Lecture 10 Nominal Clauses 汉英翻译 教学课件.ppt

1、Translation of Nominal Clauses名词从句的翻译,Question: What is a nominal clause?,Nominal Clauses,English subordinate clauses (从属分句) are classified into six groups: 1) subject clause, 2) object clause, 3) predicative clause, 4) appositive clause, 5) attributive clause, 6) adverbial clause. The first four of

2、 them function as nouns in complex sentences and are generally called nominal clauses.,Content,1. Subject clause 主语从句 2. Object clause 宾语从句 3. Predicative clause 表语从句 4. Appositive clause 同位语从句,Subject clause Subject clauses introduced by pronouns These clauses are introduced by such pronouns as wha

3、t, whatever, whoever, etc. The king declared, “Whoever makes my daughter laugh shall marry her.” 国王宣布：“谁要把我女儿逗乐了，就可以娶她。” When they are translated into Chinese, restructuring is usually not used.,1. What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 过去一度认为不可能的事已经变成了可能。 2. Whether or not w

4、e accept their apology is up to us. 接不接受他们的道歉由我们自己决定。 3. Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 任何人犯法都要受罚。 or: 违法必究。,4. Whatever was said here must be kept secret. 我们在这里说的话必须保密。 5. What happened on September 11, 2001 will be forever etched in our memory. 2001年9月11日发生的事将永远铭刻在我们脑海。 B. “it” functions

5、 as a formal subject e.g. It doesnt make much difference whether he loves me or not. In translation, the subject clause may either come before or after the principal clause.,1. It doesnt make much difference whether he loves me or not. 他爱不爱我没什么很大的不同/区别/关系。 2. It seemed incredible that the pilot coul

6、d have survived the crash. 飞机坠毁之后飞行员还能活着，这看似难以置信。 很难相信飞行员在飞机坠毁后还能生存下来。 3. It is rumored that the movie star died of a drug overdose. 据传闻，那位影星死于吸毒过量。,C. Subject clauses introduced by that 1. That she is still alive is a consolation. 2. That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we

7、should always keep in mind. These subject clauses are used either for emphasis or for balance of the structure. 为了使句子前后平衡，不用it， 而直接将从句放在句首作主语，用that 引导，翻译时可按原句顺序，将主语从句置译文句首；若是出于强调目的，原句中虽没有it，但译文常常需要译出这层意思。,1. That she is still alive is a consolation. 她还活着，这(一点)真令人宽慰。 （原句出于强调目的，故译出it意思。） 2. That theor

8、y must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind. 理论必须联系实际是我们应经常牢记的一条原则。 （原句出于平衡目的，故不必译出it的意思。） 3. That those who had learned from us now excelled us was a real challenge. 向我们学习的人反倒超越了我们，这确实是种挑战。 （原句出于强调目的，故译出it意思。）,2. Object clause A. Object clauses introduced by co

9、nnective pronouns or adverbs 由连接代词或副词引导的宾语从句 1. Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提谁作候选人？ 2. I also told him how appealing I found the salary they offered. 我也告诉了他，他们给出的薪水是多么地吸引我。 3. Could you tell me where the booking office is? 你能告诉我售票处在哪里？ When translating object

10、 clauses, restructuring is usually not used.,Smith replied that he was not what he used to be. 史密斯回答说/道，他已经不是从前的样子了。 He reminded us again and again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others. 他再三提醒我们说，决定这件事的不只他一人，还有很多其他人。 She vowed to her husband in tears that she would never lie

11、to him again. 她眼泪汪汪地向丈夫发誓说，再也不会对他撒谎了。 *Note: tell/reply/remind/explain/comment/vow/write/announce/declare等动词后面接宾语从句，往往可以用addition加上“说”、“道”，再接下去译原文宾语从句的内容。,B . Object clauses with “it” as formal object 以it作形式宾语的宾语从句 1. I took it for granted that they were not coming. A) 我想他们准不会来了/我理所当然地认为他们不会来了。 B) 我

12、认为这一点理所当然：他们不会来了。 2. I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before ten oclock in the morning. 我向他们讲得清清楚楚，他们必须在上午十点前交卷。 Note: 真宾语从句放在句后的句子，一般可按原文顺序翻译，it不译出。,C. Restructuring in the translation of some object clauses 宾语从句翻译时， 偶尔也需要提前，译成并列从句或成为主句的条件、原因等。 1. I regard it as an honor

