四六级作文.ppt

1、四级作文专题,四级作文专题,四级作文专题,1.历年真题作文综述 2.作文考查要点总结 3.作文写作思路 4.四级作文写作要求 5.写作模版及常用句型 6.经典范文学习,四级作文专题,1.历年真题作文综述 2.作文考查要点总结 3.作文写作思路 4.写作模版及常用句型 5.经典范文学习,1.历年四级真题作文综述,1.历年六级真题作文综述,2. 作文考查要点总结,1.考查主题与日常生活（校园生活）息息相关，对社会热点问题也有涉及。 2. 写作类型比较广泛，有应用文、记述文和议论文，但以议论文为主。 3.主要考查学生的思辨能力与语言表达能力，即内容与语言。,3.作文写作思路,1.审题 2.提纲：把文

2、章三段（开头、主体、结尾）的主题句写出，然后列出支撑句的要点 3.文章写作 4.修改（通读原文，检查语言错误）,1.内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人; 2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。 2.结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。 3.写完之后修改注意：(内容方面尽量不要修改) 1、字母大小写 2、标点符号 3、单词拼写 4、主谓一致 5、动词时态 6、名词单复数,题目：Bicycles An Important Means of Transport in China 提纲：(1)为什么自行车在中国这样普及 (2)

3、和汽车的比较 (3)自行车在中国的前途,范文讲解,Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people - man and woman, old and young - ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicyc

4、les”. 分析：1. 第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。 2. During the rush hour 介词结构开头。 3. 破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。,Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. Though cars are f

5、aster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover they often cause traffic jams and accidents. 分析：1. Compared with cars 分词结构开头。 2. be superior to/ be inferior to 优于/ 低于 3. thirst,

6、 second, third 英语语言有层次感，信号词 4. cheap 便宜，最好用inexpensive 5. be good for health 对健康有好处(万能理由) 6. Moreover 表示递进,In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It

7、will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time. 注：promising 有前途的 a promising young man,首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次，一个段落必须有若干拓展句（拓展手段：运用列举分类、细节说明、比较对照、正反论证等手段），使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness or a

8、dequateness）。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。,四、六级作文写作要求,连贯性（coherence） 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。 意连 段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常

9、见的排列方式。,A. 按时间先后排列（chronological arrangement） B. 按位置远近排列（spatial arrangement） C. 按逻辑关系排列（logical arrangement） a. 按重要性顺序排列（arrangement in order of importance） b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement） c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement）,有损连贯性的几种情况： 考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误： 1）不必要的改变时态，比如：In the mo

10、vie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.,2）不必要的改变单复数，比如： Everybody looks for satisfaction in his li

11、fe. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.,3）不必要的改变人称，比如： Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with

12、 their childrens activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligat

13、ions to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.,文章开头写法句型,1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. e.g. 1. When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently. 2. When it comes to . , some people believe that . Others ar

14、gue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I prefer the latter/the former .) 3. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed /held / acknowledged that . They claim/ believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether.,1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或

15、者问题, 然后评论 . e.g. 1. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has caused/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. 2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention) 3.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality .

16、is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now /constantly.,1-3 观点法 -开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. e.g. 1. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning /coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that. 2. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to.Now p

17、eople become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of . 3. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.,1-4 引用法 - 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! e.g.1. Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people . Educati

18、on is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. 2. How often we hear such statements/words like those /this . In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complaints as this .,1-5 比较法 - 通过对过去，现在 两种不同的倾向，观

19、点的比较，引出文章要讨论的观点. e.g.1. For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing . , people . . 2. People used to think that . (In the past, .) But people now share this new idea.,1-6 故事法 - 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. e.g.1. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .

