5种常见句子结构

1、英语基础语法复习,英语五种基本句型,基本句型一： （主谓） 基本句型二： （主谓表） 基本句型三： （主谓宾） 基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补 ）,句型1： Subject (主语) Verb (谓语),此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，动词后不可以直接接宾语，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1. The sun was shinin

2、g. 太阳在照耀着。 2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。 3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。 4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 5. Who cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 8. The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流利。 Try to give me some examples which are th

3、e same drill.,句型2：Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语),此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不 能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词，这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worr

4、ied just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 3)We should remain modest at any time.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。 4) This kind of food tastes terrible.。 5)The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.,2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：,1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree

5、 has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 3)Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 4) Dont have the food. It has gone bad.不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。 5)The facts prove true.事实证明是正确的。,Have a try!,请指出下列各句为哪种结构： （主谓）或 （主谓表） Warm up exercises: 1. They talked happily for almost an hour. 2

6、. The weather here is getting hotter and hotter. 3. The player was singing in the playground then. 4. The city at night looks more beautiful. 5. The students should keep quiet in the room 6. The breakfast cooked by mum has gone bad.,SV,SVP,SV,SVP,SVP,SVP,句型3：Subject(主语) Verb (谓语) Object (宾语),这种句型中的动

7、词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）

8、她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句) 我不知道下一步该干什么 5) She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage. 她失去了在舞台上露面的机会,句型4： Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语),此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动

9、作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1)Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. 2)The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 3)Ye

10、sterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present. 这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：1)动词 宾语 for sb.； 2)动词 宾语to sb.。, （多指人） （多指物）,1) Please show me your picture. =Please show your picture to me. 请把你的画给我看一下。 2) Ill offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. =Ill offer a good chance for you as

11、 long as you dont lose heart. 又如： He passed me the wonderful gift yesterday. My teacher taught me English She cooked her husband a delicious dinner. My brother told me how to get to the station.,句型5： Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语),此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补

12、足宾语，才能使意思完整。这种句型中的“宾语补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词) 我们选他当班长。 3) His fathe

13、r told him not to play in the street. (不定式) 4）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball. (现在分词),注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，主动语态不带to。如：,1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。 2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last nigh

14、t. 昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。 但是使役动词(make, let) 以及感官动词（see, hear, notice, feel, watch) 被动语态加上to . 1)=He was made to do the work by the boss all day. 2)= She was heard to sing in the next room all the time last night.,Go for it ,please!, （主谓宾宾补 ） 1） They kept the room clean. 2) We all call the boy Tom. 3) Ou

15、r teacher asked us to do morning exercise. 4) The worker painted the wall white. 5) I saw her getting on the bus just now. 6) What made the little girl angry?,Lets go,Ex 1: (S V) 1李明学习很努力。 2.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3春天就要来了. 4我们住在这个城市已有关10年了. 5学生们学习很努力。 6 她再次向我道歉。 7事故是昨天晚上发生的。,Li Ming works very hard.,The accide

16、nt happened yesterday afternoon,Spring is coming.,We have lived in the city for ten years,The students work very hard.,She apologized to me again.,The accident happened yesterday evening.,Ex 2:( SVP),1.这是本英汉辞典。 2.午餐的气味很好。 3.他堕入了情网。 4. 一切看来都不同了。 5.他长得又高又壮。 6.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。 7. 我们的井干枯了。 8. 他的脸红了。,This is a

17、n English-Chinese dictionary.,The dinner smells good.,He fell in love.,Everything looks different.,He is growing tall and strong.,The trouble is that they are short of money.,Our well has gone dry.,His face turned red.,Ex 3 (SVO),1. 谁知道答案？ 2. 她微笑表示感谢。 3. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。 4.他喜欢看书。 5. 他们吃了剩饭。 6.他说：“早上好！ 7.我想

