高等学校研究生英语综合教程上Unit-8

1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程（上） INTEGRATED COURSE,Unit 8,Smarter Transportation,Content,Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project,Task 1 Work in pairs. Choose your favorite car from the cars given on P220 and tell your partner why you like it best.,Starting ou

2、tTask 1,Task 2 Role play. Work out a conversation with your partner in which one of you dreams of having a car and lists the benefits, while the other plays the opposing role and complains about the damage caused by cars.,Starting outTask 2,Useful words and expressions: Benefits: convenient, comfort

3、able, luxurious, enjoy freedom, higher standard of living, privacy, independence, take better care of the young and the aged, protected from pick pockets, Shortcomings: jam the roads, energy-consuming, high cost, emissions, air pollution, theft from car parks, breakdowns, stressful driving.,Starting

4、 outTask 2,Starting out-Task 2,Task 3 Discuss with your group members how to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities? You may give some suggestions on how to improve the roads and traffic regulations and how to make cars smarter to avoid being caught in traffic jams.,GPS (Global Positionin

5、g System) guides drivers to the right place without wondering about on the streets. Cars can be made smaller, too. The latest concept cars are foldable in order to save parking space.,Starting out-Task 2,The Hidden Danger of Seat Belts,Reading Focus,Reading Focus,It is well-known that seat belt is o

6、ne of the safety measures aiming to save lives, prevent injuries, and reduce car crashes. Why does the writer say there are “hidden dangers” caused by buckling seat belts? Would you give an example to support this statement?,Background Information,Reading Focus Global Understanding,Its common knowle

7、dge that _ _. But, according to John Adams _ _. Adams explains his research in terms of _. For example, seat belts may cause _, and thus pose risks to _. There are many factors that affect risk, including _.,Complete the following extract.,seat belts decrease our,.,risk of dying in an accident,the r

8、eality is messier and more complicated,than that,risk compensation,people to drive more recklessly,other passengers or pedestrians as well as themselves,financial, physical or emotional rewards,Task 2,Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text.,Key: 2 3 4 5 6 7

9、 8 9 10,A,B,A,A,B,B,A,B,B,A,Reading Focus Detailed Information,Critical Thinking,Reading Focus,Step One In the text, the author said:,Seat belts may actually cause people to drive more recklessly. Seat belts save lives. A young man is 100 times more likely to be involved in a severe car crash than i

10、s a middle-aged woman.,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,Step Two Discuss in groups:,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,What safety measures have been included in car designs? Why does John Adams say that driving at 3:00 a.m. on a Sunday one is more than 100 times more likely to die than someone driving at

11、 10:00 a.m.? Can you explain this situation according to the risk compensation theory?,1. Seat belts still decrease our risk of dying in an accident, but the statistics are not all black and white. (Para. 1) black and white: 1) (of a photograph, film, television programme, or illustration) in black,

12、 white, shades of grey, and no other colour e.g. old black-and-white movies 2) (of a situation or debate) involving clearly defined opposing principles or issues e.g. It was all grey areas; no black-and-white certainties.,Reading Focus Language Point,2. What he found was that contrary to conventiona

13、l wisdom, mandating the use of seat belts in 18 countries resulted in either no change or actually a net increase in road accident deaths. (Para. 2) mandate: require (something) to be done; make mandatory e.g. The government began mandating better car safety.,Reading Focus Language Point,3. If he is

14、 wearing a seat belt and his car has front and side air bags and anti-skid brakes to boot, he may in turn drive a bit more daringly. (Para. 3) to boot: used at the end of a list of remarks to emphasize them e.g. 1) He is kind, handsome and wealthy to boot. 2) She was a great sportswoman, and beautif

15、ul to boot.,Reading Focus Language Point,4. In the case of seat belts, instead of a simple, straightforward reduction in deaths, the end result is actually a more complicated redistribution of risk and fatalities. (Para. 4) redistribute: v. to give something to each member of a group so that it is d

16、ivided up in a different way from before 再分配，再分发 e.g.: Their primary concern was to redistribute income from rich to poor.,Reading Focus Language Point,5. Consequently, any single measurement assigned to the risk of driving a car is bound to be only the roughest sort of benchmark. (Para. 5) benchmar

17、k: something that is used as a standard by which other things can be judged or measured 基准 e.g. 1) The valuation becomes a benchmark against which to judge other prices. 2) Tests at the age of seven provide a benchmark against which the childs progress at school can be measured.,Reading Focus Langua

