第七章 篇章翻译.ppt

1、第七章 篇章翻译,Translation of Text,1. 篇章的概念 Concept of Text,The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a cry for help to an all-day discussion. A text is

2、 a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit. It is not defined by its size. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit, a unit not of form but of meaning. -Halliday and Hasan,2. Question to discuss:,Look at the following examples: Are they texts? Why or why not? E.g. Toms wife is female

3、. Toms wife is a teacher. 他出生在这一类人中间，出生在这种地方，他还有这样的母亲，这些要是让他知道的话，他会多么丢人。,3. 篇章特征 Features of Text,衔接 连贯 明确的论题结构,4. 衔接 Cohesion,Cohesive devices,Substitution,Ellipsis,Lexical cohesion,Conjunction,Reference,A. 指代 Reference,朋友有点不好意思的解释说，买这座房子时，孩子们还上着学，如今都成家立业了。 （枣核）,My friend looked somewhat ill at eas

4、e when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs.（张培基）,Vs.,英汉指代衔接特点 Differences between English and Chinese References,英语 除了为达到特殊的修辞效果以外，一般尽量用代词指代,汉语 倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者采用“零式指称”，省略主语,Example:,A green caterpillar

5、 was slowly crawling out from under the lettuce. It was huge, fat, and apparently well-fed. It paused in its travels to survey the scene. Purple with fury, Henry could barely find his voice. (A Hard Day in the Kitchen, Shannon Hodge),译文1 一条绿色蠕虫正慢慢地从生菜下面爬出来，很大，很肥，显然吃得很好。它在旅途中停下来以观察周围的环境。亨利气得脸色发紫，话都差点

6、说不出来。,译文2 一条绿虫子正慢吞吞地从生菜底下爬出来。那虫子又大又肥，显然吃得很好，在途中还停下来审视周围的环境。亨利气得脸色发青，话都差点说不出来了。,B. 替代 Substitution,替代,动词替代,名词替代,小句替代或分句替代,(1) 名词替代 Substitution of Noun,My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper one. 我的斧子太钝了。我要一把更锋利的（斧子）。,I never met a more interesting man than Mayhew. He was a lawyer in Detroit. He w

7、as an able and successful one. By the time he was thirty-five he had a large and a lucrative practice, he had amassed a competence, and he stood on the threshold of a distinguished career. (Mayhew, William S. Naugham),参考译文1 我从未见到过比梅休更有意思的人了。他是底特律的一名律师，为人能干，事业上也很成功。35岁就门庭若市，收入可观，累累胜诉，声名昭著，前程似锦。,参考译文2

8、 我从未见过比梅休更有意思的人了。梅休是底特律的一名律师，他精明能干，事业有成，35岁时就拥有一份收入不菲的工作。如今累累胜诉的他真可谓前程似锦。,(2) 动词替代 Substitution of Verb,甲：玛丽学近代文学，不学近代语言学。 乙: 她学近代历史么？ A：Mary studies modern literature and doesnt do modern linguistics. B：Does she do modern history?,(3) 小句替代 Substitution of Clause,When my brother finally found out, h

9、e was not exactly pleased. Perhaps this might be one cause for the arguments that we began to have about this time. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin),参考译文1 哥哥终于发现了，他很不高兴。我们大概是这个时候开始争吵的，也许这要算个原因。,参考译文2 哥哥终于发现了，很不乐意。大概从那时起我们便常常争吵，这件事也许是个原因。,C.省略 Ellipsis,A man is sometimes more generous when he h

10、as but a little money than when he has plenty, perhaps through fear of being thought to have but little. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin),参考译文1 人有时囊中羞涩反而比腰缠万贯时显得大方，或许是怕人家笑话自己没钱吧。,参考译文2 人有的时候钱少了反倒比钱多了大方，也许是怕人嫌贫吧。,Though a brother, I was his apprentice and he considered himself my master. He exp

11、ected the same services from me as he would from another; while I thought he asked too much of a brother. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin),参考译文1 虽说是兄弟，我可是给他当学徒，他也以我的老板自居。他要求我和别人一样干活，可是我觉得他这样要求亲兄弟也太过分了。,参考译文2 虽是兄弟，我却成了哥哥的学徒，而他也把自己看作是我的老板，要求我像其他人一样给他卖力；可是我觉得这样对兄弟也太不讲情分了。,D. 连接词 Conjunction,增补,转折

