职称英语语法ppt课件

1、西安市非公有制专业技术人员职称外语培训课,讲师：侯喆 西安外国语大学,1,授课日历,Part 1 职称英语常考语法知识串讲 Part 2 六大题型应试技巧及注意事项 Part 3 全真模拟试题训练,2,英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习,1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式

2、） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）,3,(一） 指出下列句中主语的中心词 (4分，4分钟) The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last yea

3、r. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,4,2. 谓语（predicate）:是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。 Eg. We study English. He is asleep. 选出句中谓语的中心词 (10分，10分钟) I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when sum

4、mer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfa

5、st,5, Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to

6、? A. give B. did C. whom D. book,6,3. 表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost.（形容词化的分词） To wear a fl

7、ower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）,7,常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来 remain（保持，仍是）,feel（感觉） . It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells de

8、licious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.,8,挑出下列句中的表语 (5分，5分钟) The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.,9,4.宾语： 1-动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者

9、代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如： I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need? We need two. （数词） We should help the old and the poor.名词词组) I enjoy working with you.（动名词） I hope to see you again.（不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句） 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the

10、 snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.,10,挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟） My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last cl

11、ass? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who Father C

12、hristmas really is.,11,5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名词） We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in.( 副词 ) Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式） His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a l

13、esson. （带to不定式） Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词）,12,挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 (6分，6分钟) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I s

14、aw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?,13,6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词词组或句子。 Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词） We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词） The man over there is my old f

15、riend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2.（现在分词） The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）,14,挑出下列句中的定语 (6分，6分钟) They use Mr. Mrs. with the fam

16、ily name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,15,7.状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列） I will

17、go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.

18、Though he is young, he can do it well.,16,挑出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟） There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves

19、the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,17,分析下列句子成分 1. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 2. He asked us to sing an English song. 3. We will make our school more beautiful 4.

20、My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city 7. -I love you more than her，child 8. Tees turn green when spring comes. 9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,18,简单句、并列句和复合句,（

21、一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（

22、或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.,19,简单句的五种基本句型 1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work. 3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. 4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语

23、+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car. 5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。,20,2）并列句：并列句主要包括以下关系： (1)表并列关系由and, both.and, as well as, not only.but (also)， neither.nor等组成; (2)表转折或对比关系由but, however, while, yet, nevertheless等组成; (3)表选择关系由or, either.or., not

24、.but., or else等连接; (4)表因果关系与for, so/so that, therefore, because等连用;For example: 1、表示连接两个同等概念，e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、表示选择，e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train. 3、表示转折，e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his class

25、es lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.,21,3) 复合句： 1.状语从句： (1)状语从句的分类 状语从句通常修饰主句的动词或整个句子，由从属连词引导，从属连词在从句中不充当句子成分。根据状语从句所表达的不同意义和功能，可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较、方式等状语从句。 (2)连接状语从句的词语 时间状语从句：when, whenever每当，afte

26、r, before, as, as soon as, hardly/ scarcely.when., no sooner.than.。.一就，while, till, until, since, once。名词词组the first time第一次，last time最后一次，every/each time每次，the next time下次，the next day第二天， the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 一就；副词immediately, instantly, directly等也可作连词使用。 原因状语从句：because,

27、 since, as, now that。 地点状语从句：where，wherever(无论那里)。 让步状语从句： no matter who/whom/what/which/how/when/where, though, although, as, even if /even though, whatever, whoever, however, wherever, whenever等。 条件状语从句： if, unless, as/so long as(如果；只要)，in case (万一)； on condition that(如果)， suppose, supposing, prov

28、iding, provide。 目的状语从句：in order that (为了)，so that (以便)。 比较状语从句：(not) as/soas，than, the morethe more(越越) 引导。 方式状语从句：as(正如；按照)，as if/as though (好像)引导。 结果状语从句： so that (结果是)， so/suchthat (如此以至于)。 时。,22,2. 名词性从句 (1)名词性从句分类： 按照在句中的功能，名词性从句分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。 What impressed me most is not what he d

29、id, but how he did it. It is doubtful whether he is coming. She gave him whatever she had to help him. The question is when we can finish the task. The news that she will invest in China is exciting.,23,名词性从句中的特殊时态 (1)It is+形容词+that句型。常见的形容词有important, necessary, natural, funny, strange, surprising,

30、 astonishing(令人惊讶的)等。 (2) It is +名词+that句型。常见的名词有pity, shame, advice, suggestion, proposal(提议，建议)， requirement, request, desire, order等。 (3) It is+动词的过去分词+ that句型。常见的动词有advise, order, propose, request, suggest, demand, require等,24,3. 定语从句 定语从句分为限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰和限制作用，而非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充和