20、 The phenomenon of . has aroused public concern. 2. I have a friend who . Should he . ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life. 3. Once upon a time , there lived a man who . This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.,1-7 问题法 - 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引

21、出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题. e.g. Should/What . ? Options of . vary greatly , some ., others . But in my opinion , . . Nowadays, can we find a person who has not experienced online shopping? Definitely not.,引出不同观点的句型: 1.Peoples views on. vary from person to person. Some hold that. . However, others believe th

22、at.人们对.的观点因人而异.有些人认为.然而其他人却认为2.People may have different opinions on.人们对.可能会有不同的见解.3.Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person.人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异.4.There are different opinions among people as to.关于. 人们的观点大不相同.5.Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同.,给出原因的句

23、型: 1.This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, . Second, . Third, .这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, . 第二, . 第三, .2.Why did. ? For one thing. For another. Perhaps the primary reason is.为什么会.? 一个原因是. 令一个原因是.或许其主要原因是.3.I quite agree with the statement that. The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即

24、.,其主要原因如下:,1.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that.2.Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that.3.Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that.4.There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks

25、 as well as merits. 5.All in all, we cannot live without. But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.,结尾部分的句型,6. Obviously, we can draw the conclusion that 7. Thus, it can be concluded that 8. Therefore, we can find that 9. Obviously, it is high

26、time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 10. Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. 11. Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. ,结尾部分,英语四级写作六种常用经典句型,1)主语从句 1.It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy. 2.It is well-known that 3.It is

27、 self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that 4.It goes without saying that It is universally acknowledged that,2）宾（表）语从句 1.We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates. 2.The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.,3）定语从句（限定性和非限定性） 1.As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated

28、/ depicted/ describedin the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table, 2.There are many reasons why I want to study in your university. 3.It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.,4）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等） 1.When the man is enjoying t

29、he cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster （怪物） which will devour him. 2.Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers.,5）倒装句 Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem. Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcani

30、c activity known to geologists as hot spots.,Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem. He is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds. Many people believe that（It is believed that）,6）被动句,现象解释型 文章线索 ：现象存在的合理性 组织材料的方法（三段式） 描述现象阐述原因表明观点,大学英语四级作文模板,Nowadays, there exists a public con

31、troversy concerning the issue of引出现象.What amazes us most is典型的一个方面.It is true that进一步阐述现象. Many reasons account for 这一现象The main reason is 原因一.What is more, 原因二. Thirdly, 原因三. As a result,总结上述观点.Considering all these, 讲述导致结果及作者态度.For one thing, 原因一. For another, 原因二.In conclusion,总结全文.,Directions: I

32、n this section, you are asked to write a composition entitled College Students Job Hunting Your composition should be based on the outline given below. Your composition should be at least 150 words. Outline: 1. 近几年出现了大学生就业难的现象。 2. 产生这种现象的原因（如大学生追求的目标过高，专业不对口等）。 3. 如何解决这一问题（改变就业观念，大学生再培训等）。 College S

33、tudents Job Hunting,Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition entitled Should people own cars or not? Your composition should be based on the outline given below. Your composition should be at least 150 words. Outline: 1、有人赞成个人买车。 2、也有人持相反观点。 3、你的看法。 Should People Own Cars or

34、 Not?,对比选择型 文章线索：权衡两种不同方法的利弊 组织材料的方法（三段式） 一、目前存在某个问题，人们有不同的观点；二、两种观点各自的理由；三、我的看法,大学英语四级作文模板 2 对立观点型 A有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？ B 有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？ C我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 However, other people stand

35、on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。 There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effe

36、cts it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。,评分标准及注意事项切题：围绕该段所给的中心句（提纲）来写相关内容。语言：语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。 连贯：运用列举法，使段落结构清晰；要避免使用一些过于熟悉的词汇和短语；参考范文。临场写作技巧：黄金三原则翻译提纲句作为中心句，放在段首； 确定主体段落，主体段落要列举和分类，并运用连接词； 加入醒目、吸引评卷人眼球的细节信息，句子要正确、出彩。,In recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult t

37、o get a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-educated, aspirant and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenon? There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadays college students aim too high. All they

38、 want are “good” jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working conditions, and high social status among others. Consequently, most college students are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not “good” enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some student

39、s study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some students are not fit for the jobs.,College Students Job Hunting,Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society and the students. The companies should value the students, talent and knowledge while the latter shou

40、ld not merely aim at material gains. They should be down-toearth in building up their career. Furthermore, they should face their weak points so as to improve themselves and be more competent.,There is no denying the fact that it has been a hotly debated topic in China whether people should have the

41、ir own cars. Peoples opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that the car provides the most convenient form of transportation. Besides, a car is a comfortable way to travel, especially in winter. Finally, a driver is usually safe in his car when he is out at nigh

42、t. Others, however, hold the opposite view. They say that there are many disadvantages to owning a car. For one thing, it can be very expensive to purchase and run a car. For another, owning a car can also cause worry andstress. It is exhausting to drive a car in heavy traffic.,Should people own car

