动词的时和体2.ppt

1、动词的时和体,（二）,3. 现在进行体的用法,现在进行体是由助动词be的现在时形式(am, is, are)加-ing分词构成。现在进行体可用于： 1)表示说话时正在进行的动作 A: What are you doing? B: Im writing a letter. Hurry up! Were all waiting for you. 要注意现在进行体的这一用法与一般现在时的区别。用一般现在时往往带有长久的含义，而用现在进行体则表示暂时的含义。比较： He lives in Shanghai.(长久住在上海) He is now living in Shanghai.(暂时住在上海) T

2、he Garden Bridge crosses the Suzhou Creek near the Shanghai Mansions.(不受时间限制) Our bus is now crossing the Garden Bridge.(暂时经过),2)表示现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。例如： Jane is studying law while her sister is doing physics. I teach English at the Teachers College, but Im now teaching in a middle school. 现在经形

3、体的这一用法也表示一种暂时性。例如上述第二例用一般现在时表示一种长期的工作岗位，而用现在进行体则表示现阶段正在做的事。又例如： He works in a chemical factory.(经常性工作) He is working in a chemical factory these days.(临时性工作) (P.131),3)表示计划安排中近期即将发生的动作 Mr. Cameron is leaving China in a few weeks. Im going to Qingdao for the summer holiday. 注意，用现在进行体表示将来时间，在句中火灾上下文中通

4、常有表示将来时间的状语，否则意义便会含糊不清。比较： Are you doing anything special to night?(表示将来) Are you doing anything special now?(表示说话时正在进行的动作) Are you doing anything special?(可作两种解释),4)表示刚刚过去的动作： You dont believe it? You know Im telling the truth. I dont know what you are talking about. 用现在进行体表示刚刚过去的动作只使用口语中某些表示说话的动词，

5、例如tell, talk, say, exaggerate等。 5)表示婉转口气： Im hoping youll give us some advice. Im wondering if I may have a word with you. 现在进行体的这一用法只限于hope, wonder等少数几个动词。用Im hoping比用I hope口气要婉转一些，这种婉转口气是同现在进行体所表示的动作的暂时性、不确定性伴随而来的。 综上所述，可以看出，能用于现在进行体的动词通常都是表示动作的动词，特别是表示持续动作的动词，如work, study, live等；表示短暂动作的动词，如shoot,

6、 put, place, jump, nod, wink等，通常以一般现在时表示现在发生的短暂动作。,4. 过去进行体的用法,过去进行体是由助动词be的过去时形式(was, were)加-ing分词构成。过去进行体的用法与现在进行体的用法有不少相似之处，只是时间向过去推移而已。 1)表示过去某时正在进行的动作 What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.? 也可表示在某一阶段一直在进行的动作 From 1983 to 1988, he was teaching at Yale. They were building a dam last winter.

7、 2)表示过去某种习惯动作 George was getting up at five oclock every day that week. (P. 134),3)表示过去将来时间里的动作 过去进行体在一定上下文中也可表示按照计划安排即将发生的过去将来事态。例如： They were leaving a few days later. The summer vacation was drawing near, but nobody knew where they were going for the holiday. 过去进行体用在某些时间状语和条件状语分句中还可表示过去将来时间正在进行的动

8、作。例如： He promised not to mention this when he was talking to her. He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.,4)表示现在时间和将来时间里的动作(P. 135) a)表示婉转口气 I was wondering/wondered if youd like to come out with me one evening. I was hoping/hoped you could send me some books. b)表示主观臆想的情况 I wish they were not

9、talking so loudly. Id rather you were going at once. Would you stay a little longer, if you were enjoying yourself? If they were leaving tonight, Id like to go with them. It is time we were leaving.,5.现在完成体和现在完成进行体,完成体是动词的一种形式，它表示该动词所表示的动作或状态已经完成。完成体是由助动词have的一定形式加-ed分词构成，分为现在完成体(Present Perfect)和过去

10、完成体(Past Perfect)。它们又可与进行体相结合，构成现在完成进行体(Present Perfect Progressive)和过去完成进行体(Past Perfect Progressive)。,1)现在完成体的用法 现在完成体(由have/has+-ed分词构成)，有两个主要用法，即“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。 “已完成”用法是指动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间(常指最近的过去时间)，现在已经完成了，并与现在的情况有联系。例如： Hes turned off the light. (含义是：灯在一个过去时间被关掉，说话时仍然关着) “未完成”用法是指动作或状

