《段落推展方法》PPT课件

1、段落,段落推展方法,推展句,The topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph, while the supporting sentences develop the main idea of the paragraph specifically. 推展句的写作方法：定义法，分类法，例证法，列举法，因果关系法，对照比较法（类比法），综合法。,定义法(definition),Love is an intimate and close feeling among people. Love means the caring and conce

2、rn for each other. To love is to understand other people and accept their strengths and weaknesses. Love is in the whole life of the people. To love and to be loved affords true happiness in life.,表示定义的方法,Mean Be Refer to Be defined as By saying _ , we mean _.,Examples,Good manners are important to

3、us. Good manners mean politeness in social activities. Politeness refers to good behavior in social communications. A polite person is popular everywhere and is respected by others.,Generation gap refers to the distance and contradiction between the old and the young. As a social phenomenon, it resu

4、lts from the different psychological qualities of the two age groups. It exists in all times and in all cultures and affects a wide range of aspects of life, from their attitudes about social events to their choices of clothes and foods.,Perseverance is fundamental to people who undertake great deed

5、s. Perseverance can be defined as steadfastness in purpose. It is perseverance that keeps people continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulties and discouragement. And it is perseverance that leads people with strong determinations to success in both career and life.,Fro

6、m the above examples(sample paragraphs), we can find that this mode of developing a paragraph applies to certain abstract topics: love, perseverance, good manners, generation gaps and so on.,从上面的例段中，可以看出定义法使用于 较抽象的话题。,分类法(classification),Generally speaking, there are 2 kinds of books: recreational a

7、nd non-recreational books. Recreational books are those that people read for passing their time. They read them for pleasure, usually in a state of relaxation. Novels, plays and fables are typical of this kind. Non-recreational books are those that people read for knowledge. They study them slowly a

8、nd even laboriously. Textbooks and books on some specialized knowledge belong to this category.,表示分类的方法,Fall into Can be classified into Can be divided into Can be categorized into There are _ types (kinds, sorts, classes) of _. _ are of _ kinds.,Examples,Recreational activities are necessary to peo

9、ples life. Recreational activities fall into major two types, physical activities and mental (intellectual) activities. Physical activities keep people healthy and energetic, while mental ones can relax peoples tiring mind and make people escape from daily troubles.,We cannot live without music. Dif

10、ferent people prefer to listen to different kinds of music. Music can be divided into several categories. For example, there are classical music, traditional music, rock music and jazz music.,Modern life cannot exist without transportation. In general, there are 7 different means of transportation.

11、They are traveling by air, by train, by (public) bus, by (private) car, by ship, by bike and on foot.,College students are supposed to get to know the society outside campus. There are diverse means through which they can achieve the objective. For example, they can find some part-time jobs, partici

12、pate in social practice. They can also know about the society by reading the newspapers, listening to the radio and watching TV.,例证法(exemplification),There is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong will. A task, no matter how difficult, can be accomplished if a person makes up his mind t

13、o do it. Take Rome as an example. It is known that Rome was not built in a day. Before she was built, her founders had suffered a great deal of severe hardship, but they never lost their faith and eventually succeeded in their efforts. Columbus, who discovered America, is another example of strong d

14、etermination. In spite of defeat and affliction, he went forward and succeeded because of his singleness of purpose and perseverance.,表示例证的方法,For example, for instance, as an example, for a typical example, Such as, like, and so on. Lets illustrate, show, prove with the following example. Lets take

15、as an example An example, an instance, a case in point,Example,The development of science and technology has brought about many changes in peoples life. This can be best illustrated by the invention of television, which has opened a new era for mankind. Through the use of TV people can learn the eve

16、nts which happened thousands of miles away and realize the dream of traveling around the world without having to leave their home.,How would you continue this paragraph if you were asked to give another example?,It is often believed that practice makes perfect. As everybody can see, persistent pract

17、ice will naturally lead to perfect performances and high efficiency. For example, when we learn English, we have to learn such things as grammar, vocabulary, structure and so on. In order to achieve fluency and accuracy as well, we need practice in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Only thro

18、ugh constant practice can we have a good command of English. Another case in point is learning to play the piano. It is through repeated practice that a person learns to play the piano and becomes a skillful pianist.,列举法(listing),Attending schools abroad has many advantages. In the first place, stud

19、ents can learn advanced knowledge of science and technology from the advanced countries. Secondly, schools abroad can provide students with a better circumstance to learn foreign languages and make them grasp them more quickly. Thirdly, while studying abroad, young students can learn to become indep

20、endent and develop all-round ability in order to adapt to the reality of society.,表示列举的方法,First of all, secondly, thirdly In the first place, in the second place, whats more To begin(start) with, secondly, in addition For one thing, for another thing, for still another thing,Examples,Tourism brings