43、s or not?,What is worse, cars are responsible for most of the smog in cities, which pollutes the environment seriously. In spite of all the above mentioned, I still favor owning a car. The reason is that the car gives a person the freedom to schedule his own time. Though we are confronted with a pro

44、blem of energy crisis, I am sure that the real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that uses cheap, efficient fuel and does not contaminate the air.,Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition entitled Internet A Two-edged Sword. You should write at least 120 words

45、and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1、Internet的功绩。 2、Internet的弊端。 3、结论。 Internet A Two-edged Sword,Internet is playing an increasingly important role in peoples life. As a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made seas of information availab

46、le at our fingers tips. Besides, the Internet serves as the most convenient means for communication. Through the Internet, people can discuss various problems and make friends who share common views.,But just as a coin has two sides, Internet has its own drawbacks which should not be neglected. Firs

47、t, it costs an alarming amount of money to construct the system and the cost is very high to most Chinese consumers. Second, it is sometimes difficult for people to find the right information they are looking for since there is too much rubbish on the net. Finally, it is also difficult to prevent th

48、e net from the invasion of criminals.,Therefore, the Internet should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both conveniences and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to further develop the net and exert proper supervision o

49、ver it so that it can benefit us in a better way.,九、作文类型6图表题,table-图表, graph-曲线图，bar graph=bar chart-条形图, pie chart-圆形分析图, line graph-曲线图；现行图；坐标图 图表题的写作逻辑结构： Paragraph I:（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写 （2）具体描述图表：必要数据支持（细节）。 Paragraph II:（1）提出自己理由和观点（本段主题句）； （2）细节性分论点（主要是原因，用于支持自己的观点，至少两点）。 Paragraph III:（1）预测未来和提出解决

50、方法； （2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点,图表作文开头对图表的描述,As can be seen from the table (graph, form). From the above table it can be seen (concluded) that. A careful study of the table shows that. The number (percentage) is 3 times as much as that in 2000. It has decreased (fell, dropped) about twice, compared with (as co

51、mpared with, as against) that of 2000. In 2001, it increased (went up, rose) from 5 to 15 percent of the total (to 15 percent, by 15 percent).,描述图表,1.As can be indicated/ is revealed/ is showed in the table/ graph/ chart,/According to the figures given in the table,/As the survey results show,/ This

52、 chart shows that/ It can be seen from the statistics that 正如图表中显示/根据图表中给出的数据/正如调查结果显示/如图所示/从数据中我们可以看出，。2.Fromto, there is a slight/ slow/steady/ rapid/ dramatic/ abrupt rise/ increase in 从年到年，在方面有了轻微/缓慢/稳定/快速/巨大/急剧的增加。 3.Duringlater, the demand /income/ population/price/production ofhad declined/ d

53、ecreased/ fell/dropped rapidly/abruptly/markedly/ sharply ( fromto) 在期间时间以后，的需求/收入/人口/价格/产量已经（从）急剧下降（到）。,实例1-2002年6月真题图见“CET4写作讲解”,Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words and base your

54、composition on the chart and the outline given below 1. 上图所示为1990年、1995年、2002年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,1. Great changes have taken place in student use of computers in the university. The hours the student spent on computers per week

55、 skyrocketed from about 2 in 1990 to 20 in 2000, more than 9 times higher. This rapid increase proves that students were in closer contact with computers. 2.To account for this phenomenon, people have come up with various reasons as listed below. In the first place, with the drop in prices of comput

56、ers, more students could afford computers, therefore they could spend much more time with computers. In the second place, the computers were applied to wider and wider use and students had to take advantage of this modern invention. Last but not the least important, the development of society pushed

57、 computers into more dormitories.,3. Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers. To begin with, many students still have no computers of their own. Whats more, many students use computers only to play e-games and browse porn websites, which causes harm to their

58、mind.（172 words）,九、作文类型7,谚语格言题逻辑结构 Paragraph I：（1）点明要阐释的谚语或名言（ general ）； （2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，有时有正反两面的逻辑（specific ）。 Paragraph II：（1）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即文章的论点句； （2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）； Paragraph III：总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。,Practice makes Perfect,1. Its well known to everyone that “Practice makes perfect”. This self-evident proverb means that it doesnt matter that we cannot do something