说明文写作讲座(2)

1、Exposition,（这篇文章短小，精练却很能说明问题。文章的引言段一句话就点明了主题：“大自然给植物提供了四种传播种子的方式。”后面的四段依次分别讲述了：风传播、鸟传播、自我传播和水传播。通过此文可以看出，运用分类的方式可使文章脉络清晰层次分明，使读者更加清楚地了解并记住文章所要说明的事物。）,Exposition,三）比较和对比说明文 比较对照是写说明文的常用方式。在大多数情况下，比较与对照是不能分开的。一篇文章中既可以比较对照两个或两个以上的事物，阐明它们所存在的相同点，也可以用同样的方法阐明它们的不同点。 写这类文章时应牢记以下原则：,1) 比较对照只能在同类的(通常是两个)事物之间

2、进行； 2) 比较对照说明文有两种模式： 同时比较： A1/B1, A2/B2, A3/B3 先后比较: A1,A2,A3/B1,B2,B3 3) 比较对照的事物各自占的篇幅应大致相同，比较对照的项目也应一致； 4) 比较对照必须以有关的具体实例为依据； 5) 比较对照说明文通过指出两者的异同来阐明具体问题。,Exposition,The Elderly Although old people in the United States and in Japan are treated the same in some way, in other ways they are treated di

3、fferently. In both countries the elderly are shown respect. Young people will give them a seat on a bus or train or will open a door for them. In both countries older people may ride the bus or go to a show for less money than the young have to pay. .,Exposition,Nevertheless, in Japan the elderly ha

4、ve the highest respect. Grandparents live with their families all their lives. They help to raise the grandchildren. If any one need advice, the first person to be asked is the grandfather, because he is the wisest. In the United States, the grandparents live with other old people in “Senior citizen

5、” places. They see their grandchildren only on holidays or special times. I think it is better for families to live together in companionship.,Exposition,四）因果分析说明文 所谓因果关系说明文包含有两个方面，一个是看到一种现象推断某成因，一个是根据某一现象的特点推测它可能的发展或者是它在某种条件变化下的可能结果。 分析原因和结果是个复杂的过程。写因果说明文时，切记以下几点：,Exposition,1）分析原因时切不可过于简单化； 2）尤其要注

6、意不要犯逻辑错误； 3）要区分直接原因与间接原因,直接后果与间接后果以及主要原因与次要原因,主要结果与次要结果； 4）不要遗漏一系列原因和结果中的任何一个环节； 5）语言要客观,分析要有根据,事实要确凿。,Exposition,例如：Deserts are spreading very rapidly mainly for two reasons. First, in some regions there are too many cattle, goats and sheep. These animals eat the plant which would keep the top soil

7、 from washing or blowing away. Next, in areas where people depend on wood for heating and cooking, trees are cut down. If these areas are overpopulated, every piece of burnable wood may disappear. Consequently, the deserts move in.,Exposition,(这篇短文先指出结果Deserts are spreading very rapidly，后分析原因，如牛羊过多导

8、致绿草减少。人为乱砍滥伐，森林遭到破坏。原因分析真实可信，重点突出，给人留下深刻印象。),Exposition,五）过程分析说明文 这一类型的说明文主要是分析具体的操作步骤，采用的顺序通常都是时间顺序，一些表示时间推移的词和短语是常用的，如：first, second, third, then, soon, now, next, at last, consequently, while, in ten minutes 等等。 例如：,Exposition,How to Build a Camp Fire There are several steps to build a camp fire.

9、 First, collect a good supply of wood, small branches and larger logs. Second, twist newspaper into small knots. Third, make a pile on the ground of several paper knots. Fourth, cover this pile with a few small branches. Lay the larger pieces of wood on the camp fire from different directions. Fifth

10、, place logs and larger pieces of wood over the branches. Finally strike a match and ignite the paper at the bottom of the camp fire, lighting it in several paces, you will be rewarded with a roaring blaze.,Exposition,五、如何写说明文的引言段 写说明文通常要有一个概述用来提出主题。这个概述就是引言段的内容。 其写法是： ）概述某一现象或事物、事理的基本特征 + 主题 ）概要介绍事

11、物、事理的总貌或局部特征以引起读者求知的兴趣和积极性 + 主题 ）提供正确获取知识所必需的背景材料 + 主题 ）指出使对方认识事物，了解有关信息的目的、要求或依据等 + 主题,Exposition,Example1: How to Eliminate Stress (如何消除紧张） As the pace of living continues to increase, more and more people are in the habit of rushing through life, especially in big cities. We know too much stress

12、in not good to our health. Sometimes it can lead to poor performance and illness. Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following may be most effective.,Exposition,Example 2 Why Do Many Tourists Like Visiting Museums? Many people visit museums when they travel in an unfam

13、iliar place. Even if they do not have enough time, they would rather visit a museum than any other scenic sports. There are many reasons for this phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones.,Exposition,Example 3 Now, when a person is hunting for a job, there will always be a job i

14、nterview, and the job interview has a lot of advantages. The interviewer and interviewee can know about each other through it.,Exposition,Example 4 If there is an essay which tells the customer how to complain to the boss of a store when he bought a faulty item in the store, the beginning can be written as follows:,Exposition,When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturers claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单) or any other records which might help at