四级英语写作课件12.17.ppt

1、四级考试作文讲解,作文种类,一、命题作文 二、图表作文 饼图 柱形图 曲线图 表格图 三、图表作文常用词汇 四、图表作文常用句型,一. 作文得分技巧：,1、 卷面整洁，书写清楚,2、 构思简单，少犯错误,3、 中心突出，层次分明,4、 固定经典，名言注目,5、 重在变化，宁简勿滥,二. 写作的“七项基本原则”,一）长短句原则 :在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短， 且先长后短,Asacreature,Ieat;asaman,Iread.Althoughoneactionis tomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfy theintellec

2、tualneedofmind,theyareinawayquitesimilar.,二）主题句原则: 要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头 或者结尾，让人一目了然， 比较保险。,Tobeginwith,youmustworkhardatyourlessonsand befullypreparedbeforetheexam.Withoutsufficient preparation,youcanhardlyexpecttoanswerallthe questionscorrectly.,三）三段式原则,考官们看文章必然要通过关键性的“标签”来判定 你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。,四）短语优先原则,1

3、）用短语会使文章增加亮点,2）关键时刻思维短路，凑字数,Icannotbearit. =Icannotputupwithit.,Iwantit. =Iamlookingforwardtoit.,五）多实少虚原则（词汇的运用和替换） 正确使用的情况下使词义更生动丰富， 少用常见词，口语化词汇（crazy, mad：insane）,走出房间，一般的词是：walkoutoftheroom,但是小偷走出房间应该说：slipoutoftheroom,姑娘走出房间应该说：sailoutoftheroom,小孩走出房间应该说：danceoutoftheroom,老人走出房间应该说：staggeroutoft

4、heroom,smile (微笑) laugh (大笑) grin (露齿而笑) chuckle (暗笑) giggle (咯咯地笑) snicker (窃笑) guffaw (狂笑) roar (哄笑) chortle (欢笑) deride (讥笑) mock (嘲弄) jeer (讥笑) jest (取笑) smirk (得意地笑),1. (people, persons) individuals, characters, folks 2. (good) positive, favorable, rosy，promising，perfect, pleasurable, excellent

5、, outstanding, superior 3. (bad) dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 4. (some) a slice of, quiet a few , several 5.(in my opinion )for my part ,from my own perspective 6. (helpful) beneficial, rewarding 7. (very) exceedingly, extremely, intensely 8. (sb. be interested in) sth appeals to sb, st

6、h exerts a tremendous fascination on sb, take/suck in 9.(anger) indignation, wrath, rage, fury 10. (cause) give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger,六）关系词选择原则：正确使用选择关系词，使文章 逻辑性更强，联系更加紧密,1）并列（串联）,可以在任何句子之间加and,Ienjoymusicandheisfondofplayingguitar.,如果是二者并列的，我们可以not onlybut also：,Notonlythefurcoatisso

7、ft,butitisalsowarm.,其它的短语：,besides,furthermore,likewise,moreover,2）转折,Thecarwasquiteold,yetitwasinexcellent condition.,Thecoatwasthin,butitwaswarm.,更多的短语： despitethat,still,however,nevertheless, inspiteof,despite,3）因果,then,therefore,consequently,accordingly,hence, asaresult,forthisreason,sothat,1.英语

8、四级作文句型 表示原因 1)There are three reasons for this. 2)The reasons for this are as follows. 3)The reason for this is obvious. 4)The reason for this is not far to seek. 5)The reason for this is that. 6)We have good reason to believe that.,2.英语四级作文句型 表示好处 1)It has the following advantages. 2)It does us a l

9、ot of good. 3)It benefits us quite a lot. 4)It is beneficial to us. 5)It is of great benefit to us.,其他句型,3.英语四级作文句型 表示坏处 1)It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2)It does us much harm. 3)It is harmful to us. 4.英语四级作文句型 表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient, possible)

10、for sb.to do sth. 2)We think it necessary to do sth. 3)It plays an important role in our life.,5.表示措施 1)We should take some effective measures. 2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer) the difficulties. 3)We should do our utmost in doing sth. 4)We should solve the problems that we are confronte