18、喝杯茶。 8. 他承认犯了错误。,Who knows the answer?,She smiled her thanks,He enjoys reading,They ate what was left over,He has refused to help them.。,He said Good morning.,I want to have a cup of tea,He admits that he was mistaken.,Ex 4. (SVoO),1.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。 2.她给丈夫煮了一顿美味的饭。 3.他给你买了一本字典。 4. 他对她什么都不拒绝 5.我给他看我的照片。

19、 6.我洗了我的汽车。 7. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 8.他教我开机器。,She ordered herself a new dress.。,She cooked her husband a delicious meal.,He brought you a dictionary.,He refused her nothing.,I showed him my pictures.,I gave my car a wash.,I told him that the bus was late.,He showed me how to run the machine.,Ex 5 (SVOC),1.他们请

20、他当经理。 2.他们把门漆成绿色。 3. 这使得他们要细想一想。 4.他们发现那房子空的。 5. 他怎么会这样想？ 6.我们送他出去。 7他要我早点回来。 8. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。,They aked him to be manager,They painted the door green.,This made them think carefully,They found the house empty,What makes him think so?,We saw (showed/sent)him out,He asked me to come back soon.。,I sa

21、w them getting on the bus.,Continue! There be 句型(特殊倒装句式）,此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语构成，用以表达存在有，一种无主语的有。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如， 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be/there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been可能有 there might

22、be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等。,Ex 6: There be,1.今晚没有会。 2.这个村子过去只有一口井。 3. 这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师 4.客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 5.天气预报说下午

23、有大风。 6.办公室里肯定有人 7.恰好那时房里没人。 8.在那边的树下可能有蛇。,There isnt going to be a meeting tonight,There was only a well in the village,There is a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school.,Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.,The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the aft

24、ernoon.,There must be someone ion the office.,There happened to be nobody in the room.,There may be a snake under that tree,Lets go,2不定式作表语 1. Her work is _( look )after the children. 2. My aim is _( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. She seemed _( think ) about the problem. 4. They appeared _( agree )

25、 with what we said. 不定式作表语时可以和主语部分调换。,Continue:,3不定式作宾语： 有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有： want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, expect, agree, determine, prefer, intend, etc.,Have a try:,They wanted _( get ) on the bus, didn

26、t they? He said he wished (be) a professor. I agreed_ (go ) there with the doctor. My daughter preferred _( dance ) when she was in her twenties. He had promised _(give) me a hand.,Go on, please!,4.不定式作宾语补足语 A)1. I didnt want my parents _(help ) me. 2. Wed prefer you _( take ) the job instead of Zha

27、ng. 3. The school ordered all the classroom _( clean ). 4. My parents expect me _( go )to a ideal university. 5. Joan promised the dinner _( cook ) before we returned. 6. The doctor advised the patient _( take ) two pills every four hours. 7. He determined me_( tell ) everything.,Go on, please!,B) W

28、hom flns sb do sth. (watch, have(使)hear, observe, make, feel, listen (to), let, notice, see etc. + sb +动词原形 + sth + done,Test yourself:,We cant let this _(go) on. I will not let my children _(treat) in that way. John made him _( tell ) everything. The two boys were sorry indeed to see him _(go). We

29、felt the house _( shake) in the earthquake. Do you like listening to other people _( talk )?Have you ever heard him _( tell ) a lie? Who would you like to have_( go ) ? Who would you like to have_(go) with? What song did you hear _( sing )? We saw the house _( burn ) to the ground when we reached th

30、ere.,Continue:,5.不定式作定语 Change the following into infinitives. He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning. The only thing that I want to get is the diamond necklace. Everything that is done needs praising. Do you have anything that you want to say? Here are some books that you c

31、an read.,Go on, please!,6.不定式作状语。 状语的形式很多，有目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等，但目的、结果 要用不定式。,Continue:,A) Substitution: He got up early so that he could catch the first bus to the town. He got up early_ _ _ catch the first bus. We must work hard at English in order that we can contact foreigners freely. We mus

