新世纪大学英语综合教程3册-unit1.ppt

1、Unit 1,What Is Friendship,Directions: What words will occur to you whenever we mention the word “Friendship.” Write down as many words as possible about it.,intimacy,companionship,everlasting,share,perpetual,genuine,pure,confidant,heartfelt,pal,cherish,beloved,friendship,A Brief Introduction to Aris

2、totle,Aristotles Chronology,Aristotle (384322BC):Greekphilosopher and scientist. Aristotle is one of the “big three” in ancient Greek philosophy, along with and Socrates. (Socrates taught Plato, who in turn instructed Aristotle.) Aristotle spent nearly 20 years at Platos Academy, first as a student

3、and then as a teacher. After Platos death he traveled widely and educated a famous pupil,Alexander the Great, the Macedonian who nearly conquered the world. Later Aristotle began his own school in Athens, known as the Lyceum. Aristotle is known for his carefully detailed observations about nature an

4、d the physical world, which laid the groundwork for the modern study of biology. Among his works are the texts Physics, Metaphysics, Rhetoric and Ethics.,A Brief Introduction to Aristotle,Plato,In addition, Aristotle invented the field known as formal logic, pioneered zoology, and addressed virtuall

5、y every major philosophical problem known during his time. Known to medieval intellectuals as simply “the Philosopher,” Aristotle is possibly the greatest thinker in Western history and, historically, perhaps the single greatest influence on Western intellectual development.,Plato:(428347BC),Greek p

6、hilosopher, one of the most creative and influential thinkers in Western philosophy.,Plato, one of the most famous philosophers of ancient Greece, was the first to use the term philosophy, which means “love of knowledge.” Born around 428 BC, Plato investigated a wide range of topics. Chief among his

7、 ideas was the theory of forms, which proposed that objects in the physical world merely,resemble perfect forms in the ideal world, and that only these perfect forms can be the object of true knowledge. The goal of a philosopher, according to Plato, is to know the perfect forms and to instruct other

8、s in that knowledge.,Cicero (Marcus Tullius): (10643BC) Roman writer, statesman, and orator. Cicero was the greatest speaker among the many famous statesmen of ancient Rome. He practiced law and studied philosophy in Greece before holding a rising sequence of important jobs in the Roman Empire. In 6

9、4 BC he became Consul, the highest office in Rome. As Consul he won fame for his orations against Cataline, the head of a secret conspiracy to seize the government. Always a staunch,A Brief Introduction to Cicero,supporter of the Republic, Cicero was eventually forced from office by his enemies, and

10、 when Julius Caesar consolidated his power in 48 BC, Cicero went into political retirement. During this time he wrote his famous essays on happiness, on old age, and on friendship.,Upon Caesars assassination in 44 BC, Cicero returned to public life and delivered a series of scathing speeches (the “P

11、hillipics”) against Marc Antony. This proved to be Ciceros undoing: when Antony took power in a triumvirate with Octavian and Marcus Lepidus, Cicero was declared an outlaw and killed by Antonys men in 43 BC.,Directions: Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.,1. What can a forever

12、friend do for you? 2. Have you classified your friends into different groups? If yes, how do you classify them? 3. What can we do to keep friendship as long as possible?,4. What are the possible criteria for what makes a person a friend?,They are caring, commonality, companionship, intimacy etc.,Som

13、etimes in life, you find a special friend. Someone who changes your life just by being a part of it. Someone who makes you laugh until you cant stop. Someone who makes you believe that there really is good in the world. Someone who convinces you that there really is an unlocked door just waiting for

14、 you to open it. This is forever friendship. When youre down,and the world seems dark and empty, your forever friend lifts you up in spirit and makes that dark and empty world suddenly seem bright and full. Your forever friend gets you through the hard times, the sad times and the confused times. If

15、 you turn and walk away, your forever friend follows. If you lose your way, your forever friend guides you and cheers you on. Your forever friend holds your hand and tells you that everything is going to be okay. And if you find such a friend, you feel happy and complete because you need not worry.