18、ge Point,Key to step 1 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8-,Task 1 Step 1 Match the words in the left column with their correct meanings in the right column. Note that each word has more than one meaning.,e, m,c, j,b, q,g, n,a, f, l,h, i,k, o,d, p,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,boot,bound,fatal,negotiate,net

19、,the odds,reward,vacuum,Step 2,Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase and write down the corresponding meaning (marked aq in the table above) at the end of each sentence. Change the form if necessary.,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,Key to step 2 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9-

20、10-,boot (m),vacuum (p),rewarded(o),reward (k),net (f),negotiating (n),odds (h),odds (i),Fatal (b),negotiations (g),Task 2 Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from each group. Change the form if necessary.,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,1. black and white in black and w

21、hite A. Part of the problem is that we only see the issues as _. B. Once its down _, you cant forget it. C. I still get a thrill seeing re-runs of old _ movies on Saturday afternoon television.,black and white,in black and white,black-and-white,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,2. on the scene behi

22、nd the scenes set the scene A. The accident victim died before the ambulance arrived _. B. Foster _ before the performance so that the audience knows what to expect. C. Women make their contribution in the world either in high-profile or _.,on the scene,set the scene,behind the scene,Reading Focus V

23、ocabulary in Action,3. make a difference make all the difference make any difference make no difference A. He told me he should have been more careful, but that it would _. B. The lighting will _ to how well people can see the picture. C. Will exercise _ to my chances of getting fat? D. A few kind w

24、ords at the right time _.,make no difference,make a difference,make any difference,make all the difference,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,4. work on work out work against A. If you _ it steadily you should win through in the end. B. Criticising the security procedures usually _ making them effec

25、tive. C. Why dont you leave him here till you see how things _?,work on,work against,work out,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,5. spread out spread through spread to A. Buddhism _ China from India. B. Felix watched his men _ to cover the whole area. C. A mass movement against forced labor _ the st

26、ate.,spread to,spread out,spread through,Practical Translation,翻译词汇时最忌讳的可以说是一个词对应一个词地“死译”,即不考虑词的深层含义以及词在短语中的含义，而是生搬硬套地逐词翻译，从而曲解了原文。翻译一个词，必须先理解它在上下文中所处的地位及与其他词的搭配关系再进行贴切的翻译。,翻译词汇应注意如下三方面的问题： 1. 一词多义：有时单词在不同的上下文中含义不同，应注意利用上下文加以区别 2. 短语的含义：在一些固定搭配的短语里，词义也会相应地发生变化，应注意积累这一类短语。 3.两种语言的文化背景差异,词汇的翻译,Sometim

27、es, psychographic profiles can be quite detailed. Take the Accord. Honda Motor reports that the cars owners like to vacuum their garages. You cant say theyre not clean. 有时候，心理剖析可以非常详细。以“雅阁”为例，本田汽车报告称，“雅阁”汽车的主人喜欢用吸尘器打扫他们的车库。你不能说他们不干净。,点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称。,Translate the following paragraphs into Ch

28、inese.,2. We also found that sometimes messages sent out by seemingly similar cars can be quite different. Consider two premier British luxury sedans: Bentleys Arnage and Rolls Phantom. Both are stately and fast, but each one attracts a different kind of customer. 我们还发现，有时看上去类似的汽车可能传达了完全不同的信息，比如英国最好

29、的两种豪华轿车：宾利公司的“雅致”和劳斯莱斯公司的“幻影”，两者都是高贵而快捷，但它们却各自吸引了不同类型的客户。,点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称。,3. The Bentley buyer wants an understated heirloom that he or she can pass down through the generations; over 80% of all Bentleys ever made are still on the road today. The Phantom buyer, on the other hand, is looking

30、for instant recognition. The car has a presence that really demands attention wherever it goes. 宾利的买主想要的是低调的、但是可以在几代人之间世代相传的传家宝；有史以来所生产的宾利，80% 以上至今仍跑在路上。然而，“幻影”的买家却期盼一夜成名，该车的外表使得它所到之处无不引人注目。,点评：这里，将 instant recognition译为“一夜成名”，使译文更加简洁。,A Bibliography,Focused Writing,There are a number of different s

31、tyles of bibliography often used for different types of text, as follows: * APA: for psychology, education, and other social sciences. * MLA: for literature, arts, and humanities. * AMA: for medicine, health, and biological sciences. * Turabian: designed for college students to use with all subjects

