科技与专业英语(二).ppt

1、科技与专业英语(二),Unit Two: Water Quality Criteria,1，criteria 标准（复数），criterion（单数），注意与standard的区别 2，critical 关键性的，紧要的，挑剔的，临界的critical value 临界值 3，hygienic 卫生的，hygiene n. 4，pathogen病菌，病源体 5，toxin 毒物，toxic有毒的， 6，aesthetical 美学的，审美的 7，potable 可饮用的，potable water 饮用水 8，corrosive 腐蚀的，腐蚀剂 9，distribution system 配水

2、系统 10，revise 修正，修订 11，concentration 浓度 12，microbiological criteria 微生物学标准 13，health and toxicity criteria 卫生与毒物标准 14，aesthetic properties criteria 感官性状标准,15，coliform bacteria 大肠杆菌，coli. 16，statistical variation 统计偏差 17，sampling frequency 样本频数 18，lead铅，目前有111种元素，其中只有11个常见元素元素 符号与英文名称无关，Na sodium, K p

3、otassium, Fe iron, Cu copper, Ag silver, Sn tin, Sb antimony, W tungsten, Au gold, Hg mercury, Pb lead 19，maximum allowable concentration 最大允许浓度 20，extract萃取物，提取物 21，organophosphate 有机磷酸酯(有机磷)，carbonate 碳 酸盐，酯 22，endrin 异狄氏剂(狄氏剂的异构体)，氧桥氯甲桥萘 C12H8Cl6O， 23，lindane 林丹，(高丙体六六六，六氯环已烷C6H6Cl6， -BHC benzene

4、 hexachloride),24，DDT 二氯二苯基三氯乙烷 dichloro-diphenyl- trichloroethane 一，mono-，二，di-, bi-, 三，tri-，四，tetra-，五， penta-，六，hexa- 25，activated carbon adsorption 活性碳吸附 26，nitrate 硝酸盐，词根-ate代表正盐，-ite代表亚盐 -ide 代表简单化合物，例如：sulfur S, sulfate SO42-, sulfite SO32-, sulfide S2- 27，turbidity 浊度 28，phenolic 苯酚的，phenol

5、苯酚，chlorophenols氯酚 phenyl苯基,Unit 3, Microbiological Examination,1，specimen 标本，样本 2，stand out 站出来，突出 3，mount 安装，装配，制作载片 4，stain 污点，瑕疵，着色 5，optical microscope 光学显微镜 6，resolution 再溶解，分解，分辨力 7，um, nm. 10-1 deci- dm 分 101 deca- 十 10-2 centi- cm 厘 102 hecto- 百 hm (hectometer) 10-3 milli- mm 毫 103 kilo- 千

6、KB (kilo bytes) 10-6 micro- m 微 106 mega- 兆 MB(mega bytes) 10-9 nano- nm 纳(毫微) 109 giga- 京(千兆)GB 10-12 pico- pm 皮(微微) 1012 tera- 垓(千京，兆兆),指数的读法：ax： the xth power of a, a to the xth (power)，例如：10-7：ten to the minus seventh 或the minus seven power of ten 8，hanging drop 悬液滴 9，slide 幻灯片，载片，使滑动 10，random

7、vibration 随机振动 random 随机的，任意的，不规则的 11，grid 格子，格栏，输电网(注意与grit 的区别) 12，nutrient agar 营养物琼脂 13，petri dish 皮氏培养皿，培养皿 14，incubate 孵化，incubation n. 15，colony 菌落 16，wide spectrum 广谱,17，genus 类(属)，属生物分类学中介于科和种之间的等级，由包含显示相似特点的种所组成的群。生物分类中等级有：界(kindom)，门(phylum)，纲(class)，目(order)，科(family)，属(genus)，种(species)

8、七个级别。例如人类属：动物界，脊索动物门，哺乳纲，灵长目，人科；目前普遍采用的生物分类中有六个界：非细胞界(病毒和类病毒等)，原核生物总界(细菌界，蓝菌界)，真核生物总界(真菌界，植物界，动物界) 18，indicator 指示剂，指示器 19，Escherichia coli. 埃希氏大肠杆菌 20，coliform 大肠菌群 21，inhabitant 住户，常住居民，栖居生物 22，ferment 发酵 23，statistical 统计的 24，most probable number (MPN) 最大概率数,communities 群落， interdependent 相互依赖的，相

