20世纪后期及21世纪英国文学

1、General View of World Literature,1. Nobel Prize in Literature promotes the development and prosperity of literature. - Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal d

2、irection”. For misinterpreting “ideal”, they did not award certain world-renowned authors of the time such as James Joyce, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Marcel Proust, Henrik Ibsen, and Henry James. -In recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale.,1901-2015 Wi

3、nners of Nobel Prize for Literature in Countries,UK 10+5 = 15 France 15 United States =10 Germany 8 Sweden 8 Italy 6 Spain 6 Ireland 4 Poland 4 Denmark 3 Russia/USSR 3 Norway 3 China 2 South Africa 2,Winners of Nobel Prize of Literature in UK,U.K. （包括英联邦王国） -1907 Rudyard Kipling吉卜林（18651936） -1923 W

4、illiam Butler Yeats 叶芝（18651939） Irish poet and dramatist -1925 George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳（18561950） Irish dramatist -1932 John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥（18671933） -1948 T.S.Eliot 艾略特（18881965）poet, dramatist -1950 Bertrand Russell 罗素（18721970） philosopher,Winners of Nobel Prize of Literature in UK,U.K. （包括英联邦王

5、国） -1953 Winston Churchill 丘吉尔（18741965） biographer -1973 Patrick White 怀特（19121990）Australian novelist and dramatist（英联邦王国） -1981 Elias Canetti 卡内蒂（19051994） He was born in Bulgaria. Although he is British writer, his works were written in German -1983 William Golding 戈尔丁（19111994） -1991 Nadine Gor

6、dimer 戈迪默（19232014） South African female novelist,Winners of Nobel Prize of Literature in UK,U.K. （包括英联邦王国） -2001 V. S. Naipaul 奈保尔（1932）No new novel after 2004. -2003 J. M. Coetzee 库切（1940） South African novelist -2005 Harold Pinter 哈罗德 品特（19302008）， dramatist -2007 Doris Lessing 莱辛（1919 2013 ） fem

7、ale novelist -2013 Alice Munro爱丽丝门罗 (1931 ) Canadian short-story writer,The Man Booker Prize - The Man Booker Prize was founded in 1969 by Booker McConnell. Administered by Book Trust in the United Kingdom, this famous award is given to the best full-length novel written in English by a citizen of t

8、he U.K., the Commonwealth, including former Commonwealth members, such as Ireland, Pakistan, or South Africa. It was formerly known as theBooker Prize. -From 2013 it includes all the novels written in theEnglish language.,Winners of Man Booker Prize,-Salman Rushdie (born in 1947) is is a British Ind

9、ian novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnights Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981. -Anita Brookner (born in 1928) is a British novelist. She was awarded the 1984 Man Booker Prize. Strangers (2009); Novella: At the Hairdressers (2011),Winners of Man Booker Prize,-Kingsley Amis(1922

10、 1995) was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than 20 novels and wan Booker Prize in 1986. -Penelope Lively(born in 1933) is aBritishwriter of fiction for both children and adults. She has won both theBooker Prize(Moon Tiger, 1987). - A. S. Byatt(born in 1036) is an Englis

11、h novelist, poet andBooker Prizewinner in 1990.,Winners of Man Booker Prize,-Peter Carey was born in 1943 in Australia and lives in New York. He was the winner of the 1988 and 2001 Booker Prizes. The Chemistry of Tears (2012); Amnesia (2014). -Roddy Doyle(born in 1958) is an Irish novelist,dramatist

12、and screenwriter. He was awarded theBooker Prizein 1993. A Greyhound of a Girl(2011) The Guts (2013) Brilliant (2014),Winners of Man Booker Prize,-PatBarker (born in 1943)is an English writer and novelist. She has won many awards for her fiction, including 1995 Booker Prize. Tobys Room (2012); Noond

13、ay (2015). - Graham Swift (born in 1949) is an Englishwriter, who won the Booker Prize in 1996 for his Last Orders. Wish You Were Here (2011), Mothering Sunday (2016),Winners of Man Booker Prize,-Ian McEwan(born in 1948) is an English novelist. He was awarded Booker Prize in 1998 . Solar(2010), Swee

