学术英语如何写好摘要How to Write an Abstract

1、,how to write an abstract,i. definition of abstract ii. function of abstract iii. contents of abstract iv. suggestions for abstract writing v. keywords writing,contents,i. what is an abstract ?,abstract is a short description of the entire paper that appears right at the beginning of the body part a

2、nd it is often regarded as the most important component in a research paper.,ii. what is the function of an abstract ?,an abstract is used by potential readers（潜在读者） to determine its relevance to their interest and finally to decide whether or not he/she needs to read the entire paper.,iii. contents

3、 of abstract,topic specification 主题说明 background information 背景信息 purpose statement 目的陈述 methodology and data 方法与数据 results/findings 研究结果 implication/conclusion 结论,the 3 key elements in an abstract,a. the statement of purpose about your research; b. the method of your research; c. the conclusion of

4、your research.,structure of abstract,classification of abstracts structure of an informative abstract features of an abstract,classification of abstracts,informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose- method employed in solving the problems- principal findings or results- major co

5、nclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper descriptive abstractoutlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.,structure of an informative abstract,background why do you want to do the research? research question what question are you trying t

6、o answer and what is the research topic of your paper? method how (what material, what method, and what procedures) do you get answers to your research question? results what is your answer to the question? conclusions what implications does the answer imply?,features of an abstract,concise write ev

7、erything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible. objective states objectively the main points of the paper. consistent be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper. complete cover all the main points of the paper and

8、be a miniature of the paper. brief conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.,useful expressions,to define the background and argument of the present study although (the research subject), (the related problem) is as yet undetermined. (the resea

9、rch subject), however, (the related problem) remains unsolved. (previous studies) have examined, (the related problem) is that, despite (problems in certain research area) are, yet (the present solution) has frequently been questioned because,this paper describes/presents (the argument) within (a th

10、eoretical context) while (the debate on certain research subject) seems to, (the present agreement) is still problematic.,to state the purpose of the present study,this paper advances the view that the article advocates/discusses/develops/focuses on/gives detailed explanation for/investigates into/p

11、roposes/holds that/ the purpose/intention of this paper is the primary goal/aim of this research is,the overall objective of this study is in this paper/study, we aim at the work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on this research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate the author inten

12、ds/attempts o outline the framework of/obtain some knowledge of,to describe the angle of observing issues, from the angle of in the light of the context that to view something at a different angle/from various angles from the point of view of from the perspective of,to introduce the main participant

13、s or materials,the present study has investigated by using/analyzing (participants/materials) in this study, we inquired/examined/evaluated (participants/materials) the experiments/investigations of the present study involved (participants/materials),to describe research method and procedures,detail

14、ed information has been acquired by the authors using. several sets of experiments have been performed to test the validity of the technique the author adopted is referred to as the experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in the method/approach used in the present study is the exper

15、iment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting,the procedure the present study followed can be briefly described as the experiment/study consisted of the following steps: included in the experiment were based on the idea that, we conducted the present study, categorized, and evaluated,to

16、present results, findings and conclusion,the results of the experiment indicate/suggest that; it is also found that the results are as follows: the analysis of the samples indicates that. the data obtained seem to be very similar o those reported earlier by,it is concluded that.; the results also im

17、ply the further study into the investigation/experiment varied by and the results also revealed that these findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that,iv. suggestions for abstract writing,a. in writing your abstract, the headings of outline, table of contents, introduction pa

18、rt and conclusion part are useful sections for you to consult; b. your abstract may contain only one or two paragraphs within 200 words.,c. when you introduce the purpose of your research, simple present tense is commonly used; when you describe the methods of research or the results, past tense is

19、the best choice. d. when writing abstract, try to use more passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information.,e. using some special verbs and expressions when writing your abstract such as discuss, aim, attempt, intend, explore, examine, deal with, focus on when you introduce the pu

20、rpose; indicate , offer, show, reveal, prove, demonstrate, contribute, bring about, when making conclusion.,f. avoid using the first person “i” or “we”, but more third person as the subject in an abstract such as “the author”, “the researcher”, “the paper”, “the study”, etc.,examples the author tell

21、s about the writer describes this paper explores the present study evaluates this thesis deals with ,g. avoid using abbreviations and symbols. follow conventional grammar and punctuation rules. the exclamation mark is never used and the question mark is seldom used in an abstract.,samples of tense,

22、voice, subject and verbs used in abstracts,this paper analyzes various possible factors which affects the development of reading ability. the emphasis of this study lies in specifying the problems and their causes in the procedure of ,the author collected a considerable amount of data and did some r

