《白牙》中的杂合性：战后移民在英国的社会和文化困境及可能的解决途径.doc

1、 安徽大学硕士学位论文白牙中的杂合性：战后移民在英国的社会和文化困境及可能的解决途径姓名：张青申请学位级别：硕士专业：英语语言文学指导教师：陈兵2010-04 摘 要本 文主 要运用 后殖 民主 义理论 ， 对査 蒂史密斯 的 小 说白 牙 中 英 国 战 后及趋势 下 所面 临的 社 会困 境和文化 困惑为 査 蒂史密 斯 的 小 说白 牙 提 出民解 决困境， 找回 自我 身 份 和归属 感当 代 新 老 非白 裔移 民在 文化 多元 化 和全球 化 的进行 研究。在 分析 这 些 困境的 基础 上 ， 本 文认民族 杂 糅 理论 和文化 多元 论 可 作 为 帮助 战 后移的 正确途 径

2、。为 了 解 决劳动 力紧 缺问 题 ， 英 国 政府 在二 战 后吸 引 来自英 联 邦 国 家的 移 民。但 是 ， 新 来的 非社 会生 活 方 面 产 生 了 种种冲 突 。査 蒂史密 斯说白 牙 反 应了 英 国 战 后至今 新 老 两代 移 民的 种种困境。二 战 之后， 第一 代 非白 人 移 民大 量 涌 入 英 国 ，接受， 这 样 就 导致 他们 陷入 了 边缘化 的 社 会困夹缝中 ， 以 不同 方 式对待 这 种困境。本 文较 深曾一 度采 取 宽 松 的 移 民政策 ， 以白 人 移 民和原有的 英 国 白 人 在文化 和正是 战 后第一 代 移 民的 后裔， 她 的

3、 小但 是 并 没有被 英 国 主 流社 会完全境。小 说中 的 第一 代 移 民生 活 在社 会入 地 分析 了 战 后第一 代 非白 人 移 民面对的 社 会困境和其 原因 ， 以及他们 所做出的 反 应及其 带来的 后果 。第二 代 非白 人 移 民在 英 国 主 流文化 的 熏陶中 成长 ， 但 是 他们 仍 然遭 到 西方 主 流文化 的 排 斥 和边缘化 ， 从 而 导致 他们 陷入 文化中 逐渐地 迷失 了 自我 。困境， 并 在找寻 自我 文化 身 份 的 抗 争本 文运用 霍米 巴巴的 杂 糅 理论 较 系 统 地 分析表 人 物 ， 并 探 讨 了 新 一 代 非白 人 移

4、 民处理文化期能够融合 到 主 流的 西方 白 人 文化 社 会中 ； 一化 能够带领 自己 解 决这 种文化 困境。但 事 实和西化 还 是 回 归本 真， 他们 既 不会被 完全接受也主 流社 会来说仍 然是 异 类， 被 排 除在主 流的 话 语之外 。在探 讨 新 老 两代 非白 人 移 民的 社 会和文化 困境会中 越来越明 显的 民族 杂 糅 与 文化 多元 化 趋势糅 与 文化 多元 化 趋势 在新 移 民潮 和全球 化 的 大中 代 表 这 一 趋势 的 典型 人 物 进行 深入 分析 ， 并了 小 说中 第二 代 非白 人 移 民的 代困境的 方 式：一 种是 追寻 全盘西化

5、 以种是 回 归本 真期望 追寻 自身 的 传统 文结果 证 明 这 样 是 徒 劳的 ， 不论 是 完全不会引 起 太大 的 重 视 ， 他们 对西方 的基础 上 ， 本 文揭 示 了 当 代 英 国 社。进入 二 十 一 世 纪 的 新 时代 ， 民族 杂环 境下 愈 发 不可 避 免 。文中 将 对小 说探 讨 在当 今 社 会中 民族 杂 合 的 趋势 。最 后提 出民族 杂 糅 和文化 多元 化 作 为 解 决战 后移 民各 种社 会和文化 困境的 途 径。iv 论 文的 结论 是 ， 在当 今 社 会， 随 着移 民的 不断及民族 的 杂 合 性 及文化 的 多元 化 发 展 越来

