3.1英语文学学习.ppt

1、Chapter Three Lexicon in other words, it deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.,Chapter Three Lexicon invariable words are those that cannot. 3.2 According to their grammatical and semantic properties: grammatical and lexical words(语法词和词汇词) 词汇词也即实词，又译作 notional/conte

2、nt word ; 语法词也即虚词，又称 function/form word 功能词/形式词,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,3.3 According to their membership:c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词) An close class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited. （封闭类：连介代冠） An open class is one whose membership is in principl

3、e indefinite or unlimited. (开放类：名动形副数叹),Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,3.4 According to their similarities in terms of inflections and distribution or by analyzing the various grammatical, semantic and phonological properties: nine or ten word classes (close to the notion of parts of speech in t

4、raditional grammar) (P81) 名动形副数叹，连介代冠 Some newly introduced categories which are more precisely defined (P82-83): particles (小品词) auxiliaries (助动词) pro-forms (代词形式) determiners (限定词),Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,*4 Lexeme(词位) In order to reduce the ambiguity of the term word, the term lexeme i

5、s used by some linguists to refer to the minimal distinctive unit in the semantic system of a language. The lexeme is thus postulated as the abstract unit underlying such sets of grammatical variants as walk, walks, walking, walked, or big, bigger, biggest. Idiomatic phrases, by this definition, are

6、 also considered lexemes (e.g. kick the bucket (= “die”). Lexemes are the units which are conventionally listed in dictionaries as separate entries.,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,5 Lexical change (P96-1 10) 5.1 The creation of new words or expressions(P96-102) 5.2 Phonological change (P103-05)

7、5.3 Morpho-syntactical change (P105-06) 5.4 Semantic change (P107-10) 5.5 Orthographic change (P110),Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,II Morphology 1. Defining morphology (P88) 1.1 Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. 1.2 Fields of m

8、orphology: the study of inflections (inflectional morphology) and the study of word formation (lexical or derivational morphology). NOTE: Inflection (P88) is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness (定式：指某一动词或结构的特点

9、，即有无时体或数的变化，与非定式 (non-finiteness) 相对), tense, degree, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,2. Word and morpheme (P84) 2.1 Morpheme, morph and allomorph (P84, 93-95) The morpheme is the minimal distincti

10、ve unit of meaning, or in other words, the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,Morphemes are abstract uni

11、ts, which are realised in particular contexts by specific forms, known as morphs. On analogy with the allophone/phoneme distinction, the variant forms of a morpheme that appear in different contexts are referred to as the allomorphs of the morpheme (or morpheme alternants). Some morphemes have more

12、than one allomorph. E.g. the morpheme expressing pluriality in English (the plural morpheme) has 7. But some have only one form in all contexts. (the third-person singular present tense morpheme),Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,2.2 The transcription of morpheme Morphemes can be represented in ter

13、ms of morphemic shapes. For example, we can say the word maps contains two morphemes: the morpheme map and the morpheme -s (expressing pluriality). Morphemes can also be talked about in terms of phonetic forms. For example, we can say the word /mps/ contains two morphemes: the morpheme /mp/ and the

14、morpheme /s/ (expressing pluriality).,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,3 . Types of morphemes (P84-87) 3.1 Free morpheme and bound morpheme A free morpheme is one that may constitute a separate word by itself. A bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as -s in

15、dogs, -al in national.,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,3.2 Root, affix and stem (P85-87) A root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It may be a free morpheme (as black in blackbird, blackboard, blacksmith) as well as a bound one (e.g.-ceive)

16、. Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Affixes belong to the type of bound morphemes. Though limited in number in a language, affixes are generally classified into three subtypes: prefix, suffix and infix, acc

17、ording to their position with reference to the root or stem of the word. Affixes may also be divided into inflectional and derivational types (P86-87). A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added, i.e. friendliness (P86).,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,4 . W

18、ord-formation (P88) In its restricted sense, word-formation refers to the processes of word variations signaling lexical relationships. 4.1 The compositional type (compound) (P89-91) Compounds are new words produced by the combination of free morphemes. 4.2 The derivational type (derivation derivati

19、ves) (P91-92) Derivation refers to the morphological process in which affixes are added to the stem. There are two types of derivation: prefixation and suffixation.,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,5 Lexical change (P96-1 10) 5.1 The creation of new words or expressions(P96-102) 5.2 Phonological c

20、hange (P103-05) 5.3 Morpho-syntactical change (P105-06) 5.4 Semantic change (P107-10) 5.5 Orthographic change (P110),Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,Lexeme(词位) In order to reduce the ambiguity of the term word, the term lexeme is used by some linguists to refer to the minimal distinctive unit in

21、the semantic system of a language. The lexeme is thus postulated as the abstract unit underlying such sets of grammatical variants as walk, walks, walking, walked, or big, bigger, biggest. Idiomatic phrases, by this definition, are also considered lexemes (e.g. kick the bucket (= “die”). Lexemes are

22、 the units which are conventionally listed in dictionaries as separate entries.,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,II Morphology 1. Defining morphology (P88) 1.1 Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. 1.2 Fields of morphology: the study

23、of inflections (inflectional morphology) and the study of word formation (lexical or derivational morphology). NOTE: Inflection (P88) is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness (定式：指某一动词或结构的特点，即有无时体或数的变化，与非定式 (non

24、-finiteness) 相对), tense, degree, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,2. Word and morpheme (P84) 2.1 Morpheme, morph and allomorph (P84, 93-95) The morpheme is the minimal distinctive unit of meaning, o

25、r in other words, the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realised in particular contexts by specifi

26、c forms, known as morphs. On analogy with the allophone/phoneme distinction, the variant forms of a morpheme that appear in different contexts are referred to as the allomorphs of the morpheme (or morpheme alternants). Some morphemes have more than one allomorph. E.g. the morpheme expressing plurial

27、ity in English (the plural morpheme) has 7. But some have only one form in all contexts. (the third-person singular present tense morpheme),Chapter Three Lexicon & Morphology,2.2 The transcription of morpheme Morphemes can be represented in terms of morphemic shapes. For example, we can say the word

28、 maps contains two morphemes: the morpheme map and the morpheme -s (expressing pluriality). Morphemes can also be talked about in terms of phonetic forms. For example, we can say the word /mps/ contains two morphemes: the morpheme /mp/ and the morpheme /s/ (expressing pluriality).,Chapter Three Lexi

29、con & Morphology,3 . Types of morphemes (P84-87) 3.1 Free morpheme and bound morpheme A free morpheme is one that may constitute a separate word by itself. A bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as -s in dogs, -al in national.,Chapter Three Lexicon & Morpholog

30、y,3.2 Root, affix and stem (P85-87) A root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It may be a free morpheme (as black in blackbird, blackboard, blacksmith) as well as a bound one (e.g.-ceive). Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Affixes belong to the type of bound morphemes. Though limited in number in a language, affixes are generally classified into three subtypes: prefix,