科技英语写作(下).ppt

1、EST Writing,XIII. Writing The Paper,Introduction,A research paper may be a term paper for a university course, a published article in a journal, and a thesis or a dissertation as a partial requirement for a university degree. It is usually a lengthy documented report that focuses upon an academic to

2、pic and it is intended to inform the audience in the relevant field about the research topic, purpose, methods, results (findings), conclusions, and recommendations.,Introduction,A research paper expresses the authors understanding of the topic based on experiments, facts, data, and analyses. It is

3、objective rather than subjective although the authors personal values, insights, and experiences have a great influence on the whole process.,Introduction,A research paper is usually made up of the following parts: Title page Acknowledgements (optional) Outline (optional) Abstract The text of the pa

4、per (introduction, body, and conclusion) Notes (optional) Works cited Appendix (optional),Introduction,In the process of accomplishing a research paper, five necessary steps are usually taken: Selecting a Research Topic Collecting Literatures, Evaluating the Sources and Taking Notes Working Out an O

5、utline Producing a First Draft Revising and Prepare the Final Draft,Title,题名的（ABC）三原则 准确（accuracy）- 词语表达准确、切合文章的实际； 简练（brevity）- 用最少的文字，概括尽可能多的必要内容； 清晰（clarity）- 能清晰地表达文章的特色。,Title,e.g. 一篇讨论利用激光技术加工金属零件的小空的文章 Application of Laser Technology Machining Micro-holes of Metal Parts by Using Laser 一篇研究农村沼

6、气利用的科技文章 Development and Exploration on Utilization of New Resources for the Countryside Utilization of Marsh Gas for the Countryside,Title,一篇介绍显微镜应用的文章 On the Addition to the Method of Microscopic Research by a New Way of Producing Color-Contrast Between an Object and Its Background or Between Defi

7、nite Parts of the Object Itself 关于在显微镜研究中增加一种物体和其背景之间或物体本身各确定部分之间产生色差的新方法 (A New Way of) Producing Color-Contrast in Microscopic Examination 一种能在显微镜检查中产生色差的新方法,Title,题名的构成 以名词短语为主要形式 题名通常不用陈述句形式 疑问句可以作题名，但学术性论文尽量避免使用 e.g. 1) Optimal Design of Complex Multi-mode Horn 复合式多模喇叭的最佳设计 2) Studying Directio

8、n of Moisture Motion in Unsaturated-soil by Using Thermodynamic Theory 用热力学理论研究非饱和土壤中水分运动的方向 3) Can Agriculture Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum? 实现农业机械化能离开石油吗？,Title,题名的字数限制 题名不应过长。国外科技期刊对题名字数有限制，一般应为10个词以内，不宜超过15个词。总的原则是在题名准确、简练、清晰的前提下，字数越少越好。,Title,题名的书写格式 全部字母均大写 每个实词的首字母大写 整个题名中，只首词的

9、首字母大写，其余均小写,Writer,作者姓名的写法 中国作者的姓名按姓在前、名在后的方法，用标准汉语拼音表示 用英语国家的作者姓名写法与我国相反，名在前、姓在后 非英语国家的作者姓名各有特点,Writer,作者单位地址 国内地名均按国家GB/T161591996相关基本规则拼写。 在地名的英文译文中，其顺序是先写小地名再写大地名。,正：北京 Beijing 误：Peking 广州 Guangzhou Canton 青岛 Qingdao Tsingtao 西藏 Xizang Tibet 而： 香港 Hong Kong Hongkong/Xianggang 澳门 Macao/Macau Aome

10、n 中国山东青岛：Qingdao, Shandong, China,Writer,邮编的位置 美国的邮编是写在州名（邮政两字母缩写）的后边 Tallahassee, FL 32312, U.S.A 英国的邮编是写在地名后边 London E1 4NS, England, U.K. 我国的邮编写在地名后，而不是省名后，邮编前面不加逗号 Qingdao 266001， Shandong， China Shanghai 200030， China,Key Words,关键词的概念 关键词是科技论文的文献检索标识，是表达文献主题概念的自然语言词汇。 关键词包括主题词和自然词两部分。主题词是专门为情报检

11、索机构编制索引用的，它是从自然语言的主要词汇中选取后并加以规范化的词或词组。自然词则是未规范化的词或词组。 关键词同摘要一样，都是论文的一部分，但都不是正文的一部分。关键词应放置在文章摘要的后面。 现在一般期刊要求每篇文章要有3 8 个关键词。,Key Words,关键词的选取 要精选能代表文章主要内容的词或词组做关键词。 选取关键词的重要依据是文章的内容。 （1）尽量选用主题词； （2）在下列情况下可选用自由词： a. 主题词表中明显漏选的主题词； b. 反映新学科、新理论、新技术、新材料等新出现的概念； c. 词表中未收录的地区、人物、文献、产品等名称及重要数据名称； d. 当某些概念采用

