非谓语动词之不定式.ppt

1、Non-predicate Verbs 非谓语动词,概述： 1.谓语动词：在句中担任谓语的动词 2. 非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式，在 句中做除谓语以为的其他成分。,The teachers sitting there are from other schools. We saw some teachers sitting there. We need to be active in class.,非谓语动词的使用条件,Eg. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. Eg. She got off the bus, leav

2、ing her handbag on her seat.,非谓语动词使用条件：在一个句子中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词），又无连词的情况下，还有别的动词出现。,非谓语动词,动名词 gerund,不定式 infinitive,分词 participle,过去分词,不定式,-ing 形式,非谓语动词,非谓语动词,性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,非谓语动词掌握如下几点： 非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词的句法功能 非谓语动词的逻辑主语 非谓语动词的时态和语态 独立主格结构 非谓语动词三种形式的比

3、较与区别,不定式,不定式概述 动词不定式有两种形式： 1. to + 动词原形（to do ) 2. 动词原形( do ) 动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。,(一). 不定式用作主语,要在一天内完成这个工作是不可能的.,To finish the work in one day is impossible.,对于外国人来说, 要学好汉语很难的.,Its difficult for foreigners to learn English well.,不定式作主语时,可以用it作形式主语.,It is important _ Tom to get that job. It is

4、kind _ you to help me with my English.,for,of,在It is + 形容词 + of sb + 不定式结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在“It is + 形容词 + for sb + 不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possibl

5、e, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。比较It is good of you to help me with my English.你真好，帮助我学英语。(强调you的特征=You are good to help me.)It is good for you to give up smoking.戒烟对你有好处。(强调的是give up smoking这一行为= For you to give up smoking is good.),(二). 不定式用作表语,1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：

6、 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. 2主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如： My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以

7、省略符号 “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. .,(三). 不定式用作宾语,1“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, co

8、ntinue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等， Eg. Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock.,2“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。 疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what,

9、where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外）， Eg.： I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not.,注 ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help

10、her. 注 ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，例如： He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.,(四). 不定式用作宾语补足语,1只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词： 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等

11、。 The director preferred her to act the old lady. 含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。 We mustnt let this happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep. 带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。 She was always wo

12、rrying her father to take her to Paris.,含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。 The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out. 含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。 The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a

13、 few days. 其他还有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。 He promised to teach me to swim. We should train them to make use of reference books.,注：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略。 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to： let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear,

14、listen to I watched them get into the car. feel 一词在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时，不带 to；在使用 to be 型不定式时，要带 to，如： He felt them to be right. Did you feel the earth shake? help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不带 to，如： Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework? 使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，“to”不可以

15、省略，如： The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night.,3某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如： He was obviously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious. 4不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如： He has a large family to support (= that he must support). 注

16、：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如： The nurse has five children to look after. Lets first find a room to put the things in. 明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名词词组，如： Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.,（六）. 不定式作状语,不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。,1表示目的：

17、 He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. 注：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语，但也有例外的情况，例如： He opened the door for the children to come in. He brought a porter to carry the boxes.,注：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如： He went early in order not to miss the train

18、. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him. 注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as ，如： To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.,2. 表示结果： What have I said to make you so angry? 不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型

19、： so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义： Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.) I shall

20、be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很 ,有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如： She woke early to find it was raining. =she woke early and found it was raining. 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果），如：

21、 He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him. 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气， He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.,3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作） She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun.,不定式的逻辑主语 不定式的的逻辑主语是由句子的成分兼任的 作

22、宾语由主语兼任 Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock. 作状语由主语兼任 He went early in order not to miss the train 作表语由主语兼任 The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. 作宾补由宾语兼任 The director preferred her to act the old lady. 作定语由修饰的中心词或者for +名词（词组） Heres a book for you to read. 作主语由for sb或of sb 兼任过 （略）,二.不定式

23、的时态和语态,非谓语动词时态和语态的形式,不定式的一般式（to do) 不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生。 Who heard him say that? They invited us to go there this summer.,不定式的进行式 （to be doing ) 不定式的进行式所表示的动作一般与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。 He pretends to be working hard.,不定式的完成式 （to have done) 如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生发生，这个不定式

24、就要用完成式 He is said to have written a new book about workers. 在hope,want,plan,expect,intend,mean,promise, Wish之后用不定式的完成式往往表示要做而为做的事，=had +ed to do 结构转换 I hope to have gone there in time but I was got in traffic jam. I had hoped to go there in time but I was got in traffic jam.,不定式的完成进行式（to have been d

25、oing),不定式所表示的不是正在进行的动作，而是在谓语动词表示的动作以前一直进行的动作，则要用不定式的完成进行式,She is said to have been writing the novel about New York for years. Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.,不定式的被动式 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。 不定式的一般被动式通常表示将来的意义 不定式的完成被动式表示动作发生在谓语动词之前 The car needs to be repaired bef

26、ore we go on a trip to America. The room seems to have been tidied up already.,非谓语时态问题：看非谓语动词的动作和谓语动词的动作之间的时间先后关系 非谓语语态问题，看非谓语动词的动作和逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系,“be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： 1表示命令和指示The room is to be locked.这房间要上锁。 2表示计划或安排We are to begin the work next month.我们下月开始这项工作。 比较be to do表示计划和安排将要

27、发生的动作。Another new railway is to be built in my hometown next year.明年我家乡又要修建一条铁路了。be about to do表示最近即将要发生的动作。不能和具体的时间状语连用。The manager was about to leave when his secretary called him back. 经理正要离开时，他的秘书叫住了他。,1 不定式做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。Do you have anything to say on this questio

28、n?针对这个问题，你有什么要说的吗？2 不定式作形容词的宾语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。The book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。3 There be结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。4 某些动词的不定式与be连用时，如：blame责备，seek 寻找，let 出租等 The house is to let. She was to blame for the accident.,with/without + 名词 + 不定式“结构在句子中通常起状语的作

29、用。With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.有这么多工作要做，我不能和你去看电影了。With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe.有他呆在家里，我感到十分安全。Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。,比较She has two letters to type. 她有两封信要打。 (自己打) She has two letters to be typed. 她有两封

30、信要打。 (别人打),有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest.说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。 He is very honest, to begin with.首先，他很诚实。 必背 to tell you the truth 说老实话 to begin with 首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说 to be sure 诚然，固然 to be exact 精确地说 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be frank 坦率地说 to be brief 简言之 to conclude 总而言之,不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。To think that he should do this! 想想，他竟然干出这等事！(表示惊讶) Oh, God, to see her dance! 哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！(表示赞美) To think t