13、that I am chosen to attend the meeting. 我被选参加会议，感到十分荣幸。 2. Anyhow, I owe it to you that I am here. 不管怎么说，我现在还能在这儿，全靠你。 3. I took her word for it that she would try her best to help me. 她说会尽力帮助我，我相信她说的是真话。,3. Predicative clause 表语从句 Like most subject and object clauses, English predicative clauses ar

14、e generally translated without changing the original structure. 1. This is where we differ. 这就是我们的分歧所在。 2. That was how a small nation won the victory over a big power. 就这样，小国战胜了大国。 3. If I have seen farther than other man, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants. (Newton) 假如我比别人看得远一点的

15、话，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上。,4. Appositive clause 同位语从句 What is apposition? Apposition refers to the fact that one simple sentence contains two or more noun phrases or clauses that describe the same person or thing and are used in the same way. e.g. Mrs. Halliday, my neighbor, is a funny old lady. He expressed

16、the hope that he would come over to visit China again. What is the difference between an appositive clause and an attributive clause?,The news that Chinese soccer team has won the final match is really encouraging. （同位语从句） The news that you told us is really encouraging.（定语从句） 1) 同位语从句进一步说明前面名词，定语从句

17、修饰、限定前面名词。 The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. The news that you told us is really encouraging. 2) that引导同位语从句时不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词，又可充当成分。,Dad made a promise that he would buy me a new cell phone if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分） Dad made a promise

18、that excited me. （that 作主语） that引导同位语从句时不能用which替换，而that引导定语从句时是代词，常可以和which替换。 The fact that he is from Canada is new to me. The fact that/which surprised me is that he is not Chinese. 4) 引导同位语从句的除that外，根据句义可使用任何其它疑问代词或副词；而定语从句不可用what, how, whether等引导。 I had no idea at all what I should do next. Th

19、ere is no proof whether he was killed by his cousin.,Appositive clauses appear more frequently in English than in Chinese. The following methods are usually used to translate them: 1) Keeping the original structure 1. There were also indications that he was alive. 也有种种迹象表明，他还活着。 2. She has no idea w

20、hy she thought of him suddenly. 她不明白自己为什么突然想起了他。 3. He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again。 他表示希望再次造访中国。,2) Converting it into an attributive or independent clause 1. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that he was alive was ignored. 然而，从一开始，他仍活着的事实却被忽视了。 （converted into an

21、 attributive clause modifying 事实） 2. It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the accident. 事故应由他负责， 这个事实是改变不了的。 （converted into an independent clause） 3. The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded. 他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。,3) Adding such words as “这样”, “这种”, “这一”, “以为”, “即”etc. 1. Quite

22、 a few young men live under the delusion that money does not stink. 不少年轻人生活在一种错觉中，认为金钱总是香喷喷的。 2. We must accept the possibility that we might be wrong. 我们必须接受这种可能性，我们也许错了。 3. As an obedient son, I accepted my fathers decision that I was to become a doctor after graduation. 作为一个孝顺儿子，我接受了父亲的决定，即毕业后要当医

23、生。,4) Using punctuation marks such as colon (冒号) and dash (破折号). We had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 我们不得不正视这样一个事实：我们的前景并不乐观。 2. And there was always the possibility that a small electric spark might cause a huge accident. 而且总会有这种可能性一个小电火花，可能会造成大事故。,5). Changing the relat

24、ion between the noun and the appositive clause, by converting the noun into a verb. 1. An order has been given that the researchers who are now in the skylab should be sent back. 已下命令将目前在太空实验室的研究人员送回来。 2. However, the writing of chemical symbols in the form of an equation does not give any assurance

25、 that the reaction shown will actually occur. 但是，用等式的形式写出化学符号，并不能保证所表示的反应会发生。,Practice,1. Whatever form is used by the majority of educated speakers or writers is correct English; or as Swift puts it, “whatever is in general use in a language is, for that reason, grammatically correct.” （subject clause） 大多数受过教育的人说话或写作时使用的形式就是正确的英语，或如斯威夫特所言：“凡是语言中广泛使用的方法，仅仅这一理由，都是在语法上正确。”,2. He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil, an