12、组配，结果却出现多义时，可以用自由词。 关键词大多取自文献标题，它要反映文献的内容、论述的重点、提出的新东西。因此，一篇论文的关键词应涉及“对象”、“作用”、“生成物”、“方法、手段”、“条件、状况”等。,Key Words,e.g. Surgical Treatment of Sub-clinical Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Ultimate Outcome 亚临床型肝癌的外科治疗及其最终结果 Key words: hepatocellular carcinoma; sub-clinical hepatocellular carcinoma; alp

13、ha fetoprotein; mass screening; hepatectomy 关键词：肝癌；亚临床型肝癌；甲胎蛋白试验；大规模筛选；肝切除术,Key Words,关键词的编排格式 英文关键词一般编排在英文摘要（abstract）之后，另起一行开始。 为便于计算机检索，现多采用分隔符“，”或“；”来间隔各关键词。 英文关键词一般多采用全小写形式。 中英文关键词的一致性是应该特别注意的地方，既要意思一致，又应该顺序一致。 e.g. Key Words：power system; voltage stability; load; random perturbation 关键词：电力系统；电

14、压稳定性；负荷；随机扰动,Abstract,摘要 摘要是一篇完整论文的一部分，但不是正文的一部分。 它通常位于正文之前，高度概括了正文中叙述的内容，突出正文的重点，是正文实质性内容的介绍。 在结构方面，摘要不分段，主要为正文服务，编排在题名、作者及单位之后，摘要的后面一般要列出3 8 个关键词。,Abstract,e.g. Application of Statistical Methods: To Diagnose Causes of Poor Air-Quality Method Performance Ronald E. Ruff SRI International, Menlo Par

15、k, CA 94025, U.S.A. Abstract: The application of statistical tests has been too often restricted to defining performance measures that are a necessary part of the model validation process. Toward the goal of model improvement, statistics can also be applied in a diagnostic mode that relates the diff

16、erences in observed and predicted concentrations to other parameters that influence the model output. The examples presented described how diagnostic tests were used to isolate problems in an air quality simulation model using data from the St. Louis-based Regional Air Pollution Study.,Abstract,Inve

17、stigation on Heart-Electricity Cogeneration with Nuclear Heating Reactors Wu Shaorong, Su Qingshan, Dong Duo, Zhang Dafang, Zhang Yajun, Li Huaixuan, Chen Hua Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Abstract: The goal of the investigation is to experimental

18、ly demonstrate the feasibility of cogeneration with the nuclear heating reactor, raise its annual availability factor, and expand its application field. Therefore the economic viability of nuclear heating reactors would significantly be improved. The 5 MW nuclear heating reactor (NHR-5) was used as

19、an energy source, and nuclear energy-electricity transformation was achieved with a specially designed low pressure steam generator set in the secondary loop, and a low pressure two-phase flow turbine. Meanwhile, the circulation cooling water from the condenser was pumped to the heat grid for house

20、heating. The experiments demonstrate that heat-electricity cogeneration using the nuclear heating reactor with integrated design and natural circulation is technically feasible and the cogeneration system shows excellent operability and safety.,Abstract,Light Radiation from Pulse Discharges in Water

21、 Liu Xiaochun, Feng Changgen (Department of Engineering Safety, Beijing Institute Of Technology, Beijing 100081, China) Zhu Zuliang, Xu Yizhi, Xu Zheng (China Academy of Engneering Physics, Chengdu 610003, China) Abstract: Aim To study the characteristics of plasma rediation from pulsed discharges i

22、n water. Methods Pyrometer-oscilloscope system was used to measure the brightness of the plasma radiation. The spark channel temperature and the distributions of the irradiance as a function of wavelength were obtained through a greybody radiation model. Results For a stored capacitor energy of 312.

23、5 J, the spark channel temperature of 5x104 K was obtained with a peak current of 50 kA. Most of the plasma radiation energy is distributed in the far ultraviolet region of the spectrum (10-200nm). Conclusion Radiation of plasma underwater corresponds to its electric characteristics. Ultraviolet rad

24、iation is one of the principal form of energy which is released from a pulsed discharge in water.,Abstract,英文摘要分类 摘要注意可分为指示型，信息指示型和信息型3种。,Abstract,指示型摘要 指示型摘要（indicative abstract）即介绍型摘要，也称陈述型摘要。它只简要地介绍论文的论题，或者概括地表述研究的目的，仅使读者对论文的内容有一概括的了解。指示型摘要一般不介绍方法、结果、结论的具体内容，不包含任何数据。一般指示型摘要只有几个简单句子，篇幅短小，一般为30 50