9、互依存的 nutrition 营养(尤指通过营养或滋养这样一个过程，生物吸收食物并用于生长和组织的更换)，营养学，nutrient 营养品，营养物，有营养的 trophic 营养的，与营养有关的，(生态学食物链中不同生物捕食习惯和食物关系) exemplify 例证，作为.例子，举例说明 ecosystem 生态系统，eco- 表示“环境、生态、生态学的”之义, ecology 生态学，eco-friendly 生态友好的，ecocide 生态灭绝；econ- 经济的，经济学的,Reading Material A: Ecological Principles,autotroph 自养型，自养

10、生物 producer 生产者 heterotrophic 异养型的，异养生物，hetero-表示“其他的,不同的,异”例如：heterogeneous多种多样的，混杂的，多相的，非均相的，homogeneous均相的 consumer 消费者 herbivore 食草动物 carnivore 食肉动物 decomposer 分解者 carbohydrate 碳水化合物 entropy 熵 in terms of就而言, 从方面说来,food chain 食物链 food web 食物网 predator-prey 捕食者被捕食者 rotifer 轮虫 mayfly 蜉蝣类 minnow 小鱼

11、 pike 狗鱼 Eltonian pyramid = ecological pyramid 埃尔顿金字塔 (生态学金字塔) 生态系统中营养结构与功能的一种图示 dynamically balance 动态平衡 population 种群(数) dominant 占优势,Unit 3, Ecological Principles,In all communities of living organisms the various forms of life are interdependent to a greater or lesser extent. This interdependenc

12、e is essentially nutritional, described as a trophic relationship, and is exemplified by the cycle of organic productivity and the carbon and nitrogen cycles. A biological community and the environment in which it is found form an ecosystem and the science of systems is known as ecology.,The autotro

13、phs in an ecosystem, i.e. green plant and some bacteria, are termed as producers since they synthesize organic matter from inorganic constituents. Heterotrophic animals are known as consumers since they require ready-made organic food and may be subdivided into herbivores (plant eaters) and carnivor

14、es (meat eaters). Heterotrophic plants are termed decomposers since they break down the organic matter in dead plants and animals and in animal excreta. Some of the products of decomposition are utilized for their own growth and energy requirement, but others are released as simple inorganic compoun

15、ds suitable for plant uptake. Solar radiation provides the only external energy source and permits the synthesis of carbo-hydrates and other organic products which are then transferred to the heterotrophic phase of the cycle along with oxygen resulting from photosynthesis.,In exchange, carbon dioxid

16、e, water and inorganic salts resulting from the activities of animals and bacteria are returned to the autotrophs. It should be noted that whilst carbon follows a cyclical path in such a system, energy flow is one-way only. It is important to remember that a continual energy input is thus necessary

17、to allow the system to function. The loss of some part of the energy input to heat and entropy which inevitably occur in biological system can be considered as analogous to friction loss in a mechanical system. In fact the efficiency in term of energy conversion of biological system is very low and

18、the further away an organisms is from the original energy input the lower will be the proportion of that energy available to the particular organism.,In an aquatic environmental the interdependence of organisms takes the form of complex food web within which are many food chains with successive link

19、 being composed of different species in a predator-prey relationship with adjacent links. Thus a typical food chain for a river would be algae rotifer mayfly minnow pike The successive links in the food chain contain fewer but large individual organisms and the community can be pictured in the form

20、of Eltonian pyramid of numbers. Each level in the pyramid is known as trophic level. Organisms occupying the same level compete for a common food, but those on a higher level are predatory on the lower level.,Under natural condition such an ecosystem can remain dynamically balanced over long periods

21、, but changes in water quality or other environmental factors can completely upset the balance. Toxic materials tend to give a particular percentage kill of the population regardless of the population density, whereas the effect of such factors as shortage of food is more likely to be significant wi

22、th dense population. A clean surface water will normally contain many different forms of life, but none will be dominant and community will be well balanced. Serious organic pollution of the water would produce conditions unsuitable for most of the higher forms of life so that the community would be

23、come one of one or two simple life forms which would present in very large numbers because of absence of predators.,Because of the low efficiency of the ecological processes the number of organisms at the first trophic level required to support an organism at the top of the pyramid become very large

24、. As a result, food chains in nature do not contain more than five or possibly six trophic levels.,Unit Five: Mechanism Coagulation,coagulation 混凝 silt 淤泥，泥沙，淤塞 colloid 胶体，colloidal 胶体的 collide 碰撞 floc 絮状物，絮凝物，flocculation 絮凝，凝聚，絮凝作用 hydrophobic 疏水的，憎水的，hydrophilic 亲水的，亲水性的 repulsion 排斥，斥力 electrost