14、t Tooth (2012), andThe Children Act (2015). - Margaret Atwood(born in 1939) is a Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, and environmental activist. The Year of the Flood (2009), Maddaddam (2013); Novellas: Moral Disorder: A Story (2014),Winners of Man Booker Prize,- Anne Enright(born in 1962) is

15、anIrishauthor. She has published novels, short stories. Her novelThe Gatheringwon the 2007Man Booker Prize. The Forgotten Waltz(2011); The Green Road(2015). - Hilary Mantel (born in 1952) is an English writer whose work includes short stories andhistorical fiction. She got Man Booker Prize in 2009 a

16、nd in 2012 for her Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies. The School of English(2015),Winners of Man Booker Prize,-Howard Jacobson(born in1942) is aMan Booker Prize-winning British author. He is best known for writingcomic novels and got Man Booker Prize in 2010 for his The Finkler Question (2010) . Zoo

17、 Time (2012) J(2014),Winners of Man Booker Prize,-Eleanor Catton (born in 1985) is a Canadian-born New Zealand author. Her second novel, The Luminaries, won the 2013 Man Booker Prize. She has only published two novels, another one is The Rehearsal (2008) -Richard Flanagan (born in 1961) is an Austra

18、lian novelist. He won the 2014 Man Booker Prize for his The Narrow Road to the Deep North(2014).,Other Famous Novelists,-Julian Barnes (1946-): Booker Prize Best Novel Nominee in 1984,1998, 2005; -Jeanette Winterson (1959-): female; -Tom McCarthy (1969-): The Man Booker Prize Best Novel Nominee in 2

19、010.,Other Famous Novelists,-Graham Greene (1904-1991) 格雷厄姆格林-Iris Murdoch (1919-1999) 艾丽斯默多克 -John Fowles (1926-2005) 约翰福尔斯 -Angela Carter (1940-1992) 安吉拉卡特 -David Lodge: (1935-) 戴维洛奇 -Margaret Drabble (1939-)玛格丽特德拉布尔 -Martin Amis (1949-) 马丁艾米斯,I. From the Beginning of 20th century to 1945,Novelist

20、s Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936): Imperial spirit H. G. Wells (1866-1946): Science Fiction writer E.M. Forster (1879-1970),Joseph Conrad (1857-1924),-He was well established in the literary world as one of the leading Modernists. -One of his guiding beliefs was that a man must

21、 always be faithful to his friends, his fellows and his employers. If there is no faithfulness between man and man, ruin is certain to follow.,Conrads literary achievements and major works,-He wrote 13 novels and some novellas and short stories -The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897): It was his first n

22、ovel of importance. -Lord Jim (1900): It is one of his greatest novels. -Heart of Darkness (1902): one of the best novels of the 20th-century.,D: His Contributions,-He bridged the gap between the great Victorian writers and the modern writers through his pursuit of the perfection of style and innova

23、tion of the narrative forms, psychological examination of the human nature and the symbolic use of the impressionism. -Heart of Darkness provides a bridge between Victorian values and the ideals of modernism. - Heart of Darkness is a narrative about the difficulty of understanding the world beyond t

24、he self, about the ability of one man to judge another. - the novellas central theme of hypocrisy and absurdity.,Rudyard Kipling(1865-1936)拉迪亚德吉卜林,-Advocator of the Imperial Spirit A. His life and his achievements -Kipling was born in Bombay, India . -He returned to England in 1902, settling at Bate

25、mans, a 17th century house in Sussex. -In 1907, he became the first Englishman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. -His most popular works remain The Jungle Book which was written for children and the novel Kim .,The Jungle Book (1894,1895),Genre: Novel Category: Animal fable Time: 19th-century P

26、lace: India First edition: 1894-5 Major Characters: Mowgli: Indian boy Father wolf Mother wolf,C. His Imperialist Ideology,1. He put the blame on the natives themselves. 2. “the White Mans Burden” 3. to bring civilization to the natives 4. Englishmens prejudice,H. G. Wells (1866-1946),Herbert G. Wel