11、d(faced)with. 6.英语四级作文句型 表示变化 1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years. 2)A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications. 3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.,7.英语四级作文句型 表示事实、现状 1)We cannot ignore the fact that. 2)No one can deny the fact

12、that. 3)There is no denying the fact that. 4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 5)However，thats not the case. 8.英语四级作文句型 表示比较 1)Compared with A，B. 2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 3)There is a striking contrast between them.,9.英语四级作文句型 表示看法 1)People have(take，adopt，assu

13、me)different attitudes towards sth. 2)People have different opinions on this problem. 3)People take different views of(on)the question. 4)Some people believe that.Others argue that. 10.英语四级作文句型 表示结论 1)In short，it can be said that . 2)It may be briefly summed up as follows. 3)From what has been menti

14、oned above，we can come to the conclusion that .,11.英语四级作文句型 套语 1)Its well known to us that . 2)As is known to us，. 3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about. 4)From the graph(table，chart)listed above，it can be seen that . 5)As a proverb says，Where there is a will，there is a way.,七）句式多变原则(简

15、单句，并列句，复杂句）,独立主格,Theweatherbeingfine,alargenumberofpeoplewe wanttoclimbtheWesternHills.,Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent,itssizebeingaboutthreetimesthatofChina.,定语从句 主语从句 宾语从句 强调句，倒装句 同位语 被动句 其他一些非谓语 排比句，并列句，,前提：句子正确的情况下可使用复合句或其他复杂句，否则还是以简单句为安全保险,文章主体段落遵循的两个方法：,一、举实例,Totakeasanexample,Oneexampleis,

16、 Anotherexampleis,forexample,二、做比较,相似的比较： incomparison,likewise,similarly,inthesamemanner,相反的比较： ontheotherhand,conversely,whereas,while, instead,nevertheless,incontrast,onthecontrary, comparedwith,常见写作错误 一、主语错误 1. 主语缺失In our country feels very free. People feel free in our country. 2. 非名词主语1)Rich d

17、oesnt ensure a happy life. Being rich doesnt mean a happy life. Wealth doesnt ensure a happy life.2)Keep two full-time jobs is simply impossible. Keeping two full-time jobs is simply impossible. 3. 主谓错位 1)Reading books can acquire knowledge. People can acquire knowledge from books.2)Now peoples live

18、s cant leave TV. Now people cant do without TV.,二、谓语错误1. 多重谓语1)In our modern society, there are many examples around us show that many people are cheated.,In our modern society, many examples around us show that many people are cheated.,2)Poverty makes many people cant study abroad.,Poverty makes ma

19、ny people unable to study abroad. Poverty makes it impossible for many people to study abroad. Poverty prevents many people from studying abroad. Many people cant study abroad because of poverty.,2. 非动词谓语1)Some people firmly agree, but others against it.,Some people firmly agree, but others are agai

20、nst it.,2)It is said that the place worths touring.,It is said that the place is worth touring.,3. 主谓不一致1)I have to visit the teacher who teach me College English.,I have to visit the teacher who teaches me College English.,2)I use a disk because it hold plenty of data.,I use a disk because it holds

21、 plenty of data.,4. 时态不一致 Nowadays，doing exercises were becoming very popular.,5. 误用词组1)They insist on post-graduate study is very important for them.,They insist that post-graduate study is very important for them.,We should pay attention on the creative learning.,We should pay attention to the cre

22、ative learning.,三、冠词错误1)In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising.,In my opinion, the future of the bicycle is very promising.,2) They suggest that we should choose only the good books to read and never touch the bad ones.,They suggest that we should choose only good books to read and n

23、ever touch bad ones.,四、代词错误1. 偷梁换柱 If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.,If we cheat others, friends will never believe us and they will leave us along. If you cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.,2. 指代不明 2)Sometimes

24、teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden they have to bear.,Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden students have to bear.,五、形容词、副词错误,Surprising enough, he faces the failure very bravely.,Surprisingly enough, he faces the failure very bravely.,六、分词误用1) Comp

