract. 不要用“出租人”和“承租人”。这对一个租赁合同来说是不好的别称，因为他们容易被颠倒或者出现打印错误。可以用“房东”和“租户”来代替他们。同样，在合同中也不要用“留置权人”和“留置人”，“抵押权人”和“抵押人”，“保证人”和“被保证人”，“许可人”和“被许可人”，“当事人A”和“当事人B”到底怎么说，这就要看你驾驭语言的能力了。不过，

10、要把握的一条原则是，在整个合同中，对合同一方只能用一个别称。,7. Watch out when using herein. Does wherever used herein mean anywhere in the contract or anywhere in the paragraph? Clarify this ambiguity if it matters.使用术语“本文（herein，也可译为“在这里”）”时要当心。为了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”时最好特别申明一下“本文”是指整个合同，还是指其所在的某一段落。,8. Write numbers as both words and

11、numerals: ten (10). This will reduce the chance for errors.写数目时要文字和阿拉伯数字并用，如：拾（10）。这将减少出错的几率。,9. When you write including consider adding but not limited to. Unless you intend the list to be all-inclusive, you had better clarify your intent that it is merely an example.如果你想用“包括”这个词，就要考虑在其后加上“但不限于”的分

12、句。除非你能够列出所有被包括的项，否则最好用“但不限于”的分句，来说明你只是想举个例子。,10. Dont rely on the rules of grammar. The rules of grammar that you learned in school are not universal. The judge or jury interpreting the meaning of your contract may have learned different rules. Write the contract so that no matter what rules they le

13、arned, the contract is clear and unambiguous. Follow this test for clear writing: Remove all periods and commas, then read it. Choosing the right words and placing them in the right place makes the writing clear without punctuation. 不要依赖于语法规则。那些你在学校里学到的语法规则并不是放之四海而皆准的东西，因为有权力来解释此合同的法官或陪审团成员学的语法规则可能和

14、你学的不一样，但不管学的是什么规则，撰写合同都要遵循一个基本原则：简洁、明确。检查你写的东西是否达到这个要求有个好办法，那就是去掉所有的句号和逗号，然后读一下。在没有标点符号的情况下，选择正确的词语放在正确的位置上，这将使你写出来的东西更简明，更流畅。,11. Dont be creative with words. Contract writing is not creative writing and is not meant to provoke reflective thoughts or controversies about nuances of meaning. Contract

15、 writing is clear, direct and precise. Therefore, use common words and common meanings. Write for the common man and the common woman. 不要创造词语。合同文书不是创造性的作品，也就不应因为意思的细微差别而引起思考或争论。合同不用文学大儒来写哦！最重要的是意思明确！合同文书应该是清晰、直接而准确的。因此，要使用普通的词语，表达普通的意思，为普通人撰写合同。,12. Be consistent in using words. If you refer to the

16、subject matter of a sales contract as goods, use that term throughout the contract; do not alternately call them goods and items. Maintaining consistency is more important than avoiding repetition. Dont worry about putting the reader to sleep; worry about the opposing lawyer a year from now hunting

17、for ambiguities to get your contract into court. 用词一致。在一份销售合同中，如果你想用“货物”来指整个合同的标的物，就不要时而称它们为“货物”，时而又改称它们为“产品”。保持用词一致性比避免重复更加重要。不要担心这会让读者打瞌睡；你应该提防的是对方律师会因为含糊不清的合同而将你告上法庭。,13. Be consistent in grammar and punctuation. The rules of grammar and punctuation you learned may differ from others, but you had

18、 better be consistent in your use of them. Be aware of such things as where you put ending quote marks, whether you place commas after years and states, and similar variations in style. 在文法和标点符号上保持一致。你所学的文法和标点用法可能和别人学的不一样，但你最好在使用上保持一致。要特别注意句末的引号、时间和地点之后的逗号以及文风的相似性。,14. Consider including choice of l

19、aw, venue selection, and attorneys fee clauses. If your contract gets litigated, you might as well give your client some ammunition for the fight. 可以在合同中加入所依据的法律、合同发生地、律师费等条款。有了这些条款，一旦合同引起诉讼，你就已经为你的客户打这场诉讼战准备好了一些“弹药”。,一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言

20、简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。,实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如： 从此以后、今后：hereafter; 此后、以后：thereafter; 在其上：thereonthereupon; 其下：thereunder; 对于这个：hereto; 对于那个：whereto; 在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore;

21、在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow; 在上文中,上一部分中：thereinbefore; 在下文中,下一部分中：thereinafter.,例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。ThisContractshallcomeintoforcefromthedateof_executionhereofbytheBuyerandtheBuilder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。Theundersignedherebyagreesthatthenewproductswheretothistradenameismoreappropriatearemadei

22、nChina.,二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。,2.1shippingadvice与shippinginstructions shippingadvice是“装运通知”，是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而shippinginstructions则是“装运须知”，是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分vendor(卖主)与vendee(买主)，consig

23、nor(发货人)与consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。,2.2abideby与complywith abideby与complywith都有“遵守”的意思.但是当主语是“人”时，英译“遵守”须用abideby。当主语是非人称时，则用complywith英译“遵守”。 例：双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。BothpartiesShallabideby/Alltheactivitiesofbothpartiesshallcomplywiththecontractualstipulations.,2.3changeAtoB与changeAintoB 英译

24、“把A改为B”用“changeAtoB”，英译“把A折合成/兑换成B”用“changeAintoB”，两者不可混淆。 例：交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。BothpartiesagreethatchangethetimeofshipmenttoAugustandchangeUSdollarintoRMB,2.4ex与per 源自拉丁语的介词ex与per有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用ex，由某轮船“运走”的货物用Per，而由某轮船“承运”用by。 例：由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于10月1日抵达伦敦。Thelastbatchper/ex/byS.S.Vic

25、toriawillarriveatLondononOctober(S.S.=Steamship),2.5in与after 当英译“多少天之后”的时间时，往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天，所以必须用介词in，而不能用after，因为介词after指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。 例：该货于11月10日由“东风”轮运出，41天后抵达鹿特丹港。ThegoodshallbeshippedperM.V.DongFengonNovember10andareduetoarriveatRottedamlin41days.(M.V.=motorvessel),2.6on/upon与after 当英译“到后，就”时，用介词on/upon，而不用after，因为after表示“之后”的时间不明确。 例：发票货值