国籍问题是研究国际法上个人问题的起点和基础

1、Chapter VII,Individuals in International law,2,Preface,国籍问题是研究国际法上个人问题的起点和基础，本章从讨论国籍入手，分别探讨了有关外国人的法律地位、外交保护、庇护、引渡以及难民的法律地位等问题的国际法原则、规则和制度。在此基础上，进一步探讨了国际法在个人责任方面的原则和发展趋势。,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,3,Section One Nationality,I.Introduction概述 1.the concept of nationality 2.the meaning of n

2、ationality,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,4,Section One Nationality,3.关于国籍的新的发展趋势： 第一、不仅自然人的国籍国可以依据属人管辖权对个人进行管辖和保护，公司的国籍国也可以依据属人管辖权对公司进行管辖和保护。 第二、按照欧盟条约的规定，欧盟成员国的公民也是欧盟的国民。,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,5,Section One Nationality,4.关于国籍问题的国际公约： 1). 1930年订于海牙的关于国籍法冲突的若干问题的公约Hague Co

3、nvention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws 2). 其他关于国籍问题的国际公约：,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,6,Section One Nationality,II. 国籍的取得 （一）因出生取得国籍 1.血统主义原则（jus snaguinis or blood rule） 2.出生地主义原则（jus soli or soil rule） 3.兼采血统主义和出生地主义的混合制原则 （二）因加入取得国籍 1.自愿申请入籍 2.因婚姻取得

4、国籍 3.因收养取得国籍 4.因领土交换取得国籍,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,7,Section One Nationality,III.国籍的丧失 （三）自愿丧失国籍 （四）非自愿丧失国籍,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,8,Section One Nationality,IV.国籍的冲突与解决 （一）国籍的积极冲突（双重国籍或多重国籍）与消极冲突（无国籍） 起因：出生、婚姻、收养、剥夺 （二）国际冲突问题的解决 1.国内立法 2. 双边条约 3.多边公约 1961年减少无国籍状态公约,Bil

5、ingual Teaching of International Law,9,Section Two Legal Status of Foreigners,一、概述 关于外国人 二、外国人入境、居留和出境的制度 （一）入境、 （二）居留 （三）出境,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,10,Section Two Legal Status of Foreigners,三、外国人的待遇 （一）国民待遇(national treatment) （二）最惠国待遇(most-favoured-nation treatment ) （三）差别待遇(differ

6、ential treatment),Bilingual Teaching of International Law,11,Section Two Legal Status of Foreigners,四、外交保护 （一）外交保护与行使外交保护 （二）外交保护领域国际法的新发展： 第一、对无国籍人和难民的保护 第二、多重国籍国民的外交保护 第三、公司国籍国的保护与股东的国籍国的保护,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,12,Section Two Legal Status of Foreigners,五、外国人在中国的法律地位 1985年中华人民共和国

7、外国人入境出境管理法： （1）维护国家主权原则 （2）保护外国人的合法权利原则 （3）外国人的入境和居留 （4）外国人的出境 （5）对外国人的处罚,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,13,一、庇护 1.庇护的定义 2.庇护的对象政治避难 1967年联合国大会领土庇护宣言（Declaration on Territorial Asylum）原则： （1）、一国行使主权，对有权援用世界人权宣言第14条之人，包括反抗殖民主义之人，给予庇护时，其他各国应予尊重； （2）犯有“危害和平罪”、“战争罪“和”危害人类罪“的人不在庇护之列； （3）给予庇护的理由，

8、由给予庇护的国家决定；,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Three Extradition and asylum引渡与庇护,14,（4）对于受庇护之人，不得予以驱逐或强迫遣返至可能受迫害之任何国家； （5）给予庇护的国家不得准许享受庇护之人从事违反联合国宪章宗旨与原则之活动。States granting asylum shall not permit persons who received asylum to engage in activities contrary to the purposes and principle