25、aring with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem.,Compared with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem.,2) Those spirits were just like an indispensable part of the whole picture when viewing through my camera.,Those spirits were just like an

26、indispensable part of the whole picture when viewed through my camera.,七、修饰语误置Spoken English is an important part for learning English people.,Spoken English is an important part for people learning English.,八、垂悬修饰语1) Having carried out economic reforms in our country, peoples living standard has be

27、en greatly improved.,Having carried out economic reforms in our country, people have greatly improved their living standard.,2)To tell my friend the good news, the letter was posted at once.,To tell my friend the good news, I posted the letter at once.,十、搭配错误,1) In the past the price of meat was so

28、expensive that most families could not afford it.In the past the price of meat was so high that most families could not afford it.2) Crowded traffic in some large cities is a big problem for city dwellers.Heavy traffic in some large cities is a big problem for city dwellers.,十一、破句1) Nowadays, if you

29、 want to find a job. Then you must pass the job interview.Nowadays, if you want to find a job, you must pass the job interview.2) First you should show good manners. Because the first impression you leave on others is important.First you should show good manners, because the first impression you lea

30、ve on others is important,十二句作文法,提纲式作文 说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的 利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往 往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） 1 说明事物现状 2 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面） 3 你对现状（或前景）的看法,1.现在越来越多的中国人开始庆祝西方的节日，如圣诞节，情人节等。2.有人认为这有利于文化的交流，有人则担心这会导致传统文化的丧失3.在我看来,Nowadays _(现象）. Then, whether we should _( 遵循/摒弃这种现象）has become a i

31、ssue of discussion. Some people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First _（的优点之一）. Besides _（的优点之二）. But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that _（的第一个缺点）

32、To make matters worse,_（的第二个缺点） Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to _（我的看法） （From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances

33、 we are in. Only by this way, _（对前景的预测）,十二句作文法写作模板,现象解释型 问题解决型 对比选择型,现象解释型,这类命题要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释, 并加以评论。 特点： 第一段：描述现象； 第二段：分析或阐述这种现象或存在的原因； 第三段：提出建议或总结观点。,现象解释型模板,首段（描述现象A） Nowadays, with the reform of （现象的背景）, （描述现象） . This phenomenon has been brought into public focus and called for further concern.

34、,1) Be brought into public focus ：引起人们的关注 2） call for 要求、需要,现象解释型模板,首段（描述现象 B） In recent years, wherever you go, （描述现象） . This issue has aroused the greatest concern.,Arouse the greatest concern: 引起极大关注,现象解释型模板,首段（描述现象C） Currently, along with the advance of the society, an important issue that （描述现象

35、） is brought to our attention. Consequently, （概况描述现象产生的结果）.,Be brought to our attention:引起了我们的注意,现象解释型模板,中间段（分析现象 A） Just as what has happened to anything in the world, many factors lead to On one hand, . _. On the other hand， . . Whats more， . _. Our list of contributors could go on, but the forego

36、ing ones are already enough to give us a deep insight into the phenomenon,本模板第3句的空格中应该填上某个需要解释的现象或事件，第4句提出原因I，第6句提出原因，第8句提出原因，第5、第7和第9句对这3个原因进行了进一步论述。,1) Give sb a deep insight into :使、对、有了深入解； 2)foregoing：前面提到的（above-mentioned） 3) contributor :促成因素，贡献者,现象解释型模板,中间段（分析现象 B） A number of factors could

37、account for the phenomenon, but the following are the most critical ones. First of all, （原因一）. Whats more, （原因二）. In addition, （原因三）.,Account for 解释,现象解释型模板,结尾段（作者看法+前景展望 A） As far as I am concerned, （作者对现象的看法）There is still a long way for us to （促进或限制现象）, but as a student myself, I find it rewardin

38、g and interesting.,Rewarding: 有报酬的、值得做的,现象解释型模板,结尾段（现象产生的结果 B） This issue may lead to a number of unfavorable consequences, with the following two the most serious. For one thing, （后果一）. For another, （后果二）. The awareness of the importance of this issue should be enhanced and some proper measures sho

