语言学导论-第3章Morphology.ppt

1、Word Structure: Morphology,Morphology 形态学,The part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.,Are words the smallest units?,Many words can be divided into smaller parts, E.g.: dogs walkingblackens player dog-s walk-ingblack-en-s play-er the parts also occur in other wor

2、ds: Compare: cat-s; runn-ing; dark-en-s; eat-er,These smaller parts occur consistently with many words: -s: dogs, cats, the plural consistently -ing: walking, running, a noun from a verb -en: blacken, darken, a verb meaning become ADJ from an adjective ADJ -er: player, eater, an agentive nominal fro

3、m a verb, a person or thing who does that activity,Basic Units,Phonology: phoneme Morphology: morpheme 词素 Basic definition: A morpheme is a minimal unit of sound and meaning The smallest unit of language that carries meaning (maybe a word or not a word) A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical funct

4、ion,Connection: Sound -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry Yes: dog, kick, berry,Bound morpheme 黏着词素 Free morpheme 自由词素,Bound new examples can be freely added e.g.: N, Verb, Adj, Adv (content words) B. functional morpheme (closed class) feature: new examples are rarely added (but not impossible to ad

5、d) e.g.: Pro, Prep, Conj, Art. (function words),Open class 开放性词类,Closed class封闭性词类,Definition: must be attached to another morpheme Boy Boys Boy Boys Beauty Beautiful Expensive Inexpensive New word?,Bound Morpheme 黏着词素,Bound Morpheme 黏着词素,A. Derivational morpheme 派生词素 to form new (different) words m

6、ay change syntactic class E.g.: -able, -ex, un-, re-, -ness, etc. B. Inflectional morpheme 屈折词素 no new word added not change syntactic class to indicate the grammatical function E.g.: Only 8 kinds in English: N.: -s, -s (plural nouns), V.: -ing, -ed/-en, -s (S-V agreement) Adj./Adv.: -est, -er.,Exer

7、cises:,How are these forms related - Inflection or Derivation?,Exercises: p41,How are these forms related - Inflection or Derivation?,Exercises:,The farmers cows escaped. It was raining. Those socks are inexpensive. The strongest rower continued. The pitbull has bitten the cyclist. She quickly close

8、d the book. The alphabetization went well. Jim needs the newer copy.,Classification of Morphemes,lexical free (open classes) Morphemes functional (closed classes) bound derivational inflectional,E.g.,Whats the difference between “able” and “-able”? able (adj. in “Im able to do it”) -able (e.g., “enj

9、oyable”) able lexical (free) morpheme -able derivational morpheme,Word formation,Derivation 派生法 Compounding 合成法 Blending 拼缀法 Clipping 截短法 Acronyms 首字母缩略法 Onomatopoeia 拟声 Back formation 逆成法 Borrowing 借用 Coining 新造 ,2. Compounding 合成法,Complex words: rainy rainbow rain -y rain bow root + affix root + r

10、oot,Derivation,Compounding,3.Reduplication 重叠词,full or partial repetition of a free morpheme; sometimes with variation so-so zigzag bye-bye dilly-dally hotchpotch mishmash 人人，天天，一点点， 冷冰冰， 来来往往，点点滴滴，,4. Blending 拼缀法,similar to compounding, but some parts of the free morphemes involved are lost 1st pa

11、rt of 1st word + end of 2nd word e.g. brunch breakfast+ lunch smog smoke+ fog motel motor+ hotel,newscast news + broadcast telex teleprinter + exchange bit binary + digit Reaganomics Reagan + economics fantabulous fantastic + fabulous,5. Clipping 截短法,part of a free morpheme is cut off, i.e., shorten

12、ing a polysyllabic word; often in casual speech,e.g.,prof. math gas lab dorm ad bike flu Liz Kathy,professor mathematics gasoline laboratory dormitory advertisement bicycle influenza Elizabeth Catherine,6. Acronymy 首字母缩略法,abbreviate a longer term by taking the initial letters Two ways of pronunciati

13、on： A. follow the pronunciation patterns of Eng. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) TOEFL (Test of Eng. as a Foreign Language) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) NASA (National Aeronautics ASAP ( ? ); WYSIWYG ( ? ),7. Back formation 逆成法,e.g. editor edit donation donate burglar burgle

14、zipper zip television televise babysitter baby sit Note: teach teacher: derivational affixation editor edit: back formation,8. Onomatopoeia 拟声法,words imitate sounds in nature or in technology, but need to conform to phonological system of the language A dog: bow wow or woof-woof, 汪汪 A clock: tick-to

15、ck, 滴答 A rooster: cock-a-doodle-doo 咕咕咕 A camera: click, 喀擦 A duck: quack 嘎嘎 A cat: meow 喵喵 Ring of a bell: ding-dong, 叮咚 A cow: moo, 哞哞 A bee: buzz, 嗡嗡 A snake: hiss, 嘶嘶,9. Borrowing 借用法,(Borrowed words or loan-words): the taking over of words from other languages A. Loan translation: direct transl

16、ation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language hot dog 热狗 superman 超人 Redology, Confucius, Runningdogs, papertigers, FourBooks, FiveClassics, Scarliterature, Tatami (Japanese), alcohol (Arabic), jasmine (Persian) B. Transliteration cool 酷 DINK 丁克 YUPPIE 雅痞 Kungfu, fengshui, tofu, dim su

17、m, Shangrila taikonaut, mahjong, yinyang taichi (shadowboxing),10. Coining 新造法,Coining (Coinage): Creating a completely new free morpheme, which is unrelated to any existing morphemes; a rare thing e.g. googol, aspirin, nylon, Note: different from everyday use of “coinage”,11. Extension of word formation rules,Part of a word is treated as a morpheme though its not burger (mar)athon a(lco)holic hamburger telethon workaholic cheese burger danceathon buffalo burger walkathon fish burger vege burger tofu burger,12. Functional shift,Functional shift (or conversion, category change): A change in