25、个词。,Abstract,e.g. Simulation Experiments of transients of Load Changes Abstract: This paper describes some simulation experiments of transients on turbine load ramp, and rapid changes and shows the transients curves of the main plant operational parameters on the simulator of Beijing Nuclear Power P

26、lant.,Abstract,e.g. Simulation Experiments on the Main Steam Pipe Break of the PWR Nuclear Power Plant Abstract: This paper describes the simulation experiments of three kinds of plant steam pipes break accidents on Beijing nuclear power plant simulator, shows the curves of main operational paramete

27、rs of the plant in three different conditions, analyzes and discusses the experimental results. Also, this paper describes the general process on the accident treatment.,Abstract,e.g. Use of Rank Order Distributions for Estimation of Probabilities of Rare Events Abstract: Rank order distributions an

28、d the corresponding estimation problem are discussed. Their application to the study of rare events is considered. Examples are given of the application of the simplest of these distributions in predicting the occurrence of rare events.,Abstract,信息指示型摘要 信息指示型摘要（informative-indicative abstract）是一种混合型

29、摘要，即它是一篇可以同时兼有信息型和指示型的摘要。它可以基本上属于其中一种体裁，而在某种程度上兼有另一种体裁的特性。它的篇幅稍长于指示型摘要，一般在50 100词之间。,Abstract,e.g. Engineering Development Studies for Integrated Evacuated CPC Array: Interim Technical Progress Report Abstract: An improvement in optional efficiency over contemporary external reflector evacuated tube

30、 collectors was achieved by integrating the reflectors surface into the outer glass envelope. The design, fabrication and testing results are described for a prototype collector based on this concept. Efficiencies above 40% up to 300 are achieved. A comprehensive testing program to measure performan

31、ce and operational characteristics of 2m2 panel (45 tubes) is being carried out.,Abstract,信息型摘要 信息型摘要（informative abstract）即报道型摘要，也称资料型摘要。它用来报道论文的研究目的、方法、结果与结论。实质上，它是整篇论文的高度浓缩。一般来讲，目前科技期刊中学术类文章的英文摘要大多属于信息型，也是我们主要讨论的一种摘要。这种摘要篇幅较以上两种要长些一般100 150 词为宜。,Abstract,（1）目的：论文的目的及要解决的问题 （2）方法：主要工作过程及所采用的技术手段或方

32、法，还包括主要设备及仪器仪表等 （3）结果：应力求简明而富有信息性 （4）结论：阐明成果蕴涵的意义,Abstract,e.g. Composing Letters with a Simulated Listening Typewriter Abstract: （目的）An aim of the experiments is to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for composing letters. （方法）Participants dictated, either in isolated wo

33、rds or in consecutive word speech. This was carried out with simulations of listening typewriters that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited vocabulary. （结果/结论）Results shows that some versions, even upon first using them, are at least as good as traditional methods of handwriting an

34、d dictating. Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may provide the basis for a useful listening typewriter.,Abstract,e.g. Effects of Radiated Cotton Cellulose on properties of Nitrocellulose Abstract: （目的）The aim of the determination is to study effects of radiated cotton cellulose by high en

35、ergy electrons on properties of nitrocellulose (NC). （方法）The nitrocellulose was prepared by the N2O5 HNO3 system and then radiated by high energy electrons. The viscosity of NC was determined by viscometry and the nitrogen content was determined by polarizing microscope method, respectively. （结果/结论）

36、Results indicate that the viscosity of NC changes from 0.598 Pas to 0.036 Pas as the absorption doses varies from 0kGy to 14kGy, while the nitrogen content of NC and doses of absorption was obtained. It is =354.8D-0.97. Under a certain nitrating condition, the nitrogen content and homogeneity of NC

37、are basically with different doses of absorption.,Abstract,英文摘要的撰写 摘要的行文原则 准确 A (accuracy) 表达准确，不引起误解 简练 B (brevity) 尽量写短句，精炼可以提高信息密度 清晰 C (clarity) 逻辑性、条理性；忠实于正文；客观,Abstract,缩短摘要的方法 摘要中的第一句话尽量不要与题名重复； 取消一些不必要的词句； 摘要只限表示新消息、新内容； 可以对物理量单位及一些通用词语适当简化； 尽量避免重复单元。,Abstract,摘要的文体： 摘要不分段 英文摘要应尽量使用短句子，但也应避免

38、重复单调； 英文摘要多采用一般现在时和过去时； 可用动词时应尽量避免用动词的名词形式； 正确使用冠词； 避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词； 适当用主动语态代替被动语态； 语言简洁，但不用电报式语言；,Abstract,尽量使动词靠近主语； 尽量用重要的事实开头，避免用短语或从句开头； 删繁就简； 涉及他人的工作或研究成果时，尽量列出其姓名； 避免使用以第一人称 We, I 为主语的句子； 文词要朴实，不需要华丽的修饰和文学性的描写； 单词拼写应该统一，或用英国拼写法，或用美国拼写法，但不用混用。,Abstract,摘要的典型语句 介绍作者观点和研讨课题内容的语句 介绍文章内容与作者观点的常