6、越不这 种杂 合 很可 能会发 展 成 一 种解 决民族 争端的 方式。增加 及经济文化 的 全球 化 ， 文化可 避 免 ， 这 逐渐成 为 了 一 种趋势 ， 而关 键词： 杂 合 性 ； 战 后移 民； 社 会困境； 文化 困境； 多元 文化 ； 全球 化v AbstractThe thesis, with the help of post-colonial theory, makes a study of the social andcultural dilemmas, with which the old and new generations of non-white Britis

7、himmigrants are faced, after the Second World War as well as in the contemporary time ofmulticulturalism and globalization, as is fully reflected in Zadie Smiths novel White Teeth.Based on analysis of immigrants social and cultural dilemmas, this thesis further arguesthat White Teeth proposes racial

8、 hybridism and multiculturalism as the solution for suchdilemmas, as well as the means for the immigrants to regain their self-identity and senseof belonging.In order to solve labor shortage after World War Two, British government adopted aneasy immigration policy to attract immigrants from Commonwe

9、alth countries, but coloredimmigrants conflicted with original white British citizens, and met various social andcultural dilemmas in the mainstream of British culture. Zadie Smith is just a descendent ofthe first generation of post-war immigrants and her White Teeth reflects immigrantsdilemmas in B

10、ritish society.After WWII, the first generation of non-white immigrants rushed into Britain. Theywere not completely accepted into the mainstream of British society, but put intomarginalized social dilemmas. In the novel, they survive in social cracks, and cope with itin different ways. They have va

11、rious causes for these social dilemmas, and reactdifferently to them. Their varied reactions also cause respective consequences.The second generation of non-white immigrants grows up in the mainstream cultureof Great Britain, but they are still caught up in the cultural dilemma between traditionalcu

12、lture of their own races and the modern western culture, undergoing a sense of culturalmarginalization and exclusion, losing themselves in pursuit and struggle for their owncultural identity.The new generation of non-white immigrants handles such cultural dilemma indifferent ways. With Homi Bhabhas

13、theory of hybridity, their various reactions areanalyzed in details: one is the pursuit of total westernization in hope of melting into thewhite cultural society of the West; the other is the return to reality and pursuit of their ownii traditional culture in hope of settling this cultural dilemma.

14、However, both ways prove tobe fruitless. They are neither accepted wholly nor noticed greatly, as they are still differentto the mainstream society of the West and excluded from the mainstream discourse.However, in contemporary British society, the tendency of interracial hybridism andmulticulturali

15、sm has become increasingly influential. In the new era of 21st century, thistrend will become inevitable with todays new immigration wave and the movement ofglobalization. The typical characters representing this trend in White Teeth are deeplyanalyzed and the tendency of racial hybrid is carefully

16、discussed. Then, it is argued thathybridity and multiculturalism are the solution for the immigrants dilemmas.The conclusion of the thesis is that in modern society, with the increase ofimmigration and globalization of economy and culture, the cultural and racial hybridity iseven more inevitable wit

17、h the development of multiculturalism, which gradually becomesa tendency and will probably develop into a way of settling the ethnic disputes.Key words: hybridity; post-war immigrants; social dilemma; cultural dilemma;multi-culture; globalizationiii Chapter One IntroductionChapter One Introduction1.

18、1 A Brief Introduction to Zadie Smith and White TeethZadie Smith, a young Jamaican British novelist, was born in the northwesternLondon borough of Bent a largely working-class area in 1975 to an English fatherand a Jamaican mother. She attended the local state schools, Malorees Junior School andHamp

19、stead Comprehensive School, and Kings College of Cambridge University, whereshe studied English literature. The 24-year-old Smith is regarded as a thinker and anintellectually exquisite ray of light on the horizon of twenty-first-century British literature.Just as she says, her writing is a way of t

20、hinking, with powerful and deep reflection overher own life and identity as the daughter of a colored immigrant.Smith began writing in her adolescence, which she describes as pathologicallyangst-ridden”.（ Hodari 37）In 2000, her first novel White Teeth was published, making hermark at the first shot.