23、esearch into the design of reading comprehension exercises. it was recommended that samples were analyzed and ,v. keywords writing,a. the function of keywords is to facilitate the information retrieval（信息检索）and stress the theme of the paper; b. keywords are usually in the form of nouns or noun phras

24、es;,c. the number of keywords for a paper should be limited to 4 as the average and in general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8 keywords; d. the keywords of a paper usually come from the topic and/or the abstract where they are commonly contained;,e. use comma or semicolon to separate the k

25、eywords, and larger separation or space can also be used instead of those two kinds of punctuation.,conclusion,摘要是整个论文的缩影, 读者可以通过它看到论文的梗概;关键词则是这个缩影的“主线条”,读者从中可以找到论文的主题.,摘要虽然放在论文正文之前, 然而撰写摘要必须在论文正文完成之后才能进行; 摘要必须忠实于论文的内容,反映论文的主题,勾划出论文的主要观点; 摘要必须文字精炼, 简明扼要.,the sample 1 of abstract,this paper reports a

26、 longitudinal study（纵向调查） on the changes in speaking vocabulary by english majors through four years learning, which was then compared with the native speakers performance./ the english learners involved in the study were56 students who were enrolled in a university in 2001./they were asked to compl

27、ete an oral task by producing a three-minute monologue after three minutes preparation in a language lab./ the native speakers were 15 american college students who accomplished the same task as the english learners./the developmental changes were measured in terms of three indexs: fluency ,word var

28、iations and lexical frequency profile. /,the performance on the three indexes on the three indexes of the across for years and the native speakers form a conyinuum. /however , year four students were significantly lower in fluency and word variations than native speakers ,but similar to the native s

29、peakers in lexical frequency profile. /the period between year two and year three saw the most noticeable progress. /the students with different starting levels of the three indexes varied in terms of their changes. /the low-level group mad greater progress than the middle-level group which produced

30、 slightly faster progress than the high-level group.,the translation of the sample,摘要:本研究采用英语专业学生四年的口语跟踪语料，用流利度、词汇多样性与词频广度三个指标分析词汇的使用，并与美国大学生的语料进行比较，旨在揭示其变化的趋势与特点。学习者语料来源于2001年入学的56名英语专业学生，他们每天在语言实验室里完成一篇议论文文体的口头作文。本民族语语料源于15名美国大学生，其口头作文的要求同于中国大学生，研究结果表明，学习者总体样本在流利度、词汇多样性和词频广度上的发展呈上升趋势，与本族语大学生的表现形成连

31、续体。四年级学生在流利度和词汇多样性方面显著低于本族语大学生，但在词频广度上的差别与本族语大学生的差异不具有统计意义。2-3年纪是三个指标变化的最佳时段。三个指标起点不同的组别，进行轨迹不完全相同。低起点组明显进步显著大于中起点组，中起点组稍高于高起点组。,analysis the sample,background, research question, method, results, conclusions.,lets review the sample 1,this paper reports a longitudinal study on the changes in speakin

32、g vocabulary by english majors through four years learning, which was then compared with the native speakers performance./ the english learners involved in the study were56 students who were enrolled in a university in 2001./they were asked to complete an oral task by producing a three-minute monolo

33、gue after three minutes preparation in a language lab./ the native speakers were 15 american college students who accomplished the same task as the english learners.,the developmental changes were measured in terms of three indexs: fluency ,word variations and lexical frequency profile. /the perform

34、ance on the three indexes on the three indexes of the across for years and the native speakers form a continuum. however, year four students were significantly lower in fluency and word variations than native speakers, but similar to the native speakers in lexical frequency profile. the period betwe

35、en year two and year three saw the most noticeable progress. /,the students with different starting levels of the three indexes varied in terms of their changes. /the low-level group mad greater progress than the middle-level group which produced slightly faster progress than the high-level group.,a

36、nalysis the sample,this paper reports a longitudinal study on the changes in speaking vocabulary by english majors through four years learning, which was then compared with the native speakers performance./ the english learners involved in the study were56 students who were enrolled in a university

37、in 2001./they were asked to complete an oral task by producing a three-minute monologue after three minutes preparation in a language lab./ the native speakers were 15 american college students who accomplished the same task as the english learners./the developmental changes were measured in terms o

38、f three indexs: fluency ,word variations and lexical frequency profile. /,the performance on the three indexes on the three indexes of the across for years and the native speakers form a continuum. however, year four students were significantly lower in fluency and word variations than native speakers, but similar to the native speakers in lexical frequency profile. the period between year two and year three saw