25、atic 静电的 agglomerate 大团，大块，成团，成块， heterogeneous 非匀相的，多相的，homogeneous 单相的，匀相的 enmeshment 使陷入，使绊住，包入作用，吸附 insoluble 不溶的，不溶物, soluble 可溶的, 易溶的 hydrolysis 水解 sweep coagulation 扫络混凝，sweep 打扫，席卷，扫掠，扫描,sulfate 硫酸盐 一，无机酸的命名： 以形成酸的元素+ic acid, 硫酸sulfuric acid, 硝酸nitric acid, 磷酸phosphoric acid, 盐酸hydrochloric

26、acid； 亚酸：形成酸的元素+ous acid， 亚硫酸sulfurous acid, 亚硝酸 nitrous acid 亚氯酸chlorous acid； 高，过酸：per+形成酸的元素+ic acid， 高氯酸perchloric acid，过硫酸persulfuric acid, 高锰酸permanganic acid,二，碱的命名： 形成碱的金属 + hydroxide, 氢氧化钠 sodium hydroxide, 氢氧化钾 potassium hydroxide, 氢氧化铁ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3, cupric hydroxide Cu(OH)2 形成碱

27、的金属+后缀ous + hydroxide 氢氧化亚铁ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)2, cuprous hydroxide Cu2(OH)2 ；,三，盐的命名： 简单化合物：金属 非金属+ide, NaCl sodium chloride, Na2S sodium sulfide, KI potassium iodide； 含氧酸正盐：金属 非金属+ate, Na2SO4 sodium sulfate, NaClO3 chlorate, NaAlSiO4 sodium alumino-silicate； 亚盐：金属 非金属+ite, Na2SO3 sodium sulfit

28、e, KNO2 potassium nitrite, NaClO2 chlorite；(NH4)Fe2 (SO4)2 ammonia ferrous sulfate 高(过)酸盐：金属 per+元素+ate： KClO4 potassium perchlorate, K2S2O8 potassium persulfate, KMnO4 potassium permanganate,complex 复杂的，络合物，配合物，复合物 adsorption 吸附 dose 剂量 coagulation aid 混凝助剂 shear 剪切，剪切应变,Unit Five, Reading material

29、 B: ion Exchange,zeolite 沸石，泡沸石 exchange capacity 交换容量 regenerate v. 再生，regeneration n. 再生，regenerant 再生剂，pollutionpollutant, coagulation coagulant, contamination contaminant demineralization 去矿化作用，去盐，脱盐 resin 树脂 cation 阳离子 anion 阴离子 carbonaceous 含碳的,Unit Six: Overall Effect of Pollution by Wastewat

30、ers,assimilate 吸收，同化 dilute 稀释, dilution n. self-purification 自净 DO Dissolved Oxygen 溶解氧 deficit 亏空，不足，欠缺 n.，deficient adj. 不足，缺乏，deficiency n. 不足，缺乏，不足之处，不足额 downstream 下游，下游的 abstraction 提取，抽取，abstract 摘要，概要，提要，提练 scheme 计划，方案，图解，图表，schematic 示意性的，图解的，schematic diagram 示意图 shallow 浅的，浅薄的，浅层的 reser

31、voir 水库，蓄水池,catchment 流域，汇水区，集水处 oligotrophic 贫营养的，oligo- 少数之意，少，低 oligodynamic 微动作用，微动力的，oligopoly 求大于供的市场情况 TDS total dissolved solid 总溶解固体 eutrophic 富营养的，eutrophication 富营养化，eu- 良，优，善，eubiosis 生态平衡 synthetic detergent 合成洗涤剂 multipurpose，多用途的，多目标的，综合利用,Reading Material A: wastewater chemical analy

32、sis,discharge permit 排放许可, 证书，permission n. 许可，允许 regulate 管制，控制，regulation 规则，条令，规章，法规 settleable solid 可沉淀固体 conical cylinder 锥形量筒，cylinder 量筒，园筒，园柱 graduated 刻度的 stir 搅拌 lapse 下降，流逝 zone settling test 成区沉降试验 periodic 周期的 transparency 透明度，透明 submerge 浸没，淹没 light scatter 光散射 volatile suspended soli

33、d (VSS) 挥发性固体 specific gravity 比重,titration 滴定 electrode probe 电极探测器 (电极) barometric 大气压力的，气压计的 oxygen deficit 氧亏 reaeration 复氧 COD chemical oxygen demand BOD biochemical oxygen demand TOD total oxygen demand TOC total organic carbon pyridine 吡啶 toluene (methyl benzene) 甲苯， dimethyl benzene (xylene)

34、 二甲苯，ethyl benzene 乙苯 其他环境工程常见的缩短写：SS，VSS, F/M ratio, MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid), PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl), UV (ultra violet), IR (infrared radiation), LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate),Unit Six: wastewater chemical analysis,Suspended solid determination and BOD are the common and m