31、解释说明作用。通常限制性定语从句与先行词之间没有逗号，而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。 (2)定语从句的关系代词和关系副词 定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, which, that, as；关系副词有：when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句的先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当句子成分。 (3)关系代词和关系副词的用法： 当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；当先行词为物或整个句子时用which，可作主语或宾语；先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语； who

32、se用作定语，可指人或物； 关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；where(指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语)；why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 (4)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。例如：I was the only person in our office who was invited。(去掉定语从句，句意就不完整) 非限制性定语从句：从句与先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。例如：His movie won several awards at

33、 the film festival, which was beyond his wildest dream. (去掉定语从句，主句的意思仍完整),25,使用定语从句时需注意的几个问题 用that而不用 which的情况：先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, much；先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；先行词既有人又有物时。例如：There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it。 The first place that they visited in Guilin

34、was Lijing。 This is the best coffee maker that I have ever been made。 Mr Smith is the only foreigner teacher that he knows。 用which而不用 that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句；指代整个主句的意思；用于介词 的后面+ 关系代词。例如：Chans restaurant on Baker Street, which used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. For many cities in the wor

35、ld, there is no room to spread our further, of which New York is an example。 关系代词as的用法 a. 当现行词为 the same +名词，such+名词时，要用关系代词as引导定语从句。例如： I want to buy the same shirt as yours。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in Germany。 b. as可指代主句的内容，引导的非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。常用于下列句型：as is know

36、n to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。例如： He got the first place again in this mid-term examination, as we expected。,26,定语从句与同位语从句的区别 在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词作某种句子成分，定语从句对先行词起修饰和限制作用，而在同位语从句中，从对前面的抽象名词起补充和解释作用，连接词不在从句中充当句子成分。 例如： We heard the news that our scho

37、ol team had won the game. (同位语从句， that在从句中不作句子成分) The news that he told me yesterday proves true. (定语从句， that 在从句中作told的宾语) The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great. (定语从句， that 在从句中作offered的宾语) She is worried about the possibility that she might lose her job。( 同位语从句， that在从句中不作句子成分)

38、,27,练习： 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句： 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there? 4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 5. He is

39、in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.,28

40、,非谓语动词,非谓语动词 也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式.非谓语动词主要包括动名词、不定式和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,具有动词的部分语法特征,可以承担句子的任何成分。 动名词是由动词或动词短语转换而成的名词性结构,其构成的形式是在动词或动词短语的动词后面加上ing.动名词(或动名词短语)在句中起名词的作用,可用作主语、表语、宾语(动词或介词的宾语)和定语等.,29,非谓语动词,(1)作主语 e.g. To read aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的. (2)作表语 e.g. In the ants world, the

41、queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵. (3)作宾语(动词或介词的宾语) e.g. He refuses to do the work. 他不肯做这项工作. (4)作定语 e.gHe cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路.,30,非谓语动词,不定式 不定式有两种形式：一是带to 的不定式，一是不带to的不定式。 其语态和时态变化见书P66.,31,虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如： If I were a bird, I could fly in

42、the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。 May you succeed!祝您成功！,32,从句中的时态搭配 If you were/did, I would do. 表示与现在事实相反 If I had done, they would have done. 表示与过去事实相反 If it did/were to do , I should do. 表示与将来事实相反或对将来事情预测 eg：1. If I were you, I would refuse the money. 2. If

43、 she had had the money that day, she would have bought the dress. 3. If it were not so cold tomorrow, I should go. 虚拟语气在从句中的用法 见书P57,33,被动语态 被动语态主要由Be+及物动词-ed分词构成。Eg：The thief was caught last night. get, become 可以替代be . Eg：The thief got caught last night.,34,被动语态在各时态中的变形 Was/were +done Have/has been

44、 done Will be done Am/is/are +done Is/are+being done Had been done Was/were +being done Will have been done 不能用被动语态的情况 见书P54,35,否定句 1) 一般否定句I dont know this. No news is good news.There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house. 2)特指否定He went to his office, not to see him.I am sorry for

45、not coming on time.I dont think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right. 3)部分否定I dont know all of them.I cant see everybody/everything.All the answers are not right.（并非所有答案都对。）All is not gold that glitters. （闪光的不一定都是金子。）Both of them are not right.（并非两人都对。） 4)全体否定None of my friends smoke.I can see

46、 nothing/nobody.Nothing can be so simple as this.Neither of them is right. 5) 延续否定You didnt see him, neither/nor did I.You dont know, I dont know either.He doesnt know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French.,36,6) 半否定句We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.I kno

47、w little English.I saw few people. 7) 双重否定You cant make something out of nothing.Whats done cannot be undone.There is no sweet without sweat.No gain without pains.I cant help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.No man is so old but (that) he can learn. 8)排除否定Everyone is ready except you.He did nothing but play.But for your help, I couldnt do it. 9)加强否定I wont do it at all.I ca