32、. * Chicago: used with all subjects in the “real world” by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications.,Focused Writing Writing Skill,There is a clear format to follow in any style of bibliography. Take for example, rules of the Chicago style:,Focused Writing Writing Skill,* L

33、ist entries in alphabetical orderdo not number them. * If the name of the author is unknown, use the title to alphabetize. Be sure to ignore the words “The”, “A” and “An” if the title begins with them. For example, “The Sinking of the Titanic”, if it has no author, should be alphabetized under “Sink

34、ing”.,* Keep capitalization consistent. Capitalize each word in a title, even if the title in the original article is not capitalized. * Double space between sources, single space within each entry. * Indent the second and all succeeding lines for each entry. * Use “n.p.” to indicate “no place” when

35、 there is no location given for the publisher.,Focused Writing Writing Skill,Some particular rules of citing different sources: Citing a printed book,Focused Writing Writing Skill,* Authors last name, first name, followed by a period * Title of the book, italicized or underlined, followed by a perio

36、d * City of publication, followed by a colon * Name of the publisher, followed by a comma * Date of publication, followed by a period.,For example: Waterman, Jonathan. Arctic Crossing: A Journey Through the Northwest Passage and Inuit Culture. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2001.,Focused Writing Writing

37、Skill,Citing an online book Authors last name, first name, followed by a period Title of the book, italicized or underlined, followed by a period City of publication, followed by a colon Name of the publisher, followed by a comma Date of publication, followed by a period The words: “Available from”:

38、 and the title of the site, followed by a comma Host Access date within parenthese, followed by a period,Focused Writing Writing Skill,For example: Honey, Maureen. Bitter Fruit: African American Women in World War II. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999. Available from: Peninsula Librar

39、y System NetLibrary, (accessed 22 March 2005).,Focused Writing Writing Skill,Citing a printed encyclopedia Title of encyclopedia in italics, followed by a period and a space Edition if known, abbreviated, followed by a period and a space The letters s.v. (meaning “under the word”) followed by a spac

40、e The heading for the encyclopedic entry, followed by a period and within quotation marks.,Focused Writing Writing Skill,For example: World Book Encyclopedia. 2003 ed. s.v. “Industrial Revolution.” Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Ed. David Levinson, Karen Christenson (New York: Charles Scribners Sons,

41、2002). s.v. “Indo-China War.”,Focused Writing Writing Skill,Citing an online encyclopedia Title of encyclopedia in italics, followed by a period and a space Edition if known, abbreviated, followed by a period and a space The letters s.v. (meaning “under the word”) followed by a space The heading for

42、 the encyclopedic entry, followed by a period and within quotation marks The words “Available from” followed by a colon If a paid subscription, provide the name of the sponsoring organization (abbreviate Library as Lib.) URL of sponsoring organization, or of free online encyclopedia, within brackets

43、, followed by a space Access date within parentheses, followed by a period.,Focused Writing Writing Skill,For example: Encyclopedia Britannica Online. s.v. “John Lennon.” Available from: Menlo School Lib. (accessed 8 December 2005).,Focused Writing Writing Skill,Citing a printed periodical *Authors

44、last name, first name, followed by a period *Title of article, in quotation marks, followed by a period * Name of periodical, italicized, followed by a space * Volume number (if available) in Arabic numerals, followed by a comma * Date published in parentheses, followed by a colon * Pages used, foll

45、owed by a period.,Focused Writing Writing Skill,For example: Gorman, Christina. “The Avian Flu: How Scared Should We Be?” Time 166, no. 16, (17 October 2005): 30-34.,Focused Writing Writing Skill,Citing a speech Authors last name, first name, followed by a period and a space Title of speech, followe

46、d by a period, in quotation marks Type of speech (lecture, keynote address, etc.), followed by a comma and a space Circumstances of speech (annual meeting, board presentation, government proceedings, etc.), followed by a comma and a space Location of speech, including institution if available, follo

47、wed by a comma and a space Date (speech was presented), followed by a period.,Focused Writing Writing Skill,For example: Schafer, John. “2025.” Lecture, Menlo School, Atherton, CA, 3 December 2005.,Focused Writing Writing Skill,Citing a web page with an author Authors last name, first name, followed by a period Title of website in quotation marks, followed by a space Website creation date in parentheses, followed by a period and a space The words “Available from”,