35、ost important analysis for evaluation of the performance of a sewage treatment works or in assessing the waste assimilative capacity of a receiving water. It should be noted that these two parameters are commonly mandated and regulated by the discharge permit. The values on suspended solid concentra

36、tion also give a measure of the sludge production in the clarifiers. Suspended Solids are characterized as filterable, settleable, and nonsettleable. To find the concentration of suspended solids in a wastewater sample, a measured volume of the sample is filtered through a preweighed standard glass-

37、fiber filter and the residue retained on the filter then constitutes the suspended (or filterable) solids.,Total suspended solids are obtained by weighing the filter with the retained solids and then subtracting the weight of the filter. The settleable solids are measured in a conical cylinder 40cm

38、high that has a graduated tip in ml and holds 1 liter of sample (Imhoff cone). The volume of solids settling into the tip of inverted cone is normally read after I hr. The sides of the cone should be gently stirred with a rod after a lapse of 45 min. in order to effect the deposition of the solids t

39、hat would otherwise stick to the sides. A Zone Settling Test is similar except it can be performed in a standard 1-liter graduated cylinder and the settling of the top of the solids layer is recorded periodically in shorter times intervals. This test provides information on the design and performanc

40、e of settling units.,Between 2 and 5ml of sludge is ordinarily deposited by 1 liter of raw domestic sewage. The performance of settling tank is generally considered to be satisfactory when the effluent contains no more than 0.5ml settleable solids. The percentage removal of the settleable solids in

41、the treatment plant is computed as 100(a-b)/a, where a is the volume of settleable solids of the raw influent, and b is that of the effluent. Turbidity caused by suspended solid and other components (some soluble organic compounds) can be related to transparency. For this purpose, a Secchi disc is u

42、sed. This white rounded plate is submerged during test in the water or wastewater and the depth at which visibility of the disc is lost is then the measure of turbidity. These depths are relatively small for wastewater (a fraction of 1m).,For surface waters, they range from about 1m for typical slig

43、htly polluted water to over 10m for clean stream and lakes. The Secchi disc procedure is primarily a field method for turbidity estimation. In the laboratory, turbidity is measured visually by a Jackson candle turbidimeter or by special turbidimeter of nephelometers measuring optical light scatterin

44、g properties of turbidity causing particles in water. Volatile Suspended Solids are determined by igniting the filter residue at 550. The remaining residue (ash) is then weighed and represents the fixed (mineral) solids. The difference between the total suspended solids and mineral solids concentrat

45、ion is the volatile solids. This value is often related to the organic content of the suspended solids although this may not be correct since the loss by ignition also contains some volatile mineral components.,The organic suspended solids are of importance as they have a lower specific gravity and

46、do not settle readily. When all the suspended particles are removed from the sewage, the remaining solids are either colloids or dissolved ions and salts. The dissolved oxygen content of water and wastewater determines whether the water or treatment process is aerobic dissolved oxygen (DO) concentra

47、tion0 or anaerobic (DO=0). The DO analysis is one of the key test in water pollution and wastewater treatment control. The wet DO content determination is by the Winkler (iodometric) titration method. Today, the DO test is performed mostly by membrane electrode probes. The dissolved oxygen content i

48、n waters cannot usually exceed its saturation value, which depends on temperature, salinity, and to a lesser degree, barometric pressure. The DO saturation values are given in table 6-1.,Unit six Overall effects of Pollution Wastewater,assimilate 吸收，同化 dilute 稀释 self-purification 自净 receiving water

49、受纳水体 water resource 水资源 DO Dissolved Oxygen 溶解氧 deficit 亏空，不足，欠缺 n.，deficient adj. 不足，缺乏，deficiency n. 不足，缺乏，不足之处，不足额 downstream 下游，下游的 abstraction 提取，抽取，abstract 摘要，概要，提要，提练 scheme 计划，方案，图解，图表，schematic 示意性的，图解的，schematic diagram 示意图 shallow 浅的，浅薄的，浅层的 reservoir 水库，蓄水池,catchment 流域，汇水区，集水处, watersh

50、ed 流域，水域 oligotrophic 贫营养的，oligo- 少数之意，少，低，oligotrophication 贫营养化 TDS total dissolved solid 总溶解固体 deterioration 退化，恶化，变坏 eutrophic 富营养的，eutrophication 富营养化，eu- 良，优，善，eubiosis 生态平衡 vegetation 植物，植被 anaerobic 厌氧的 synthetic detergent 合成洗涤剂 multipurpose，多用途的，多目标的，综合利用,Reading material A: Wastewater Chem