21、China a lot of good. To begin with, it enables the Chinese to know about the outside world and contributes to international friendship and mutual understanding. More importantly, it is financially beneficial to China because tourism greatly encourages foreign investment in China.,College students wh

22、o take part-time jobs can learn a number of things that are not taught in the classroom. First of all, since they have busy schedules, they have to learn how to budget their time more effectively. They gain experiences in organizing their day of activities properly. Secondly, since any job involves

23、contacts and cooperation with other people, they learn how to get along well with different kinds of people. Most important of all, part-time jobs give students a chance to learn the value of responsibility. In brief, what they learn from doing part-time jobs enhances their integrity as well as thei

24、r practical abilities.,因果关系法(cause and effect),Generally speaking, life in big cities is always convenient. This is mainly because there are all kinds of modern facilities in big cities such as big department stores, supermarkets, hospitals, theatres, schools, banks and so on where people meet their

25、 daily needs. Another reason for the convenience of city life is there are various means of transportation in big cities which provide city residents with mobility.,表示因果关系的方法,Because of, on account of, due to, owing to A reason for, a cause of Since Therefore As a result Consequently, in consequence

26、 So, accordingly,Examples,Reading good books is one of the greatest pleasures in life. A major reason is that reading good books increases our contentment when we are cheerful and lessens our troubles when we are sad. Another reason why reading good books benefits us is that it offers us experience.

27、 In books, we may meet various people and get to know new thoughts which are beyond our experience of daily life. In this way we become well-informed.,City traffic is a burning problem today. As cities grow larger and more crowded, traffic is unbearably heavy. Slow movement, jams and the ever-presen

28、t threat of accidents all cause no end of worry to people on their way. Waste gases and smog given off by automobiles are bad consequences of heavy city traffic too.,比较对照法（类比法）(comparison and contrast),There exist great differences between the city and the countryside. Generally speaking, the enviro

29、nment is better in the countryside. It is quieter, cleaner and fresher than the city. On the other hand, people in the city can get a good education, various kinds of entertainment, and free public health services. In addition, transportation in the city is more convenient than in the countryside. T

30、o sum up, life in the city is more colorful, while life in the countryside is boring.,表示比较对照的方法,Asas, By comparison, in comparison Be different from, be contrary to Differ from On the other hand By contrast, in contrast On the contrary Unlike While, whereas,Disadvantages of a large population or a s

31、mall population have long been discussed in the newspaper. A large population may result in poverty. Good land is limited. Each person produces less and can only get lower average income. A small population, like a large one, also has some disadvantages. The building of facilities such as ports, roa

32、ds and railways is hindered because there is not a large demand to justify them. The market will decline and industry will be obstructed. The developed countries prefer to see a slow increasing population rather than one which is stable or on the decline.,Traveling by train or by air?,Most people li

33、ke traveling by train better than by air. They have three main reasons to do so. To begin with, traveling by train costs less, so much money can thus be saved. In contrast, the price of flight tickets is often many times higher than that of the train tickets. Besides, it gives a traveler a closer ch

34、ance to look at the scenery of land, which cannot be seen easily from an airplane. Most important of all, trains seem to be much safer than planes. So horrible is an air crash that very few do not get greatly shocked upon hearing of it. In a word, those who prefer to travel by train rather than by a

35、ir have their own reasons for their choice.,综合法,综合运用不同的推展方法。 上文就是一个例子。 在四六级实际写作中多数都是各种不同的推展方法的综合使用。,Examples,The way to success differs from person to person and from case to case. Very idle people may wish to succeed by mere chance, while, on the contrary, a wise person knows there is no golden pat

36、h but a difficult road: hard work. He tries hard to overcome problems he is faced with; he persists in his efforts no matter what happens; he listens to others advice patiently and follow their suggestions; and furthermore, he depends on himself and have great self-confidence.,Self-confidence means

37、trust in ones own ability. As a necessary factor, it brings ones creative power to play, arouses ones enthusiasm for work and helps one overcome difficulties. For example, when asked of the secret of her success, Mme, Curie answered, “My success lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter i

38、n particular.”,Different people have different views on happiness. Some politicians may think they will be happy if they have the highest power. Some businessmen believe they are happy when they make a fortune. Some find happiness in acquiring knowledge while others hold that liberty means happiness

39、. Thus happiness has diverse meanings to various people.,Is going into business preferable to teaching?,Nowadays college graduates prefer going into business to taking a teaching position. According to a survey, there are 100 candidates competing for a vacancy in big companies, whereas there is only one applicant for a school where 10 teachers might be needed. As a result, many schools and colleges have