农业土和用途和模式

1、1,B.2. (1) A Model of Agricultural land use 農業土地用途的模式,Von Thunens Model 范杜能模式,2,Von Thunens Model 范杜能模式,The first theory 首個理論 Location of various of agricultural activities 不同農業活動的位置 In Germany, early 19th century 19世紀初的德國,3,Observed觀察 various types of farming occurred in concentric rings around set

2、tlement不同的農業類別以同心環形態環繞聚落 Aims目的: how an why agricultural land use varies with the distance from a market怎樣及為甚麼 隨與市場距離，農業土地用途改變？,4,Two Basic Theories2個基本理論,Intensity of production 生產密度 Variations of crop types不同農作物的類別,5,1. Intensity of production 生產密度,Intensity of production of a particular crop will

3、 decline with increasing distance from a market 農作物的生產密度會隨與市場距離增加而下降 (Intensity密度: amount of inputs per unit area of land投入在每單位土地面積的數量 ),生產密度,與市場距離,6,2. Variations of crop types不同農作物的類別,Types of land use will vary with distance from market 土地用途會隨市場的距離而改變,7,Assumptions假設,1. isolated state孤立的國家 (subsi

4、stence自給自足, no external disturbance不受外界干擾) 2. sole market 只得一個市場 3. isotropic plain 均質平原(same physical conditions環境條件一樣) 4. economic man 經濟人(maximize profit with full knowledge of market賺取最大利潤，並擁有所有市場資料),8,5. only one form of transport只有一種交通工具 6. cost of transport is directly proportional to distanc

5、e運輸費會按比例隨距離增加而遞增,9,Principle原則:,RENT is the determining factor租值就是決定因素 (economic rent經濟租值/ locational rent區位租值) Rent租值/ Net Return淨回報: : revenue利潤- cost成本 Revenue 利潤(price市值 x amount產量) / Total cost 總成本(production生產 + transportation運輸) When當: RC (surplus盈利)- production continues繼續生產 R=C limit/ margi

6、n of production 生產邊線 RC (deficit赤字)- no more production 停止生產,10,Revenue: same price of a particular crop同類農作物的市值是一樣 Costs - same production cost of a particular crop同類農作物的生產成本相同 - transport cost increases with increasing weight/ distance from market - 運輸費用隨重量及距離增加而上升 Therefore因此, rent decreases with

7、 the distance from the market 租值會隨市場的距離遞減,11,Model. 1 Distance Decay function隨距遞減,Distance decay of the intensity of production of a particular crop 生產農作物的密度會隨距遞減,12,啡先生的區位租值較低 因為運費較高,13,14,DIMINISHING MARGINAL RETURN 收益遞減定律,The return for a given unit of input declines as more inputs are applied. 當

8、更多的資源投入土地時，每一單位的投入的收益遞減。 Mr Green and Mr Brown have increased inputs by 1 times增加一倍的投入 But, outputs only increase by 50% only產量只增加50%,15,對於啡先生, 增加投入的額外運費 額外的收益,16,17,Conclusion 總結,being much closer to market, farming should be better to be intensive 越接近市場, 農業採用集約模式較佳 being further away from the mark

9、et, farming should be better to be extensive 越遠離市場, 農業採用粗放模式較佳 The intensity of production of a particular crop will decline with distance from the market.農作物生產密度會隨市場距離而遞減,18,Model 2 Types of crops vary農作物類別的變化,Types of crops vary with distance from the market農作物的類別會隨市場距離而變化 determined by Rent 由租值決定

10、 (market price市場價格, yield per hectare每公頃地的產量, transport costs運輸成本, production costs生產成本, ) transport costs運費: vary with weight, bulk, perish ability of crops隨產品的重量，體積和易腐壞性而改變 crop with the highest locational rent, then grow 擁有最高區位租值的農作物，會被種植,19,Example 1: A and B,A - more costly to transport運費較昂貴/ s

11、teeper slope of rent租值坡度較斜 - higher market price市場價值較高 - closer to market較近市場,20,Example 2 : C and D,C :higher yield收成量較高 / lower market市場價格較低 : higher yield, higher transport costs收成量較高，運費較高 : higher yield, higher rent收成量較高，租值較高 : closer to market較近市場,21,Consequently : a concentric zonation of land