21、 This novel contains a resonance of voices of the original whiteBritish and colored immigrants, and Smith regards her writing as the normal function ofher mind to think over her own life.White Teeth focuses on the lives of two wartime friends the Bangladeshi, Iqbal andthe Englishman, Archie Jones, a

22、nd their families in London. The book has won multiplehonors, including the 2000 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction, the 2000Whitbread Book Award in category of best first novel, the Guardian First Book Award, theCommonwealth Writers First Book Prize, and the Betty Trask Award. Time Magazin

23、e evenincludes the novel in its Time 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005.In White Teeth, Smith presents readers with bare-backed truth about the dilemma ofBritish ethnic minorities. She tries to “look at it close up, go beyond the heart of the matterto its marrow, beyond the marrow to

24、 the root. (Hodari 38) The novel is fully decoratedwith a multicultural universe of white and colored characters in post-war British society.One of the novels protagonists, Archibald Jones a white, working-class British WorldWar II veteran, who marries a Jamaican British girl, attempts suicide at th

25、e beginning ofthe story. And Iqbal, an educated Bangladeshi of noble birth, who also took part in World1 Hybridity in the White Teeth: The Post-war Immigrants Social and Culture Dilemmas in Britain and the PossibleSolutionWar II on British side, can hardly find his place and self-identity in British

26、 society andserves as a waiter in the restaurant. However, this novel is not all about suicide and racialconfrontation, but also about friendship, loyalty, family tie and hybridity in globalcommunities, for the author tries to offer racial hybridity and multiculturalism as themeans to achieve racial

27、 harmony.1.2 Literature ReviewUntil now, White Teeth has been translated into more than twenty languages, and wasadapted for television in 2002. For this novel of the new century, the discussion andcriticism are just beginning, but it has received a great deal of favorable comments homeand abroad.In

28、 the twenty-first century, with the rapid development of globalization andincreasing conflicts caused by cultural differences, contemporary western society andliterary circle become more and more concerned about dilemmas of ethnic minorities andracial hybridity reflected in literary works. White Tee

29、th offers an ideal material forpost-colonial study and attracts more and more attention.Since it is a new novel in the new century, there have not been many academicstudies and researches on the novel White Teeth and most information can only be foundon the Internet. The limited information on White

30、 Teeth would be divided into threeaspects: readers comments, newspapers reviews and critics articles.The western readers on the network hold that this novel, witty and humorous, is fullof interesting vulgarism used by different immigrants with various ethnic backgrounds inLondon. At the same time, t

31、hey are fascinated by the authors humorous language, as wellas funny dialogues and familiar life style of the characters. But on the other hand, somereaders think that this novel is verbose and complicated, and the real intension expressedby the author is not easy to fix on. In addition, her techniq

32、ue of telling stories is also anobject of attack by some readers. In a word, different readers may have different opinionsdepending on their personal views.Alan Miller (2007), a reader of White Teeth, comments that the novel is “a witty and2 Chapter One Introductionperceptive debut with some brillia

33、ntly observed characters and some very funnycolloquialisms and idiosyncrasies.” Bonnie (2007) thinks that White Teeth is about what itmeans to live in England, and when someone is not an affluent intellectual but just anaverage guy from working class London or eastern India, or one of their lost chi

34、ldren, justtrying to find your place nowhere feels like home. In Anita Nairs (2007) opinion, WhiteTeeth has no story line, so she considers it a novel with Different colours, differentreligions, different social strata, different aspirations and different histories.The book reviews in foreign newspa

35、pers are filled with words of praise in order toattract attention of the readers to the novel. News Week, May 1, 2000, first published JeffGiless book review, which regards White Teeth as a comedy characterized with epic traitand hybridity. The Daily Telegraph comments that this is an intelligent an

36、d witty book fullof humorous language and vivid description, which reflects the rich and colorful life ofimmigrants sorrow and joy. () The Observer praises the novel as themost intelligent literary work in 2000 (Ibid.) and one of the most unforgettable maidenworks in recent years. Sund

37、ay Telegraph views the novel as a strikingly clever and funnybook with a passion for ideas, for language and for the rich tragic-comedy of life.() The Independent regards White Teeth as a rich, ambitious and oftenhilarious delight. (Ibid.)Some Western academic reviews about White Teeth

38、 focus on the issues ofmulticulturalism and self-identity reflected in the novel. Caryl Phillips (2000), an Englishwriter, thinks in his “Mixed and Matched” that White Teeth points out a possible future ofracially-integrated British society, where cultural hybrid will come true and culturalbelonging