11、态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。例如： Hes lived here since 1960. (含义是：他从1960年来到这里居住，至今还住在这里，偶尔也可根据上下文理解为刚刚搬走。) 这两种用法的主要区别是：“已完成”用法通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用，而“未完成“用法通常都要与表示一段时间的状语连用。,2)现在完成进行体的用法 现在完成进行体(由have/has been+-ing分词构成)的主要用法与现在完成体的“未完成”用法相仿。例如： Ive been writing letters for an hour (and Ive still got some

12、more to do). Ive been sitting in the garden (and have just come in-doors). 上述第一例说明动作还将继续下去，第二例说明动作在说话时刻之前刚刚结束。 现在完成体和现在完成进行体有时可以互换使用，含义无甚差别。例如： Weve been living here for ten years. Weve lived here for ten years. 但是，由于现在完成进行体还具有进行体的持续、暂时性和未完成性的特点，有时就不可以与现在完成体互换使用。比较： Whos been eating my dinner? Whos

13、eaten my dinner? 前一例的含义是“还有些剩下”，后一例则表示“全给吃光了”，含义不同。,3)现在完成（进行）体与过去时比较 上述现在完成体和现在完成进行体的用法， 不论其动作或状态在说话时已经完成还是延续到说话时刻并可能继续下去，都与现在时间有联系。如果与现在时间没有联系，那就要用一般过去时或过去进行体。比较： His sister has been an invalid all her life.(含义是：她现在还活着) His sister was an invalid all her life.(含义是：她现在已经死了) He has lived in China for

14、 ten years.(含义是：他可能还住在中国，也可能刚刚离开中国。) He lived in China for ten years.(含义是：他现在已不在中国。) 同样地，如果用了与现在时间没有联系的确定的过去时间状语，也要用一般过去时或过去进行体。比较： Ive been all over Africa. I went all over Africa in 1965. “You look tired.” “Yes, Ive been working non-stop all day.” “You look tired.” “Yes, I was working non-stop unt

15、il seven oclock.” “Have you found that letter yet?” “Yes, I found it when I tidied my drawer.”,6. 过去完成体和过去完成进行体,1)过去完成体的用法 过去完成体(由had+-ed分词构成)的主要用法，同现在完成体一样，也有两个，即“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法，不同的是，过去完成体把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联系。 过去完成体的“已完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经完成或结束。例如： Tom flew home, but his father had alread

16、y died. I had written the article when they came. He knew he had met her before. 过去完成体的“未完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且到那时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性。例如： By six oclock they had worked twelve hours. She said that she had made much progress since she came here. In 1960, Id known him for ten years; I m

17、et him for the first time in 1950.,2)过去完成进行体的用法 过去完成进行体(由had been+-ing分词构成)的主要用法与现在完成进行体的“未完成”用法相仿，只是时间推移到了过去。例如： Id been working for some time when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. I realized that Id been overworking, so I decided to take a couple of days h

18、oliday. How long had it been raining before you shut the window? 有时过去完成进行体和过去完成体可以互换使用。比较： Id been working for three hours when he called. Id worked for three hours when he called. 在两者均可的情况下，口语中倾向于用过去完成进行体。,在由when/before/after/until等引导的分句中过去完成体的用法 when, after, before, until等连词的互换使用： When I reached t

19、he station, the train had already left. I reached the station after the train had left. I didnt reach the station until (after) the train had left. The train had left before I reached the station. 上述诸例中的两个先后动作，通常一个用一般过去时表示，另一个用过去完成体表示。由于某些连词本身已体现先后性，有时也能用两个一般过去时表示。比较： The train (had) left before I r

20、eached the station.,也可以在以before引导的时间状语分句中用过去完成体，以表示动作的未实现或未完成。例如： He offered me a drink before I had taken off my coat. He arrived before I had finished my lunch. 能同时使用两个过去完成体的场合极少，下面带有由by the time引导的时间状语分句的句子是少数例子中的一个： By the time I (had) recovered from the shock he had disappeared. 但多半还是一个用一般过去时，另

21、一个用过去完成体。例如： We had got everything ready by the time they arrived. By the time I got downstairs, the telephone had stopped ringing.,4)过去完成体的想象性用法 过去完成体在下列结构中可用于表示与过去时态相反的主观设想： a)用于条件分句： If Bernard had walked faster everything would have been all right. I felt as if I had known her all my life. If only you had told me before. b)用于I wish, Id rather等结构后面的that-分句： I wish I had said that I couldnt come. I would rather you had told her the