16、You have a forever friend, and forever has no end.,1,2,1,25,Its necessary to review some classical views of friendship in order to acquire a better understanding of it.,According to Aristotle, there are three kinds of friendship, which are respectively based on utility, pleasure and goodness. Friend

17、ship based on goodness is perfect and totally different from friendship based on utility or pleasure.,3,6,According to Cicero, true friendship is only possible between good men and it is virtue that creates and preserves true friendship.,4,7,Friendship is permanent between virtuous people who share

18、a commitment to the good or to what is morally right or worthy of praise.,Parts,Para(s).,Main Ideas,1. What are “socially acknowledged criteria”?,When we approach the notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a friend.,“

19、Socially acknowledged criteria” are established standards that are accepted by all the people in the society.,2. Translate this sentence.,我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。,notion: n. an idea, belief or concept,Our management system is based on the notions of personal equality and liberty.,She has n

20、o notion of the difficulty of this problem.,我们的管理体系是基于人的平等观念和自由观念而建立的。,idea, concept, notion,1. She seemed unfamiliar with the that everyone should have an equal opportunity. 2. I have no how she managed to do this. 3. I had a silly that he would come back and beg me for forgiveness. 4. Dont get any

21、 about revenge.,Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.,_,_,_,_,idea/notion,concept,notion,ideas,In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend; in another, the label may seem less appropriate.,What does this sentence imply?,The criteria for friends

22、hip vary from setting to setting.,appropriate: adj.,correct or suitable for a particular situation or occasion,Suits are always appropriate for a job interview.,His formal style of speaking was appropriate to the occasion.,thin: adj.,not having the necessary qualities to gain the intended result,His

23、 thin attempt surely resulted in nothing.,书评家认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思。,The critics found her latest novel rather thin.,distinguish between:,to recognize differences between,The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish between them.,不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲。,People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to

24、 be color-blind.,utility: n. the quality or condition of being useful; usefulness,祖母总是怀疑洗碗机的实用价值。,Grandma has always doubted the utility value of a dishwasher.,ground: n. reason(s) or justification for saying, doing or believing sth.,She cant accept his ground for divorce.,He has been fired from the

25、 job on the grounds of incompetence.,a gound / grounds for 的理由 on (the) grounds of 基于的原因 on the grounds that因为,Patterns:,break up:,to come or bring to an end, especially by separating,Their marriage eventually broke up due to lack of communication.,警察及时赶到酒吧结束了这场打斗。,Police arrived at the bar in time

26、and broke up the fight.,pursue: vt.,try to achieve sth.; continue steadily with; carry on,She decided to pursue her studies after obtaining her first degree.,老板决定不再追查那事。,Our boss has decided not to pursue the matter any further.,她决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造。,pursue sb.追求某人 pursue a vocation从事一份职业 pursue a hobby

27、从事一项爱好 pursue a goal追求一个目标,Collocations:,They take pleasure in each others company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.,1. Do they enjoy being together purely because they like each other?,No, they are together just because they expect to benefit from their relationship.,2. Transl

28、ate this sentence.,只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。,take pleasure in (doing) sth.,to enjoy (doing) sth.,The audience took pleasure in watching the graceful skaters dancing.,老人很享受回忆往事。,The old man takes pleasure in remembering the past.,in so far as:,to the degree that,They moved to the downtown area in

29、 so far as they could spend less time on the way to work.,为了能有所发现，他仍然坚持在这一领域的研究。,He still continued his research in this field in so far as he could make some discoveries.,Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelin

30、gs, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment.,1. What do young people care most when making friends?,They care most about their own feelings, their own pleasure and whether there is an important opportunity at the present time.,2. Translate this sentence.

31、,年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。,That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.,What can we infer from this sentence?,Young peoples friendship is temporary, because the attitude they hold to friendship is

32、 always changing.,Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect.,1. What does this sentence imply?,Perfect friendship exists only between people who are equally good.,2. Translate this sentence.,只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间的友谊才是完美的。,It is between good men that both lov

33、e and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form.,Paraphrase this sentence.,Love and friendship are mainly found between good people and the love and friendship are of the best quality.,Inform: of the best quality,And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has p

34、roved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his trust.,Only when each has proved that he deserves the love of the other and thus has won the others trust.,2. Translate this sentence.,只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并赢得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。,1. How can two persons become real friends?,He further defines “t

35、he good” as “those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions.”,1. What does the expression “have the courage of their convictions” mean?,It means “be brave en

36、ough to say and act on what they think is right even though other people may not agree or approve.”,2. Translate this sentence.,他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。”,liberality: n.,the quality or state of being liberal or generous.,Liberality contributes to the success of leadersh