39、uld be taken. It is reasonable for us to believe that the situation will be improved in the near future.,具体句子数量可根据实际需要调整。,范文模板应用,2007年12月英语四级作文题目及范文 What Electives to Choose 1、各大学开设了各种各样的选修课 2、学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课 3、以你自己为例,范文模板应用,2010年6月英语四级作文题目及范文 Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling 1.如今不少学生在英语学

40、习中不重视拼写 2.出现这种情况的原因 3.这种现象导致的结果,问题解决型,这类命题通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求考生就该问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考生最后谈论适合自己的方法。 特点： 第一段：提出问题或阐述某件事情的重要性或意义； 第二段：列举说明处理某事的方式或解决某个问题的途径； 第三段：针对第二段所阐述的方法给予简要的评论，也可提出个人建议或选择，并阐述理由。 此题型的写作重点在How，即解决问题的办法。,问题解决型模板,首段（提出问题 A） Nowadays, with the rapid economical development and intense com

41、petition, people are attaching more and more importance to （g提出问题）。 So it is of great importance for us to （关注问题的要性）. On one hand, （问题后果一）.On the other hand, （问题的后果二）. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.,1) Attach importance to 重视 = place importance on

42、2) spare no efforts to 竭尽全力、努力去做 3）take some measure to 采取措辞,问题解决型模板,首段（提出问题 B） Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that（提出问题）。It is of great significance that （解决问题很必要）. On one hand, （解决问题的必要性一）.On the other hand, （解决问题的必要性一）. A

43、ccordingly, how to solve the problem becomes the top priority for us.,Top priority :应予最优先考虑的事,中间段（解决问题的办法 A） There are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, (途径一). In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is (途径二).,问题解决型模板,steps=measures 2)

44、undo=solve 3) Contribute to 有助于,中间段（解决问题的办法 B） Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be the most effective. First of all, . Another way to solve the problem is . Finally, . These are not the best and the only two/three measures we can take, but it shoul

45、d be noted that _.,本模版中第6句为主题句，第7、8和9句提供3个途径，第10句为结论。,问题解决型模板,结尾段（总结+个人选择+前景展望） In fact, more than three ways can be adopted to solve the problem of (具体问题), As for me, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, （方法）. Anyway, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us when

46、 all of us make joint efforts to solve this problem.,问题解决型模板,Make joint efforts to 共同努力做、,范文模板应用,2000年1月大学英语四级作文题目及范文 How I Finance My College Education 1.上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种渠道解决 2.哪种渠道适合于我（说明理由）,对比选择型,对比/比较分析或观点对比类型作文 通过对两种不同事物进行比较和对比，找出它们之间的相同之处或不同之处，最后得出结论；也可对同种事物的正反、利弊、优劣、积极和消极两方面进行比较

47、，最后得出结论。 下面是1995-2009年四级作文中出现的此类型题目：,2008年6月英语四级作文及范文 1. 有人认为网络可以让学习、工作更有效率 2. 还有人认为网络让青少年沉迷，进而影响学习 3. 你对于网络的看法 2006年12月英语四级作文 1、许多人喜欢看cctv 春节晚会； 2、但有的人认为应该取消； 3、你的看法,1999年6月大学英语四级作文题目 1. 有人认为读书要有选择 2. 有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的看法 1996年1月大学英语四级作文题目 1. 双休日给大学生带来的好处。 2. 双休日可能给大学生带来的问题。 3. 我应当怎样过好双休日。,1995年1月大学英

48、语四级作文题目 1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本(source of happiness) 2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of all evil) 3.我的看法,作文模板,1.有人认为x是好事，赞成x，为什么？ 2.有人认为x是坏事，反对x，为什么？ 3.我的看法。,Some people are in favor of the idea of doing x. They point out the fact支持x的第一个原因。They also argue that支持x的另一个原因。 However, other people stand on a different ground.

