m5unit2grammar

1、Unit 2 The environment,Grammar and usage,什么是定语(attributive)?,定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。,Revision,Hes a tall man. There are a lot of banana trees on the island. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.,什么是表语(predicative)?,表语是用来说

2、明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词(be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell等词)之后。,Albert Einstein was a famous professor of physics. Our plan is to keep the affair secret. This dog is frightening.,什么是宾语补足语 (object complement)?,宾语补足语：某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意

3、思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。,Im going to paint it pink. I saw the kite up and down. Tom made the girl cry. Can you smell something burning?,现在分词,现在分词是由“动词原形+ing”构成，在功能上具有形容词或副词的特点。,现在分词做定语,现在分词可用于名词前，用来修饰该名词，功能上相当于形容词。 This will have a lasting effect. （现在分词lasting做定语，修饰名词effect，相当于形容词） 有时还可将副词置于现在分词之前，修饰现在分

4、词。 That was an extremely interesting speech. （副词extremely修饰现在分词interesting）,副词或名词可以和现在分词一起构成复合词。 The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems. （副词fast和现在分词growing一起构成复合词fast-growing） A wood-burning stove is environmentally unfriendly.（名词wood和现在分词burning一起构成复合词wood-burning）,1. Everybody

5、 says he is a _ boy. A. promised B. promising C. to promise D. promise 答案为 B 。 解析：这是一个典型的v-ing形式作前置定语以形容词功能出现，在这里，promising意为“有希望的”。,典型例题,2. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _. A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars 答

6、案选D。 解析：remain 是不及物动词，其过去分词无被动含义，用remaining (剩下的)作定语，修饰20 dollars。remaining 20 dollars =20 dollars left。,现在分词短语用于名词后，用来修饰该名词，功能上相当于形容词。此时现在分词短语可以改写为定语从句。 People running these factories are very concerned about the environment.（现在分词短语running 用于名词people后做定语，用来修饰该名词。） = People who run these factories a

7、re very concerned about the environment.,Look over there - theres a very long, winding path _ up to the house. (2011 山东) A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead 解析：分析句子结构可知，a path与lead构成 逻辑上的主动关系，故用leading。本句意思 是：看那边 那里有一条很长的蜿蜒曲折 的通往那所房子的路。现在分词短语做定语。,高考真题,A,2. Recently a survey _ prices of the same go

8、ods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. (2011江苏) A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared 解析：compare的动作是survey发出的，现在分词短语做后置定语。,B,2012湖南卷31. The lecture, _ at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A. starting B

9、. being started C. to start D. to be started 本题考查非谓语动词的用法。根据last night可知start已经发生，故排除C、D，不定式常表将来。B. being done，一般表进行，也排除。非谓语动词的主动语态和被动语态 ，现在分词作定语。,A,现在分词与动名词作定语的区别,动名词作定语表名词的作用或功能，现在分词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。,现在分词做表语,This destruction is frightening. （现在分词frightening 用在系动词is后，做表语。）,Her job is teaching. Seeing

10、is believing.,- What do you think of the book? - Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read,C,典型例题,现在分词与动名词作表语的区别,（1）动名词 My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job. Her full-time job is laying eggs. = Laying eggs is her full-time job.,（2）现在分词 The play i

11、s exciting. Exciting is the play. The story he told us was very interesting. Interesting was the story he told us.,现在分词做宾语补足语,They think of greedy businessmen hiding from their responsibilities . （现在分词hiding做宾语补足语， 补充说明宾语businessmen）,Listen! Do you hear someone _ for help? （2010湖南） A. calling B. cal

12、l C. to call D. called 答案：A 解析：该空在句中为非谓语动词作宾补，根据 someone与call的主动关系排除D项。hear后接不定式作宾补时应省略to，由此排除C项。由Listen可判断此处表示正在求救。,高考真题,现在分词也有完成时形式： having+过去分词 Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and growing economy should be possible at the same time. （现在分词的