32、t work hard at English _ _ _ contact foreigners freely. He was so frightened that he could hardly say anything. He was_ frightened _say anything. He was _ brave _ _say anything. He was so young that he could go to school. He was _ late _ go to school. He was not _ _ _ go to school.,B) 1. _(save ) th

33、e badly sick lady, the doctor had an operation on her. 2. He hurried to the station only _ ( find ) the train left.,动名词 1动名词作主语 A) 1. _( die ) for people is a glorious thing. 2. _( talk ) with him is a great pleasure. 3. _( help ) others is our duty. 4. _( see ) is to believe. 5. _( seat ) at the ba

34、ck of the classroom made the students surprised.,it作形式主语时，可用动词不定式，但下列巨型常用动名词： It is+ no good (no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing There is no + doing. 如： Its no use _( sit ) here waiting. There is no _( say )what will happen next. Is it any good _( tell ) him the truth right now.,不定式与动名词

35、的区别： 不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作： Its no good eating too much fat. Its not good for you to eat so much fat.,B) 关于逻辑主语的问题 1. _to the meeting surprised all of the boards. A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mikes coming 2. Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules. A. you pretend B. yo

36、u pretending C. your pretending D. your pretend Change the following into the simple sentences. That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.,2动名词作表语 1. Her work is _( look )after the children. 2. My aim is _( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. One of my bad habit is _(bite ) nails（指甲）.,3动名词作宾语

37、Mecafps + doing (mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, escape consider, admit(承认)advise, appreciate=enjoy, avoid, finish, practise , suggest, stop) delay, imagine, include, keep, quit, resist, risk, understand, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, etc. 以及介词后接动名词doing,He was in low spirits

38、and even consider _(go ) away. Practise _( put ) your hand to the ground. I cant help _( have ) the trip to Britain. Dont tell me you always escape _( fine) because you have a fast sports car. Leave off _(bite) your nails! He didnt feel like _( work ), so he suggested _( spend ) the day in the garde

39、n. You certainly mustnt miss _( see ) the wonderful film.,The doctor advised _( stay ) longer in hospital. I couldnt imagine that _( be ) possible. We appreciate your _( want ) _( help ) us in our difficulties. We cant stand _( pooh-pooh) every new idea. Michael has delayed _( write ) to her till to

40、day.,The law forbids _( sell )liquor to children. They all suggested _( give ) more chances. Can you imagine _( leave ) standing outside for a whole night. They built the banks to prevent the area from _( flood). Women do mind _( smoke ) by men.,动名词与不定式的不同含义： be afraid to do 不敢、害怕、胆怯去 做某事 be afraid

41、of doing 担心、恐怕出现 She was afraid _( wake ) her husband up, for he had bad temper. She was afraid _( of wake ) her husband, for he was ill.,2) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未 做） forget doing sth.忘记做过了某事（已 做） The light in the office is off. It was she who turned it off, but she herself forgot _( turn ) it of

42、f. The light in the office is still on. She forgot _(turn )it off.,3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未 做） remember doing sth.记着做了某事（已做） Do you remember _(meet) me at a party last year? You must remember _( leave) tomorrow.,4) stop to do sth. stop doing sth. 5) regret to do sth. regret doing sth. I regret

43、_( go ) to his home town. I regret _( tell ) you the truth.,6)try to do sth. try doing sth. You must try _( do ) it again. Lets try _( do ) the work in some other way.,7) mean to do sth. mean doing sth. If it means _( delay ) more than a week, Ill not wait. I mean _( go ), and nothing can stop me. 8

44、) go on to do sth. go on doing sth.,9) like/love/start/begin/hate/continue to do sth. doing sth. 10)Sth.wnat/require/need to be done doing. The temple needs_( rebuild). The children require_ (educate).,动名词复合结构的一般规则是： 1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词或代词所有格；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。 Toms (His) coming is what we have

45、 expected. She didnt mind Jack/ Jacks (him/ his) coming here.,2.逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用普通格。 Is there any hope of our winning the match? 3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone时， 只用普通格。 She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.,Compare this:,11)canit help doing sth.