12、,因果,时间,增补 Additive,Our arguments were often brought before our father, and I guess I was either generally in the right, or else a better debater, because the judgment was usually in my favor. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin),参考译文1 我们往往要争吵到父亲那儿去，我想若不是我占理，那就是我嘴更硬，因为父亲评起理来通常是偏向我的。,参考译文2 我们之间的争吵最后

13、常常要父亲决断，我想要么是我在理，要么就是我能说善辩，反正父亲评起来往往是我在理。,转折 Adversative,We tend to treat persons like goods. We even speak of children “belonging” to their parents. But nobody is “belonging” to anyone else. (Love Is Not Like Merchandise, Sydney J. Harris),参考译文1 我们往往待人如物。我们甚至说孩子“属于”父母。但是谁也不“属于”谁。,参考译文2 我们总是把人看作是货物，

14、甚至会说孩子是“父母的”。可是，没有谁是“哪个人的”。,因果 Causal,I started wondering why I refused to run the light. I was not afraid of being arrested, because there was obviously no cop around, and there certainly would have been no danger in going through it. (Trust ，Andy Rooney),参考译文1 我开始琢磨起自己为什么不肯闯红灯这个问题来。我并不是害怕被抓住，因为周围根

15、本没有警察，即使闯红灯也不会有什么危险。 参考译文2 我开始纳闷儿为什么没闯红灯呢。当时旁边肯定没有警察，又不用担心被拘留，而且即便冒险闯了灯也没什么危险啊。,时间 Temporal,With night approaching, the boatman and I had no choice but to wait until the wind stopped. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin) 参考译文1 眼看夜色来临，船主和我只好等风住了再说。 参考译文2 夜幕渐渐降临，船夫和我别无选择，只能等待风停下来再说。,E. 词汇衔接 Lexical

16、Cohesion,What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness. This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness usually takes the form of a truly grandiose realism. 几乎所有好莱坞电影的特征都是内容空虚。这种空虚被具有感染力的外表所掩盖。这种感染力通常以非常宏伟的写实手法表现出来。,It was a lovely spring day and t

17、he rose vine on the trellis was turning green. Under the huge elm trees, we could see yellow dandelions popping through the grass in bunches, as if a painter had touched our landscape with dabs of gold. I watched my mother casually bend down by one of the clumps. “I think Im going to dig up all thes

18、e weeds,” she said, yanking a blossom up by its roots. “From now on, well have only roses in this garden.” (My Mothers Gift, Suzanne Chazin),参考译文 那真是一个可爱的春日，棚架上蔷薇的藤蔓正在转青。在一些高大的榆树下面，我们可以看到，一丛丛黄色的蒲公英冒出草坪，仿佛是一位画家为了给眼前的美景增色而着意加上的点点金色。 我看到母亲在一簇花丛旁漫不经心地弯下身来。“我看得把这些野草都拔了，”她说，一边使劲把一丛蒲公英连根拔出，“往后咱这园子里只让长蔷薇花。”

19、,yellow dandelions,dabs of gold,one of the clumps,weeds,a blossom,小结,注意英汉衔接手段差异 符合汉语表达习惯,5.连贯 Coherence,衔接 实现的是语言表层形式和陈述之间的关系，一般是指语法、词汇手段的应用，衔接手段运用得当有助于语篇的连贯,连贯 语篇的深层结构，是潜藏的逻辑结构，不仅可以使用词汇，语法等衔接手段，也可以从信息的逻辑布局考虑,以下是连贯的语篇吗？,I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees

20、was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days.,(1) 运用语境,A: Could you give me a lift home? B: Sorry, Im visiting my sister. A :能让我搭你的车回家吗？ B: 不好意思，我要去看我姐姐 。 A: Im rather short of cash at the moment! B: Oh, Im sure the

21、y accept credit cards here. A: 我此刻身上没有现金。 B: 噢，他们这里肯定能用信用卡。,(2)运用非语言知识,A: Are you going to work tomorrow? B: Im on jury duty. A: 你明天去上班吗？ B: 我在当陪审员。 A: Shall we go for a walk? B: Could I take a rain check on that? A: 我们去散步好吗？ B: 改天可以吗？,A: Can you drive? B: Is Pope Catholic? A: 你会开车吗？ B: 教皇是天主教徒吗？,(3) 运用想象,The apparition of these faces in the crowd； petals on a wet, black bough.,出现,花瓣,树枝,6. 布局 Layout,(1) 具有描写功能