12、 use pattern occurs around a market圍繞市場，出現同心環形態的農業用地帶 : with intensity of production increases towards market越近市場，投入密度越高,22,Von Thunen Classic model,23,Von Thunen Classic model,Zone 1 : Production of fresh milk and vegetable生產鮮奶和蔬菜 (market gardening園藝農業) - perishable易腐壞, great demand需求大, high price市

13、價高 - intensive集約式, no fallow無休耕, high inputs投入高,24,Zone 2 : Production of wood (Forestry)生產木材（林地） - bulky笨重 - main fuel主要燃料 - great demand需求大,25,Zone 3 : Crop Alternation System精耕式輪作 - intensive集約式, no fallow無休耕 - 6-year crop rotation 6年輪作不同農作物 Zone 4 : Improved system , fallow and pasture改善了的系統，有休耕

14、和牧地 - seven-year rotation crop7年輪作 - fallow休耕 - crops輪作 / pasture牧地 / fallow休耕,26,Zone 5 : 3-field system 三圃農業帶 - 1/3 : field crops黑麥, 1/3 : pasture牧地, 1/3 : fallow休耕 - rotation system輪作系統 Zone 6 : Extensive livestock farming粗放式放牧,6,5,27,Modification of Von Thunens model修改,1. Addition of a navigable

15、 river航運河流 cheaper transportation較便宜的運輸 production zone become elongated生產帶伸延及拉長 parallel to the river沿河發展,28,2. Addition of a small city另一小鎮 competing centre競爭市場 simple concentric zone簡單同心環帶complex複雜,29,Causes of variation in locational rent區位租值改變的因素,changes in market price市場價格 changes in productio

16、n cost生產成本 changes in transport cost運輸成本 - If market price市場價格: $160 - Production cost生產成本: $40/ tonne - Transport cost運輸成本: $2/ km/ tonne Ex. 1, Ex. 2, Ex. 3,30,Ex .1 (ans),31,32,Ex. 2,Refer to參閱Ex. 1, draw new diagrams to show the changes in rent and margin of production繪畫新的圖表顯示租值和生產邊線的改變 (2.1) If

17、 market price市場價格increases by $40 (2.2) If production cost生產成本increases by $40 (2.3) If transport cost運輸成本decreases by $0.5 / km/tonne,33,Ex.2.1 (ans),(2.1) If market price市場價格increases by $40,利潤上升,生產邊線擴張,34,Ex.2.2 (ans),If production cost生產成本increases by $40,利潤下降,生產邊線收縮,35,Ex.2.3 (ans),If transport

18、 cost運輸成本decreases by $0.5 / km/tonne,生產邊線擴張,利潤上升,36,Conclusion 總結,Change in market price/ production cost市場價格和生產成本改變 curve of rent租值曲線: parallel shift平行移動 gradient keeps constant梯度不變,37,Change in transport cost運輸成本改變 curve of rent / net profit租值/純利曲線: change in gradient梯度改變 transport cost, gradient

19、/ gentler較平緩 transport cost, gradient/ steeper較斜,38,Change in rent change in production area生產面積改變 expands擴張 / contracts收縮 Ex.3 If there is an addition of competing market當出現另一個市場,39,Ex.3繪畫圖表顯示以下農業的空間分佈,Milk鮮奶 : market price市場價格: $160 : transport cost 運費: $40/10km/tonne Wheat小麥 : market price市場價格: $

20、120 : transport cost運費: $20/10km/tonne Wool羊毛 : market price市場價格: $80 : transport cost運費: $10/10km/tonne,40,Ex.3(ans)圖表顯示農業的空間分佈,41,Ex.3,If there is another competing market 100 km away 當100公里外出現另一個市場 繪畫新的圖表顯示農業空間分佈的改變,42,answer,43,Applicability可行性,Economic rent mechanism 經濟租值機制 land use with highes

21、t economic rent occupies the space closer to the city centre 擁有最高經濟租值的土地用途能佔鄰近市中心的土地,44,香港的農業土地利用分佈,45,市中心,園藝農業,園藝農業,46,case,in HK, market gardening is located nearby the city centre, because of its high market value and high perish ability 在香港，由於鮮花蔬菜市場價值高及容易腐壞，故園藝農業鄰近市中心 the theoretical pattern exi

22、sts in the reality 大致理論的模式會在現實中出現,47,2. Land use pattern of farming農業用地用途模式 the theoretical farming pattern such as urban farming, forestry, feed-grain cultivation and livestock farming can be found in the real world 理論中的農業模式，例如城市農業，林木區，穀物，畜牧都能於現實世界中找到 Belgium acts as centre in Europe 比利時為歐洲的中心,48,4