39、用语句 常用的词或词组有deal with, describe, explain, illustrate, introduce, present, report 等 e.g. 1) The physical and chemical properties of the crystal are dealt with. 2) The applications of this technique to nuclear detection are illustrated. 3) The basic concepts and data collected are presented.,Abstract,

40、文章研究课题的常用语句 常用词有：analyze, consider, develop, discuss, investigate, state, study等 e.g. 1) The main experimental problems are also analyzed with such ultra-low-frequency measurements. 2) The relationship between mass and energy in nature is stated briefly. 文章涉及范围的语句 常用词有：consist of, contain, cover, in

41、clude等 e.g. 1) This article consists of four parts: introduction, theory, experimental method, and conclusion. 2) The cited reports cover the use of traces to study lower atmospheric are pollution movements.,Abstract,综述与概括对某一领域的研究课题的常用语句 常用词有：abstract, outline, review, summarize等 e.g. 1) All the ope

42、rating procedures, such as general procedures (GP), abnormal operating procedures (AOP), emergency operating procedures (EOP), are abstracted. 2) The theory based on materials science is summarized briefly. 文章重点的常用词句 常用词有：be, concentrate, focus, give, pay等 常用句型：Attention is concentrated on , There i

43、s a focus on , Attention is paid to , The emphasis is on ,Abstract,e.g. 1) Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory. 2) The research is focused on collisions between neutrons and uranium nuclei. 3) The greatest emphasis is on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy. 文章目的的常用语句 常用词有

44、：aim, objective, purpose, seek等 另外，经常要用动词不定式作表语或谓语动词的目的状语 e.g. 1) This paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR). 2) The purpose for this study is to show that the method mentioned before is promising.,Abstract,介绍文章成果的语句 成果的获取和开发等常用词句 常用词有：achie

45、ve, construct, derive, design, develop, establish, give, improve, obtain, produce, provide, realize, record, reduce, solve等 e.g. 1) The special equations are derived based on the quantum theory. 2) The system is designed to be used for transferring the heat produced from the reactor core. 3) The sta

46、rt-up procedure is provided for the nuclear power plant.,Abstract,观察和指示的常用语句 常用词有：demonstrate, exhibit, find, indicate, observe, point out, show等 e.g.1) Effects of improper mining procedures on bump occurrence were demonstrated. 2) All the salts studied, except NaCl, exhibit good catalytic activity.

47、 运算和计量的常用语句 常用词有：calculate, determine, estimate, measure等 e.g.1) The physical parameters in the reactor core were calculated by using the two-group theory. 2) the deviation in each method is carefully estimated.,Abstract,应用与用途的常用语句 常用词有：apply, use等 e.g.1) The system was applied to the analysis of a

48、series of practical coal mine problems. 2) These facilities are used to develop computer hardware for several projects. 评估与比较的常用语句 常用词有：agree with, assess, compare, evaluate等 e.g.1) The calculated mobility agrees well with the experimental analysis. 2) Various rate and energy parameters were evaluat

49、ed.,Abstract,实验与试验的常用语句 常用词有：experiment, test等 e.g.1) Animals are experimented upon in the laboratory of the Beijing Zoo. 2) The ascend rocket in the upper half of the Lunar Module was tested hundreds of times. 论证和依据的常用语句 常用词有：base on, be based on, take as reference等 e.g.1) Methods of analysis are b

50、ased on Maxwell equations. 2) A simplified diagram of the reactor vessel and internals is taken as reference.,Abstract,推荐与建议的常用语句 常用词有：propose, recommend, suggest, put forward等 e.g.1) A formula of calculating the critical mass in reactors is recommended for checking the two-group theory. 2) An alter

51、native theory is put forward for generation and migration of petroleum. 结论的常用语句 常用词有：arrive at, conclude等 e.g.1) The main aim of engineering studies is to arrive at an optimum design. 2) Some numerical results for lower activation energies are concluded with.,Abstract,介绍进一步研究的必要性的语句 常用词有：desirable,

52、expect, important, necessary, necessity, need, require等 e.g.1) The development of tools to support the engineer is desirable during establishing such a simulation model. 2) It is very important that the experimental results should be checked again and again. 3) There is no necessity for the experimental results to be checked again. 4) There is a need for safety measures as evidenced by the increasing incidence of penetrations of automated systems.,Abstract,结构式摘要 （structured abstract） 即在行文中用醒目的字体（黑体、全部大写或斜体），直