13、完成时形式having worked说明，动词work先于主句谓语动词know发生）,Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. （2010湖南） A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle 答案选C。 解析：逻辑主语Dina与struggle为主动关系,故排除B项。由剧中的finally可知非谓语动词表示的动作发生在句中谓语took a position

14、之前, 故用现在分词的完成主动式。,高考真题,【2012四川卷】 I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound 【答案】 C 【解析】本题考查非谓语动词。此题考查现在分词作宾语补足语。winding its way与宾语snake之间为主动关系且此动作正在进行，故选C。,现在分词做状语,1. Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up

15、. 2. Being a student, he was interested in sports. 3. Having written the letter, John went to the post office. 4. When crossing the street, he was knocked down by a car.,现在分词作状语时，注意如下三点： 作状语表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等，相当于相应的从句 分词的逻辑主语就是全句的主语 现在分词作状语时有不同的时态与语态,【2012江苏卷】31. _ an important decision more on emotion

16、than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later. A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base 【答案】B 【解析】动词base与逻辑主语you之间构成主谓关系，所以用现在分词作状语，故选B项。,现在分词短语,现在分词短语可以单独使用，也可以在其后面跟宾语和状语。现在分词短语通常可以用来表示时间、原因、结果、条件等。,表示时间,Asking around, I find my people willing to pay a little higher prices for things that are fri

17、endly to the environment. （现在分词短语asking around和主句谓语动词find发生的时间一致或者相同） = When I ask around, I find many people ,Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. （现在分词短语having observed the problem for many years表示动作发生在先，主句谓语

18、动词announced动作发生在后） = After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we ,表示原因,We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. （现在分词短语hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown 解释主句中动作的原因） = We are making bigger holes in the

19、nets, because we hope to avoid catching ,He had a wonderful childhood, _ with his mother to all corners of the world.（2010安徽） A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling 答案选D。 解析：主语（he）与动词travel之间存在主动关系，故用traveling作原因状语。,高考真题,【2012重庆卷】_ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. A

20、. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked 答案: A 【解析】逗号前为原因状语，空白处与句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，由此可排除表示主动关系的B和C选项，D选项常作目的和结果状语，不作原因状语，也可排除，而A选项为现在分词完成式的被动形式，可作时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、伴随状语等。,表示结果,The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. （现在分词短语making the air dirty是主句中动作的结果） = The factory ke

21、eps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty.,1. It rained heavily in the south, _ serious flooding in several provinces. （2010天津） A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 答案选C。 解析：空格后serious flooding是rained heavily的后果，而且句子主语it和cause之间存在主动关系，所以此处要用动词的ing形式作结果状语。,高考真题,2. The retir

22、ed man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _the students to return to their classrooms. （2010江苏） A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled 答案：选A。 解析：enabling 表示他在捐献后的结果。,表示条件,Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. （现在分词短语preparing

23、fully是主句中动作实现的先决条件） = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.,Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, _ on your feet. (2011北京) A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept 解析：用现在分词表示一种条件，keep的动作是you发出的，二者之间没有动作的先后，所以不能用having kept。,高考真题,“conj. + 现在分词短语”也可以用来表示时间。常用的

24、连词有when, whenever, while, once和until。 We have to take environment protection into consideration when developing the economy. （连词when和现在分词developing一起用来表示时间） = We have to take environment protection into consideration when we are developing the economy.,通常情况下，分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致。 He travelled on the plan

25、e like this, keeping the tortoise hidden in a blanket. （现在分词keeping的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致，都是he） = When he travelled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.,现在分词的否定式是由“not + 现在分词”构成。 He sat there, not knowing what to say. （否定词not放在现在分词knowing前构成现在分词的否定式）,Where is my passport? I remem

26、ber _ it here.You shouldnt have left it here. Remember _ it with you all the time. A. to put; to take B. putting; taking C. putting; to take D. to put; taking,C,Practice,2. After finishing his homework, he went on _ a letter to his parents. A. write B. writing C. wrote D. to write,D,3. _ is a good kind of exercise for both the young and the old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D