27、ls (1866-1946) .威尔斯 -Modernist,A. His main works The Time Machine (1895) 时间机器 The Island of Dr Moreau (1896)莫洛博士岛 The Invisible Man (1897)隐形人 The War of the Worlds (1898)世界之战 When the Sleeper Wakes (1899) 当睡眠者醒来的时候,H. G. Wells,The Shapes of Things to Come (1933) 未来事物的面貌 Ann Veronica (1909) 安.维罗尼卡 Ki

28、pps (1905) 基普斯,H. G. Wells: His contributions,1) His Time Machine pioneered the English science fiction. 2) He inherited the English realistic tradition, but combined it with the scientific fantasies. In a sense he bridged the gap in the transformation from realism to modernism.,H. G. Wells: His sci

29、ence fiction,1) the danger to man 2) limits of the human body and the qualities of machines 3) explore the world of space On the whole, he was interested in the possibilities for good rather than in the disadvantages. The details of science fiction stories change and develop as scientific advances a

30、re made, but many of the themes remain the same.,E. M. Forster (1879-1970)福斯特,E. M. Forster,- a member of “Bloomsbury Group” Two classics have been given by him: -Howards End霍华兹别墅霍华德别业 -A Passage to India印度之行 theory of novel-writing - Aspects of the Novel 小说面面观 He is generally considered one of the

31、major British novelists of 20th century.,II. British Fiction from 1945 to the 1960s,1. George Orwell (1903-1950) 2. Graham Greene (1904-1991) 3. William Golding (1911-1993) 4. Doris Lessing (1919-) 5. Iris Murdoch (1919-1999) 6. Kingsley Amis (1922-1995),George Orwell (1903-1950),Orwell is certainly

32、 the most important political writer of the post-war years because much of his best writing is political.,His literary achievements and his major works,-Orwell was a novelist and an essayist. He wrote 6 novels all together. -The most important novels are his Animal Farm (1945) Nineteen Eighty-four (

33、1949),Animal Farm (1945),Orwells most popular book, is a political fable which criticizes Stalin and the Russian government in the 1930s. Genre: Novel Author: George Orwell Category: Political allegory (fable) Place: England First edition: 1945 Major Characters: Napoleon: a pig, the symbol of Stalin

34、 Snowball: a pig, the symbol of Lenin,One Pig, the Majors speech Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable o

35、f it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is

36、 misery and slavery: that is the plain truth.,Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals.,THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS 1. Whatever go

37、es upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal.,Chapter 10: It was a pig walking on his

38、hind legs. Yes, it was Squealer. A little awkwardly, as though not quite used to supporting his considerable bulk in that position, but with perfect balance, he was strolling across the yard.,And a moment later, out from the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their hind l

39、egs. but every one of them made his way right round the yard successfully. And finallyout came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gamboling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter.,After this, the pigs and their sows start wearing

40、 clothes and carrying whips. They begin to have more direct dealings with the neighbouring farmers. One day, the pigs invite a number of the local farmers to inspect the farm. After the inspection, the pigs and the farmers return to the farmhouse for a celebration. After a time, loud noises of laugh

41、ter and singing are heard through the windows. They look through the windows to see the pigs and farmers seated around the living room table, playing cards, making speeches and congratulating one another.,But as the animals look from Napoleon to Pilkington, from man to pig and from pig back to man,

42、they find that they are unable to tell the difference.,On the wall, the seven commandments have been replaced by a slogan “all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.” Pigs are considered more intelligent than the rest animals. It turned out that the pigs were corrupted by pow

43、er and a new tyranny replaced the old. A system is good, but the individuals are corruptible.,Graham Greene (1904-1991)格雷厄姆格林,Graham Greene: literary achievements,1. He wrote 27 novels, numerous “entertainments”, plays, short stories, essays, childrens books, travel books, important film scripts, an

44、d verses. 2. versatile novelist: spy novel and the thriller, the religious romance, detective stories, the novel noir, the political novel and the social comedy.,Graham Greene,- two groups of novels: serious novels and entertainments (light) Almost all of Greenes books have been turned into films be

45、cause he writes vividly with carefully chosen details of things that can be seen with the eye, and very interesting characters.,Graham Greene,His serious novels The Power and the Glory (1940)权利与荣耀 The Heart of the Matter (1948) 问题的核心 It was considered to be his best novel. It questioned the conventi