9、s of the United Nations.,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Three Extradition and asylum引渡与庇护,15,受庇护的人的法律地位 域外庇护,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Three Extradition and asylum引渡与庇护,16,二、引渡 （一）概述 根据国际实践与1990年引度示范条约，引渡的主要特征： 1.印度的内容是一国将在该国受到他国通缉的人送交他国审判或惩处。 2.引渡是国家间的司法合作行为。

10、3.引渡的法律根据是国际法和国内法的有关规定。 4.提出引渡请求的国家必须对所请求的事项具有刑事管辖权。 5.引渡的对象是被请求国指控犯有可引渡之罪的人。,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Three Extradition and asylum引渡与庇护,17,（二）关于引渡的一般原则 1.双重犯罪原则 2.政治犯不引渡原则 2005年制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约：The offences set forth in article 2 shall be deemed to be include as extraditable off

11、ences in any extradition treaty existing between any of the States Parties before the entry into force of this Convention.,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Three Extradition and asylum引渡与庇护,18,3.专一原则 4.本国国民不引渡原则 5.保护被请求引渡人合法权益原则 1）1984年禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约 2）2005年制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约第1

12、2条：,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Three Extradition and asylum引渡与庇护,19,制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约第12条：Any person who is taken into custody or regarding whom any other measures are taken or proceedings are carried out pursuant to this Convention shall be guaranteed fair treatment, including enjo

13、yment of all rights and guarantees in conformity with the law of the State in the territory of which that person in present and applicable provisions of international law, including international law of human rights.,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Three Extradition and asylum引渡与庇护,2

14、0,三、中国有关庇护和引渡的立法与实践 （一）概述 （二）中华人民共和国引渡法 1. 引渡应遵循的一般准则 2. 外国向我国请求引渡应遵循的原则和规则 3. 我国向外国请求引渡,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Three Extradition and asylum引渡与庇护,21,一、概述 1.难民问题 2.联合国与难民问题 3.1951年关于难民地位的公约（Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees） 1967年难民地位一定守护（Protocol Relating to the

15、Status of Refugees）,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Four Refugees in International Law,22,二、难民的含义和特征 1.含义：The 1951Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is the key legal document in defining who is a refugee, their tights and the legal obligations of states. The 1967 Protocol

16、removed geographical and temporal restrictions from the Convention.根据上述法律文件的规定，the term “refugee” shall apply to any person who,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Four Refugees in International Law,23,(1) Has been considered a refugee under the Arrangements of 12 May 1926 and 30 June 19

17、28 or under the Conventions of 28 October 1933 and 10 February 1938, the Protocol of 14 September 1939 or the Constitution of the International Refugee Organization;,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Four Refugees in International Law,24,(2) Owing to well-founded fear of being persecut

18、ed for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or , owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being ou

19、tside the country of his former habitual residence, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return.,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Four Refugees in International Law,25,2. 难民的特征：（根据1951年公约和1967年议定书的规定） 1）难民是留在其本国或经常居住国以外的人。 2）难民是因为正当理由畏惧政治迫害而留在他国的人。 3）难民是畏惧政治迫害、不能或不愿受其国籍国保

20、护或不能或不愿返回以前经常居住国的人。,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Four Refugees in International Law,26,三、难民的待遇 1. 1951年公约第一章“一般规定”Every refugee has duties to the country in which he finds himself, which require in particular that he conform to its laws and regulations as well as to measures taken

21、 for the maintenance of public order.,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Four Refugees in International Law,27,2. 1951年公约第二章“法律上地位”的“个人身份” 3. 1951年公约“不推回原则”（the principle of non-refoulement）No Contracting States shall expel or return (refouler) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the

22、frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. 4. 1951年公约关于难民的国民待遇和一般外国人待遇的内容和范围。,Bilingual Teaching of International Law,Section Four Refugees in International Law,28,一、概述 国际法上的个人责任与国际刑法的发展密切相关。 1471年审判实例 近代国际法 现代国际法：凡尔赛和约，纽伦堡和东京国际法庭。,Bilingual