Chapter1_Introduction.ppt

1、linguistics 语言学,Introduction 1.1What is linguistics？ 1.1.1Definition Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language . 语言学普遍被定义为是对语言进行的科学研究,No article before language-means that linguistics studies all the languages in general scientific - means that it is based on the systemati

2、c investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theoryoflanguage structure.,back,The Scope of Linguistics,1.2What is general linguistics？ 1.1.1Definition The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 对语言从整体上进行的研究通常被称为普通语言学。,The Scope of Linguistic

3、s,Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets , so the linguists have to concentrate on one aspect of it at a time. This has given rise to a lot of branches.,Phonetics,sound Phonology.,What is Phonetics语音学？ the study of sounds used in linguistics communication General Descriptiv

4、e Classificatory /f/ /v/,What is Phonology音位学？ the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. /p/ /i/ /g/,What is Morphology形态学？ the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words . waterless=water + less.,What is Syntax 句法学？ the study of how mo

5、rphemes and words are combined to form sentences.,meaning,Semantics Pragmatics,What is Semantics语义学? the study of meaning Man +human +adult +male Woman +human +adult-male,What is Pragmatics语用学? the study of meaning in the context of language use Discuss the following meaning: Its raining (in differe

6、nt situation) 1.after drought 2.when the clothing of your roommate is hung out 3.when two friends are talking secretly, and the third person is coming ,one of the two loudly utters the sentence.,Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. Therefore, lan

7、guage and society are closely related.,The language a person uses often reveals his social background, and there exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used on a certain occasion ;,The study of language and its relation with society,What is Sociolinguistics社会语言学?,What is Psycho

8、linguistics心理语言学? The study of language in relation with psychology .,What is Applied linguistics应用语言学? Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.,Bu

9、t in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.,1.1.3Some important distinctions in linguistics,1)Prescriptive vs descriptive （规定性与描写性）,If a linguistic

10、 study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive,If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behaviour in using language, it is prescriptive.,2) Synchronic vs diachronic（共时性与历时性）,The description of a language at some point

11、 of time in history is a synchronic study.,The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.,3) Speech and writing （语言与文字）,Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primar

12、y medium of human language for some obvious reasons:,Speech is prior to writing B. The writing system is always invented by its users to record speech.,C. Speech plays a greater role than writing in the amount of information conveyed. D. Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquire

13、s his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.,4) Langue and parole （语言与言语）(Saussure),Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.,Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.,5) Competence and per

14、formance （语言能力与语言运用）(Chomsky),Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.,Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.,The similarity between them,According to Saussure, parole is simply a mass of linguistic facts, too varied and conf

15、using of systematic investigation, and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole. Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speakers competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.,The difference between them,They differ at least in that Sau

16、ssure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.,6）Traditional grammar and modern linguistics （传统语法与现代语言学）,lingui

17、stics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. 2) modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. 3) modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.,1.What is language?,Language is

18、 a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是一个具有任意性、用于 人类交流的符号系统。,The main features of language,a) A system: combined together according to rules b) Arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for . (pen) c) Vocal: the primary m

19、edium is sound for all languages d) Human: language is human-specific,Design Features of Human Language,Arbitrariness(任意性）: there are no logical connection between meanings and sounds.,A naughty boy beginning learning ABC is bothering his teacher repeatedly, “why we shall call it A?” why we shall ca

20、ll it B?” The annoyed teacher pinched his nose “ouch! my nose” The annoyed teacher pinched his ear” ouch, my nose !” Then the teacher asked:“Why you call it your nose and ear?” “it is so named and so called”. “Alright, ABC is so named and so called.”,Cats mew 小猫喵喵喵 Ducks quack.鸭子嘎嘎嘎 Pigs grunt小猪呼噜噜

21、Cow moo 老牛 Snakes hiss. Frogs croak.青蛙呱呱呱,2) productivity（能产性）,Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said nor heard before.,Productivity is unique to human language.,3) Duality（双重性）: Language is a system, which consists of two s