46、onal notion of good and evil and explored the psychological interpretation of the nature of human beings. Its hero, Scobie, is a police officer.,William Golding (1911-1993),1. His Life and Career The Booker Prize Best Novel winner (1980) : Rites of Passage Won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1983

47、(Lifetime Achievement winner),William Golding,William Golding: Viewpoints,Holding a strong pessimistic view towards human nature. Man was born evil. Regarding man as inherently savage and violent. Thinking civilization is easily broken and it is temporary.,William Golding,Institutions and order impo

48、sed from outside ; moral behavior is often merely a forced imposition of civilization, rather than a natural expression of human individuality. Evil is a destructive force in man. Man is prone to evil. 人容易变邪恶 As a religious writer, he emphasizes original Sin in the Puritan tradition. He is concerned

49、 with mans sin and guilt,Doris Lessing (1919-2013) 多丽丝莱辛,Doris Lessing,Doris Lessing,-She was shortlisted for the Booker Prize three times. - the nominees for the Nobel Prize for Literature three times -In 2007 she was awarded Nobel Prize for Literature, at her age 87. - one of the most important po

50、st-war writers in English -Her politics of gender lead to her adoption by the feminist movement.,Lessings literary achievements,-35 novels (12 of 3 series, 23 novels, until 2013-3) -17 collections of short novels -9 collections of non-fiction -16 short stories -Plays -She is still writing: novellas,

51、The Golden Notebook (1962),It was considered her masterpiece and also a milestone in Feminist literature. This complex book is a combination of psychological insight, political analysis and social commentary. It consists of frame-stories: Free Woman, enclosing four notebooks and a Golden notebook.,F

52、ree Women: It was the frame-story about Anna Wulf, a novelist who was struggling with crises in her domestic and political life, and a writers block. Black Notebook: It was about her life experiences in Africa and showed her ideas of colonialism and racialism. Red Notebook: It was about her politica

53、l life, first in and then out of the Communist Party and showed her confusion about politics.,Yellow Notebook: It was about her attempt to write a story which told the love affair of Ella, the heroine, with men. Blue Notebook: It was the diary of Anna, about her psychological breakdown and psychoana

54、lysis. Golden Notebook: It was about Annas affair with an American writer.,The Cleft -Doris Lessing,Cleft :,two main plots: - a myth about human beings origin; - a Roman senators life and his comments on it and on Rome.,The Cleft (2007) Alfred and Emily (2008) Adore (2013) -A Novella,Iris Murdoch (1

55、919-1999) 艾丽斯默多克,Iris Murdoch: literary achievements,She was the author of 26 novels. -She has been shortlisted for the Booker Prize six times and won the Prize in 1978 for The Sea, the Sea.,The Sea, the Sea (1978) Theme: It dealt with the ambiguities of life The Green Knight (1993) It was a story o

56、f two brothers. It was filled with symbolism and humor and suspense. Jacksons Dilemma (1995) On the eve of their wedding, Edward Lannion and Marian Berran were led away onto dark and strange paths. Then a mysterious note from Marian is discovered and she disappears.,Her contributions,Her characteriz

57、ation was her greatest contribution to the development of the novel. Her memorable characters do have a realistic psychological and philosophical basis.,Kingsley Amis (1922-1995) 金斯利艾米斯 (The Angry Young Men ),Kingsley Amis: literary position,-After the war, he had been a lecturer in English first in

58、 Swansea (12 years) and later at Cambridge from 1946 to 1963. -He was knighted in 1990 and died in London in 1995. -Amis was one of the first of a group of lower class authors known as the “Angry Young Men”. -He married twice and one of his sons was the writer Martin Amis.,Kingsley Amis: literary ac

59、hievements,- 30 novels, 9 collections of short stories and poems -the spy thriller, the ghost story, the crime mystery and science fiction -The novels of Kingsley Amis have greater comedy and less moral concern. - He got the Booker Prize in 1986. Representative: Lucky Jim (1954),Lucky Jim (1954) Genre: novel Author: Kingsley Amis Time: 20th-century Place: a local college in UK First edition: 1954 Major Characters: - Jim Dixon: a hist