51、ical Analyses,discharge permit 排放许可 settleable solid 可沉淀固体 conical cylinder 锥形量筒 graduated 刻度的 stir 搅拌 lapse 下降，流逝 periodic 周期的 transparency 透明度，透明 submerge 浸没，淹没 light scatter 光散射 volatile suspended solid (VSS) 挥发性固体 specific gravity 比重,titration 滴定 electrode probe 电极探测器 (电极) barometric 大气压力的，气压计的

52、oxygen deficit 氧亏 reaeration 复氧 COD chemical oxygen demand BOD biochemical oxygen demand TOD total oxygen demand TOC total organic carbon pyridine 吡啶 toluene (methyl benzene) 甲苯， dimethyl benzene (xylene) 二甲苯，ethyl benzene 乙苯 其他环境工程常见的缩短写：SS，VSS, F/M ratio, MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid), PCB (

53、polychlorinated biphenyl), UV (ultra violet), IR (infrared radiation), LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate),Reading material B: Sorption on Wastewater Solids: Elimination of Biological Activity (废水固体上的吸附：消除生物活性),Abstract: Sorption was found to be greatly affected by the biological activity in wastewa

54、ter solids. Two experimental techniques, cyanide treatment and Pasteurization, were developed for eliminating the biological activity during isotherm measurements. Both methods are effective, however, Pasteurization is recommended over cyanide treatment because the toxicity of the latter. Key words:

55、 biological activity, cyanide, isotherm, pasteurization, solids, sorption,摘要：废水处理固体的生物活性对吸附作用有很大影响。利用氰化物处理和巴氏消毒二种实验方法消除污泥生物活性后进行等温吸附测定。二种方法都有效。由于氰化物的高毒性，推荐使用巴氏消毒法。 关键词：生物活性，氰化物，等温线，巴氏消毒，固体，吸附,毕业设计(论文)的格式,1. 前置部分 1.1 题名 1.2 摘要(Abstract)及关键词(Key Words) 1.2.1 中文摘要 1.2.2 中文关键词 1.2.3 英文摘要 1.2.4 英文关键词 1.3

56、 目录 2. 主体部分 2.1 引言 论文应说明研究工作的目的、范围、对前人工作的评述以及理论分析、研究设想、研究方法和实验设计、预期结果和意义等。,毕业设计应阐述设计的目的、意义、以及应达到的技术要求；本课题在国内外的发展状况及存在的问题；本设计的研究指导思想；本设计应解决的主要问题。 2.2 正文 正文是毕业设计说明书（论文）的核心部分，占据主要篇幅。 毕业论文内容可包括：调查对象、实验和观测方法、仪器设备、材料、原材料、实验和观察结果、数据资料、图表、形成的论点和导出的结论等。 毕业设计内容可包括：工程概况、设计依据、设计任务和范围、处理要求、工艺流程的选择和评价、成本预算、劳动定员、各

57、个构筑物的作用、平面和高程布置、计算说明。 致谢 参考文献 附录或附图,毕业设计(论文)摘要的要求,摘要是毕业设计说明书（论文）的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。摘要主要是说明设计、研究的目的、方法、结果和结论。摘要应具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读毕业设计说明书（论文）的全文，就能获得必要的信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文，也供二次文摘或二次文献采用。 书写要合乎逻辑关系，结构要严谨、表达要简明、语义要确切，一般不再分段落。对某些缩略语、简称、代号等，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现处必须加以说明。在摘要中通常不用图表、化学结构式以及非公知公用的符号和术语。,摘要的具体要求,1.摘

58、要的字数 摘要字数要求在200400字之间. 2.摘要的基本规范 (1)应以第三人称写作.摘要是完整的短文,具有独立性,可以单独使用.即使不看论文全文的内容,仍然可以理解论文的主要内容,作者的新观点和想法以及论文所要实现的目的,采取的方法,研究的结果与结论. (2)叙述完整,突出逻辑性,短文结构要合理. (3)文字简明扼要,不容赘言,采用直接表述的方法,不使用不必要的文学修饰,做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量. (4)摘要中不使用特殊字符,图表以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式,不能列举例证. 3.摘要的内容构成要素 目的,方法,成果和结论称为摘要的四要素. (1)目的:毕业论文研究的范围,目的,

59、重要性. (2)方法:毕业论文的使用了哪些研究方法 (3)成果:陈述毕业论文研究成果. (4)结论:通过对问题的研究所得出的重要结论及主要观点(简写),英文摘要的要求,原则上讲，中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要。但是，英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。 英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律： 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一