23、9,the market-gardening area is found in Holland 園藝農業區出現於荷蘭 the livestock farming is found in the southern part of France and Portugal 畜牧業出現於法國南部及葡萄牙 the intensity of farming and crop types change at a similar theoretical pattern outward 農業密度及農作物類別的改變，大致與理論接近 The highest farming intensity is found at

24、 the centre. Away from the centre, intensity declines. 最高的農業投入密度在中心區出現。遠離中心區, 密度遞減。,50,Inapplicability 不可行,circular zonal pattern 圓形區域模式 in the real world, the spatial variation of physical environment distorts the ideal circular land use pattern 現實中不一致的空間環境會扭曲理想的環狀土地模式,51,For example,The presence o

25、f Eastern Highland and Tasman Sea in SE Australia after land use pattern into linear pattern 在澳洲東部，東部高地及塔斯曼海改變土地模式（成為帶狀） Some physical conditions are favorable for particular farming. For example, paddy grows in the flood plains or alluvial plain like SE China 有些自然條件有利某種農業。例如水稻適合在氾濫平原生長。炎熱而潮濕的華南地區每年

26、生產兩造稻米,52,Development of transportation運輸發展 Market gardening can be developed further away from the centre 園藝農業能在遠離市中心的地區發展 For example, London may now be served from Devon by milk trains with refrigerated containers 使特文（一個較遠離市中心的地方）能為倫敦供應鮮奶，因為運載鮮奶的火車設有冷藏設備,53,2. Perfect information and economic man

27、 掌握完全資料的經濟人 this assumption is invalid 不適行的 The experience, customs and belief affect the decision making of the farmers. Paddy cultivation in SE Asia where rice is the main diet is an example 經驗，習慣和信念會影響農夫的決定。在東南亞，米是主要糧食，該地的稻米農業便是一例,54,3. Zone of foresting 林木區(nearby market鄰近市場) Wood: was the main

28、fuel 以前是主要燃料 replaced by fossil fuels 礦物燃料 So, nowadays the foresting area has disappeared 現時，鄰近市場的林木區已消失,55,4. Intensity of production 生產密度 Phenomenon: the intensity of production decreases outward(may not exit) 現象：生產密度向外遞減(不出現) Because of urban expansion, speculative purpose farmers may not invest

29、 any more in the land nearby the centre (abandoned land). 因為城市擴張, 農夫等待收地, 農民不會再投資任何投入在鄰近市中心的土地(棄耕地) So, the ideal Von Thunens pattern may be disturbed. 因此，范杜能理想的模式會被干擾,56,香港的農業土地利用分佈,棄耕地,57,5. Government intervention政府干涉 land use zoning policy, anti-pollution and trading policies (eg, free trade, ta

30、riff and subsidies) might affect the land use pattern. 土地用途劃分，反污染政策及貿易政策（自由貿易，關稅及資助），都會影響土地用途模式,58,Case study個案,1. Australia 澳洲 2. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia阿的斯阿貝巴，埃塞俄比亞,59,Case study個案: Australia 澳洲,60,61,Case study個案: Australia 澳洲,Australia 澳洲 Market市場: Sydney悉尼 Innermost接近市場: milk zone farming 鮮奶農業 In

31、termediate中間: mixed farming (wheat-sheep farming)混合式農業（小麥綿羊農業） Outer外圍: extensive sheep grazing(wool production)粗放式牧羊（羊毛生產）,62,Conclusion 總結,The highest farming intensity is found at the centre. Away from the centre, intensity declines. 最高的農業投入密度在中心區出現。遠離中心區, 密度遞減 The general pattern of Von Thunens

32、Model is likely applied in New South Wales, Australia 范杜能模式的土地用途模式，大致可以運用在澳洲的新南威爾斯省,63,鮮奶業接近市場,牛油生產業接近原料,64,65,However,66,However,1. The presence of Eastern Highland and the Tasman Sea in SE Australia alter the land use pattern into linear and scattered 在澳洲東南部，東部高原及塔斯曼海將土地用途模式改變成帶狀及分散形態,67,2. Improved transport system and government controls extend the area supplying whole milk to Sydney along railway networks and into irrigation areas of interior. 改善了的運輸系統, 加上政府控制，將供應悉尼的鮮奶區沿鐵路伸延至內陸灌溉區,68,3. There are several large cities along east coast of Australi