Chapter 20 concord.ppt

1、,Chapter 20,主谓一致,一、主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则： 语法一致原则 Grammatical concord 概念（逻辑）一致原则 Notional concord 毗邻一致原则（就近原则） Principle of proximity,二、 语法一致 英语中主语与谓语之间的语法一致原则主要指谓语动词为be动词（或谓语动词词组的第一个成分为be动词）时，主语与谓语之间的协调一致关系。其他动词只有一般现在时才体现一致关系，即主语为第三人称单数时，动词后需要添加-s,

2、-es 或变词末-y为i再加 -es 的形式。个别助词也需体现一致关系，如shall/should用于第一人称单、复数主语，will/would用于第三人称单、复数主语，will/would用于第三人单、复数主语。如： The window is open. The windows are open. She likes singing.,三、 概念（逻辑）一致 1）逻辑一致是指谓语动词的形式不取决于主语的表层语法形态，而取决于它的深层逻辑含义。虽然一个做主语的名词的形式是单数，但如果它表示的是复数的含义，谓语动词也应用复数形式，反之亦然。有时同一个词在不同的语境表示不同的逻辑意义，则需要依据

3、其含义使用不同的动词形式，应注意体味、把握不同的动词形式，应注意体味、把握不同的动词形式所体现的主语的确切的逻辑含义：,The family (be) a happy one. 那是个幸福的家庭。 My family (be) all tall. 我的家人个子都很高大。,is,are,The recent statistics on marriage (be) interesting. 最近关于婚姻情况的统计资料挺有意思。 Statistics (be) not as difficult as some people think. 统计学并不像某些人想象的那么难。,are,is,2）充当主语的

4、名词词组即使具有可数名词复数的形态，但表达的若作为一个单位看待的单数的含义，动词也需要用单数的形式； 含有分数、百分数的名词词组的后的动词形式依据名词词组充当主语的句子，谓语动词往往用单数形式，如：,Fifty students for a class is the utmost limit. 每班人数最多不能超过50人。 Two hours is the time limit for the examination. 本次考试时限为两个小时。 Is ten dollars a big sum to him? 对他来说十块钱就是个大数目吗？,3）用连接词连接的主语后的谓语动词的数视情况而定。一

5、般说来，用and连接的并列主语后用复数动词，但如果and连接的是指同一个事物或人，或指联系密切、常作为一个整体看待的人或事物，谓语动词也用单数； 用as well as连接的名词词组与连接语之前的名词的数一致； 名词后用介词with连接其他名词时，动词与with之前的名词的数一致； 用bothand连接的并列名词主语往往用复数动词，如：,A knife and fork is needed when one is eating. 人们进餐时需要用刀叉。 A cart and horse was what he needed to carry himself away. 他只需要一辆马车把自己载

6、走。 This bread and butter is too thick. 这片涂黄油的面包太厚了。 A watch and chain was given to him by his father as a birthday present. 父亲送他一块带链的表作为生日礼物。 A rod and line is needed for angling. 钓鱼需要鱼线鱼竿。,English and Chinese are quite different languages. 英语和汉语是完全不同的语言。 Both the rubber and pith ball are negatively

7、 charged. 这时，橡胶棒和木髓都带上了负电荷。 I as well as they am anxious about your safe arrival. 我跟他们一样急于知道你平安到达的消息。 She, with her two daughters, comes to spend the weekend on the farm once every two weeks. 她和她的两个女儿每隔一周要到农场来度一次周末。,4）含有否定意义的不定代词或其他一些不定代词做主语时，谓语动词往往用单数，其中none是例外。 形容词前边加定冠词表一类人，后边动词用复数；表一类事物（抽象概念）时，动

8、词用单数。 定语从句中动词的数往往与从句先行词的数一致,Each of them is to pay his own fine. There was nobody there. There is nothing I should enjoy more. 这是我最大的乐事。 Nevertheless, none of the scientists on the scene were prepared for the awesome scale of the events that soon followed. 然而，在现场的科学家们并没有一位对即将面临的可怕事件有所准备。 Everybody i