46、cant help do sth. cant help but do sth.不能不，忍不 住 1.I couldnt help _(think) of my childhood when I saw the picture. 2.Im sorry I cant help _(lend) you the money, for Im short of it nowadays. 3.I cant help but _(cry).,9) permit, allow, advise, consider, admit doing sth. sb./wh to do sth. 1.Do you consi

47、der _( buy ) this kind of book? 2.Is he considered _( take ) this position? 3.Is he considered _( send ) to work in Tibet?,分词 分词：分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。 一般式 完成式 现在分词 doing having done having been done 过去分词 done,1）分词与动名词作表语时的区别： 1.Our plan is _( finish ) the task before May. 2. To

48、ms job was _( guard ) the factory. 3. His lecture is _( interest ), which made us _( interest ). 4. The situation is _( encourage).,2)现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别： 分词与逻辑主语（即句子主语）关系来决定分词的语态，主语能发出分词的动作用主动doing/having done，不能发出分词的动作用被动done/having been dong。 分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing(用一般式)，如发生在谓语动词之前，(用完成式)having done。,A

49、) 1._(see ) those picture, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan. 2._( turn ) round, Fanny found an ambulance driving up. 3_( water ) the vegetables, they began to pick up the apples. 4._( finish ) the work, he went back home on foot. 5._( inspire ) by Dr. Chens speech, they decided to stu

50、dy maths harder. 6._( persuade) by her mother, she gladly went there alone.,7.Warmly _( praise ) for his work, he was too excited to fall asleep. 8._( arrive ) at the station, we found the train gone. 9._( send ) the child to bed, she began to correct the pupils exercises. 10._( surround), the enemy

51、 found nowhere to hide and had to give up. 11.Once _( arm ), we are afraid of nothing. 12.While _( cross )the street, look out for cars.,13.When _( walk ) in the park, Mathilde met with her old friend. 14.While_( criticize ),she cried. 15.She came earlier than _( expect). 16.Everything goes well as

52、_( plan ). 17.She still made the same mistakes though _( tell) several times. 18._( give ) more time, we are sure to do it better.,19.The doctor did everything he could _( save ) the patient. 20._(improve )his English, Wang Ling works much harder.,作目的、结果状语的区别： 21. Li Ming works hard _( pass ) the ex

53、ams. 22. Li Ming works hard _( try ) to pass the exams. 23. He returned home _( find ) the house broken into. 24.His father died, _( leave ) him nothing but debts.,25. Football is played over a century, _( make ) it popular. 26. Bees suck honey into their stomachs, _( get ) thicker and thicker. 判断下列

54、对或错： 1. Seeing from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 2. Having had dinner, the dishes were washed. 3. Leaving at home, the little girl felt much afraid.,一些独立结构： 1. Generally _( speak ), we have learnt a lot in this school. 2. _(judge ) from his appearance, he is somebody. 3. _( tell ) you th

55、e truth, your work is terrible.,将上列1-18句分词部分改成从句： B)伴随状语 1. The boy lay in bed, _( listen ) to music. 2. Its a bad habit to talk to others, _( look ) aside. 3. The professor entered the room, _( follow ) by his assistants. 4. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talk, _( add )th

56、at he had enjoyed his stay here. 5. The boy stood in front of the teacher, _( criticize).,独立主格结构 （ 所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。） A)1. Today _( be ) Sunday, the library doesnt open. 2. There _( be ) no buses, we had to walk home.,3. The signal _( give ), the bus started. 4. Weather _ (

57、 permit ), well visit the Great Wall. 5. A teacher from England _( teach ) us English, were sure to learn it well. B) 6. With him _( give ) us a lead, our team is to win. 7. With the worker _( lead ), the Young Pioneers went through the forest and started towards the mountain village.,8. Many people spoke aloud