39、 is no longer exclusive. Bruce Uhrmacher (2003) says in his “Culture Currents”that White Teeth is the best novel about postmodern culture and politics that he has read.Sallie Hirsch (2003) thinks that the novel relates a complicated and charming story ofmodern Britain, and the characters in the nove

40、l are living in a postcolonial and multiracialcountry, so they have to struggle for their identity in this new environment. However, thesomber subject does not overshadow the book, as there are light moments of human frailtyand silliness. Nick Bentley (2007) believes in “Re-writing Englishness: imag

41、ining thenation in Julian Barness England, England and Zadie Smiths White Teeth” that White3 Hybridity in the White Teeth: The Post-war Immigrants Social and Culture Dilemmas in Britain and the PossibleSolutionTeeth arouses a direct discussion of Anglicization and multiculturalism in order toreconst

42、ruct the mode of racial identity, while Padmaja Challakere (2007) comments in“Aesthetics of Globalization in Contemporary Fiction” that White Teeth is a successfulwork of depicting the interpersonal relationship in the post-Berlin Wall era.European critic circles even place Zadie Smith in the same c

43、ategory with SalmanRushdie, the “Godfather” of English postcolonial literature. Salman Rushdie (2007)himself thinks that the first novel of Zadie Smith tells the readers where the immigrantscame from, how they came from the Caribbean, from Indian Subcontinent, and what theyhave changed into. In his

44、opinion, this is an amazing maiden work full of confidence,which is fascinating with a serious theme, and the voice of the novel contains the personaltrait of the author.In China, some scholars also regard White Teeth as a great work of the new era wherepeople of different races can surmount the rac

45、ial gap, get rid of the cultural conflicts andco-exists harmoniously. Liu Naiyin (2004) says in “Zadie Smith and Her Novel WhiteTeeth” that the novel deals directly with the social life in contemporary Britain and takeson the vigor of youth and positive spirit with a light touch to discuss some fund

46、amentalproblems in the immigrants life. Qian Cheng (2005) remarks in “Zadie Smiths WhiteTeeth and Multi-culture” that the author offers a feasible solution for a multicultural andmultiracial society, that is, coexistence, mutual respect and tolerance will help to build amore peaceful and friendly wo

47、rld for peoples with different cultural background. Li Qiong(2007) points out in “On the Development and Trend of Ethnic Identity of BritishImmigrants” that self-identity of immigrants in Britain has developed from a unilateral ortotally westernized way into a flexible and compound way; their identi

48、cal recognition isshifting from assimilation to Britishness to a fluctuating and compounding identity.To sum up, the previous studies of White Teeth home and abroad have touched uponits witty writing style and post-colonial ideology. They have also pointed out hybridity andmulticulturalism in the no

49、vel. However, these studies have seldom made a systematicresearch about the conflicts and confusions of the non-white immigrants in this novel, andhave not recognized the relation between such racial conflicts and racial hybrdity mixed inthe novel.4 Chapter One IntroductionTherefore, the innovative

50、point of this thesis is to systematically analyze the socialand cultural dilemmas faced by the non-white immigrants after World War Two reflectedin this novel with the help of post-colonial theory and propose that hybrdity andmulticulturalism are put forward by the author as a solution for such dile

51、mmas.1.3 The Methods and Framework of the ResearchWith the help of post-colonial theory, the thesis adopts the method of textual analysisto discuss the social and cultural dilemmas of colored immigrants in post-war Britishsociety, as is reflected in White Teeth. Then, by making use of the postcoloni

52、al theory ofmimicry and hybridity, the thesis probes into theme of hybrdity and multiculturalism bystudy of contemporary British society.Careful reading and textual analysis are necessary to find out the profoundpost-colonial connotations in White Teeth. As one of the major themes of this novel isab

53、out ethnic integration and recognition of racial identity, post-colonial theory of hybridityis significant for studying White Teeth. With the theory of hybridity, this phenomenon canbe deeply explained and analyzed.The first chapter of this thesis is the introductory part, which makes a briefpresent

54、ation of Zadie Smith and her White Teeth, as well as contemporary comments onthe author and her work. It also touches upon the methods, framework, main idea andinnovation of this thesis.The second and third chapters of the thesis present the social dilemmas and culturalconfusion of the non-white immigrants reflected in the novel in post-war British society.Based on post-colonial the