49、They consider it harmful to do x. They firmly point out that反对x的第一个原因。An example can give the details of this argument:一个例子。,Stand on a different ground：持不同观点,There is some truth in both arguments. But in my opinion, the advantages of x outweigh its disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned

50、negative effects it might bring about X的一个坏处。,混合型,所谓结合型就是把以上三种中的两种类型巧妙结合，以考察学生的应变能力。 例如：现象解释型+问题解决型:1996年6月大学英语四级作文题目及范文 Global Shortage of Fresh Water 1. 人们以为淡水是取之不尽的(提示：雨水、河水、井水.) 2. 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的(提示：人口增加，工业用水增加，污染.) 3. 我们应该怎么办,问题解决型+观点对比型 2009年6月英语四级作文题目及范文 Free admission to museums 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费开放

51、的目的是什么? 2. 也会带来一些问题 3. 你的看法,二、图作文之圆形饼状图（pie charts）,The pie charts show changes in American spending patterns between 1966 and 1996,如何描述下面图形中数据的变化？,图表作文,2.bar chart 柱状图,图表作文,3.line chart 线形图,图表作文,4.table 表格,英语中常用来表达趋势的词汇：,表示上升趋势：an increase增加, a rise提高, a climb爬升, a jump上升, a growth增长; to increase增加

52、, to rise提高, to climb爬升, to jump上升, to grow增长, to reach升至, to go up上升。表示急剧上升的动词 jump/ shoot up/ surge/ soar 表示下降趋势：a fall下降, a drop跌落, a decline下跌, a decrease减少; to fall下降, to drop跌落, to decline下跌, a decrease减少, to go down下降, to bottom out降至最低点, to slow down减速, to decelerate减速。(表示急剧下降的动词plummet/ plu

53、nge) 表示稳定：to remain (stable,stabilize )保持，不变，稳定，维持; to stand at不变，稳定，维持; to level out (off), reach a plateau平衡，稳定。,表示波动的词 fluctuate /fluctuations rebound wave ,持续变化的data在不同情况下,. 增加：increase / rise / go up 减少：decrease / grow down / drop /fall 波动：fluctuate / rebound / wave 稳定：remain stable 改变：change,表

54、示变化的程度词,rapid/rapidly迅速的，飞快的，险峻的 dramatic/dramatically戏剧性的，生动的 significant/significantly有意义的，重大的，重要的 sharp/sharply锐利的，明显的，急剧的 steep/steeply急剧升降的 steady/steadily稳固的，坚定不移的 gradual/gradually渐进的，逐渐的 slow/slowly缓慢的，不活跃的 slight/slightly轻微的、略微地 stable/stably稳定的 gentle / gently慢慢的 moderate 适中的,表示到达最高点的 peak

55、 at/ reach the peak at/ reach the highest point at Unemployment peaked at 8.1% in June. 表达到达最低点 reach the bottom at/ reach the lowest point at,由组成 be composed of/ consist of/ be comprised of,表达到达多少数量的 reach/ arrive at/ stand at The number of employees in our company reaches 5,000.,表示占多少 count for/ a

56、ccount for/ make up/ represent/ occupy/ constitute The proportion of the unemployed accounts for 43% of the total.,表示大约的词 about/ roughly/ around/ approximately There were approximately fifty people there.,表示分别的副词 respectively The number of boys and girls in my class is 20 and 30 respectively.,表示类比:

57、similarly/ likewise Similarly/Likewise, the population of the United States showed an upward trend during the period.,表示对比 In comparison/ In contrast/ while/ whereas /compared with The number of fish decreased rapidly during the period. In comparison, there existed a sharp increase in the number of

58、fishing boats.,图表作文的篇章结构,采用三段式的谋篇方式 第一段：描述图表 第二段：分析原因 第三段：提出建议,第一段：说明图表 (开篇句)： As the _ shows, _主题_ has greatly/sharply/dramatically changed during the years of _ to _. 或者 It is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of _主题_ has undergone dramatic changes during the years of _ to _. 或者 The table shows _主题_has greatly changed during the years of _ to _.,Obviously, _have declined greatly in importance, while _ have been gaining popularity.（紧接着阐述图表中反映的现象变化，这里是说买书的比例在变，那么阐述出比例是如何在变，有可能是一个事物在变，有可能是几个事物在变，用关系词表示出这些变化）,第二段：解释图表变化原因第一句用一句主题句展开： Several factors c