初中英语语法系列-宾语从句1.ppt

1、The Attributive Clause,定语从句的概念,在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面，引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。,二、定语从句的关系词,引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词（在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语）和关系副词（在定语从句中作状语），常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。,三、定语从句的分类,根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从

2、句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。,四、关系代词的用法,1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语） The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）,2.which用于指物，

3、在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。,例如： The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语） The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）,3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语或宾语（与that指人时可替换），whom只用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。,例如：The girl who often helps me

4、with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语，不可省略） She know the nurse (who/whom/ that) we met yesterday.他认识我们昨天见到的那位护士。（作宾语，可省略）,注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如： This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from

5、 whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。,（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如： This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。,3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如： The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。,（4）关系词只能用that的情况： a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容

6、词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如： He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。,b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如： Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？,c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little

7、， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如： This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。,d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如： I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。,e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如： Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？,f

8、.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如： There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。,5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况,a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如： Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？,b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如： This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。,

9、c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如： Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴,五、关系副词的用法,（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如： This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。,（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如： This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。,（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如： Nobody knows the reason wh

10、y he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到,apple,the red the green the small the big,The apple which is red is mine.,The apple which is green is yours.,The apple which is red is small,The apple which is green is big.,the handsome the tall the strong the clever the naughty,boy,The boy is Tom.,The b

11、oy who is handsome is Tom.,The boy who is tall is Tom.,The boy who is strong is Tom,The boy who is clever is Tom,The boy who is naughty is Tom., The boy is Tom. The boy is smiling., The boy is Tom. The boy has a round face.,The boy who is smiling is Tom. (主语),The boy who has a round face is Tom., Th

12、e boy is Tom. He sits in front of me.,The man who sits in front of me is Tom., The man is kind. Everyone likes him.,The man (who) everyone likes is kind. (宾语), The woman got the job. We saw her on the street.,The woman (whom) we saw on the street got the job., The teacher will give us a talk. We met

13、 the teacher yesterday.,The teacher (whom) we met yesterday will give us a talk., The boy is in the lab. You want to talk to him.,The boy (whom) you want to talk to is in the lab.,The boy to whom you want to talk is in the lab., This is the boy. I sit behind him.,This is the boy (whom) I sit behind.

14、,This is the boy behind whom I sit., The lady stepped on his foot. He was dancing with the lady.,The lady (whom) he was dancing with stepped on his foot., Do you know the man? You will visit him today.,Do you know the man whom you will visit today?,关系代词:,1. who指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）,The man who I talked

15、 with is our teacher.,A person who steals things is called a thief.,2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省),The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.,The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.,3.当先行词是those, she ,he ,they等代詞時,关系代词用who. Those who were late for class raise your hands., Mrs. Clark is angry wit

16、h the goat. The goat is eating her flowers.,Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat which is eating her flowers., Can you lend me the book? You talked about it last night.,Can you lend me the book (which) you talked about last night.,Can you lend me the book about which you talked last night?,Do you find

17、the pen? I wrote with it just now.,Do you find the pen with which I wrote just now?,Do you find the pen (which) I wrote with just now?,3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省),These are the trees which were planted last year.,This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.,Is this the library (whi

18、ch) you borrow books from?,Is this the library from which you borrow books?, that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）,A plane is a machine. It can fly.,A plane is a machine that can fly.,He is the man. I told you about him.,He is the man (that) I told you about., that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。

19、,I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.,Ive read all the books that are not mine.,This is the first book (that) he has read.,This is the very book that belongs to him.,(1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时。,(2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, mu

20、ch等 修饰时。,(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。,(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。, that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。,(5) 先行词是who或who引导的主句。 Who is the girl that drove the car? Who that broke the window will be punished. (6) 主句以There be 引导时 There are 200 people that didnt know the thing.

21、 (7) 当先行词在定语从句中作be表语時，关系代词用that. She isnt the girl that she was 10 years ago. (8)当先行词是which时，关系代词用that. Which is the book that you bought last week?,He is the man (that) I told you about., 注意：介词提前时只能用which 而不能用that 。,4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）,A plane is a machine that can fly.,(1) The scientist i

22、s very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.,The scientist we met yesterday is very famous who in the world. whom that,(2) The dress is new. She is wearing it.,The dress that she is wearing is new. which ,(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.,(4) This is the best film. I have

23、ever seen this film.,He is the kind person that I have ever worked with. who whom ,This is the best film that I have ever seen. , that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用which而不用that。,(1) 关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前） Those are many trees under which they can have a rest. (2) 在非限制性定语从句中 Football , which

24、is a very popular game, is played all over the world.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：,My sister, who is twenty, works in a bank.,The man who came here yesterday has come again.,限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语， 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从 句和主句关系十分密切， 写时不用逗号分开。,非限制性定语从句和主句关系不很密切，只是对先 行词作些附加说明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。 这种从句， 写时往往逗号分开。,wh

25、ose 在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词 与 whose 后的名词为所属关系。 whose 多指人，也可指物，指物时可与 of which 互换使用。,This is the book whose cover is blue. This is the book of which the cover is blue.,Do you know the girl whose hair is very short in our class?,He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday.,Mr King was quickly taken to hos

26、pital. Her legs were badly hurt.,Her,We shall make a decision about Ms King. I have told you her story.,her,This teacher, with whose son I work, is liked by all the students.,The chair whose legs are broken is being repaired now.,The chair, the legs of which are broken, is being repaired now.,The bo

27、ss of the company told the story about . His name was Mr Little.,His,The boss had heard about the accident. Mr King worked in his department.,his,复习定语从句中的关系副词：,when, where, why,Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.,on which,This is the house where I lived two years ago.,in which,Do you

28、know the reason why she was late.,It rained heavily, for which he was late for the class.,* As 和which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：,Which引导的从句与主句关系较密切，常放在主句之后；而as引导从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。 Which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于“and this” or “ and that”. 译为“这一点”。 而as 则只能代指整个主句的内容。译为“正如.那样”，且已形成固定结构。如：as is known, as is said, as is re

29、ported, as is often the case, as is expected. Etc. eg. Einstein, as is known, is a famous scientist. As is reported, China has become an important country in the world. He didnt come to attend the meeting, as is expected. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light. My son now goes to the school, which I used