9、nitiates and receives messages in some form or other. 每个人都以不同的方式发出并接收信息。,The good is not always the beautiful. 有钱人并不总是幸福的。 The deaf and dumb need special help. 聋哑人需要特殊帮助。 There is something in his manner which irritates others. 他的态度有激怒别人的地方。 There were few eggs which werent broken. 没破掉的蛋没有几个。,四、毗邻一致

10、(就近原则) 毗邻一致原则是指句子中主语是由关联词语或其他连接语引导的两个或两个以上的名词词组充当时，谓语动词的数与其毗邻的名词词组的数保持一致的原则，如：,Not only Henry but also his friends were unequivocally apposed to the compromise. 不仅亨利还有他的朋友们都反对这种妥协。 Either my brother or his friends are going. 要么是我弟弟，要么是他的朋友们要去。 Neither the girls nor John is to blame. 既不怨姑娘们，也不怨约翰。 Ca

11、sh or bills are accepted here in this store. 本店既接受现款又接受支票。,五、很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下：,1.谓语动词用单数的情况 1)动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。 如： Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or

12、her.,2) 表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数 如： Two weeks was too long .Five times five makes twenty five.,3)当and 连接的两个单数形式的名词作主语，在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数如: law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索 horse

13、and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落,His warmest admirer and severest critic was his wife. 他的妻子是他最热心的崇拜者和最严厉的批评者。 Whisky and soda is always my favorite drink. 威士忌加苏打总是最和我的口味。 War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平永远是历史主题。,再如： If law and order i

14、s not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. Bread and butter is our daily food . Time and tide waits for no man.,4) 表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词以及表示国家、组织等名称的专有名词是复数形式，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 arthritics关节炎 statistics统计学 measles 麻疹 phonetics 语音学 optics 光学 genetics 遗传学 General Motors 通用公司 the Netherlands 荷

15、兰 the New York Times 纽约时报 the United Nations 联合国,nouns ending in “s”,1. disease names ending in “s”- singular: e.g. diabetes, bronchitis 2. subject names ending in “ics” - singular 3. country names ending in “s” - singular 4. names of mountain chains, straits, falls, archipelagos, etc. ending in “s”

16、 - plural 5. nouns ending in “-ings” - plural: belongings, earnings, surroundings,如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human language . 语言学是研究人类语言的分支学科。 Statistics is an indispensable analytical tool in modern society. 统计学是现代社会必不可少的分析工具。 Measles is much less common now than it used to be . 现在麻疹远没有过

17、去常见。 General Motors is a large multinational company. 通用公司是一家大型的跨国公司。,5) 有些名词形式上是复数，意义上是单数，根据意义一致原则动词用单数 如：The chaos was stopped by the police. The news is a great encouragement to us. A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.,6) a pair(kind, sort, type, portion, s

18、pecies, series) of +名词 做主语时，谓语动词用单数。 如： My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在被修改。 A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days. 现在配一副眼镜要花很多钱。,2. 谓语用复数情况 1) 由and, both and, 连接的并列主语，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式 如： Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at co

19、llege.,2)集体名词police, public, militia, cattle, poultry后常用复数形式的动词 如： The cattle are grazing in the sunshine .,3)当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语，谓语动词用复数形式 如： The Japanese were once very aggressive .,4) 某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人，做主语时候，谓语动词用复数 如： The rich are not always selfish.,3. 谓语动词可用单数，也可以用复数的情况 1) 就近一致原则 这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数

20、取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数，由连词 eitheror; neithernor; whether or;not onlybut (also) ;or 等连接的并列主语 如：Neither money nor fame has influence on me .Not only you but also he is wrong .,2) 主语带有（together/along）with, such as，accompanied by, as well as, no less than, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , includ

21、ing, together with 等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致,如： Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations. The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference

22、 for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. (1981年考研题 ）,3)关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。 如： Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. （1996年考研题） There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for,

23、 but which do not bring a return in money to the community. （1990年考研题）,4)一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth) of; eighty (ten, twenty) percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等,如： Two-thirds of people present are women. Lots of damage was caused by the fire .,5)集体名词作主语时